CN105192615A - Preparation method of shepherd's-purse edible film - Google Patents
Preparation method of shepherd's-purse edible film Download PDFInfo
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- CN105192615A CN105192615A CN201510754883.XA CN201510754883A CN105192615A CN 105192615 A CN105192615 A CN 105192615A CN 201510754883 A CN201510754883 A CN 201510754883A CN 105192615 A CN105192615 A CN 105192615A
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- edible film
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D65/00—Wrappers or flexible covers; Packaging materials of special type or form
- B65D65/38—Packaging materials of special type or form
- B65D65/46—Applications of disintegrable, dissolvable or edible materials
- B65D65/463—Edible packaging materials
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/90—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in food processing or handling, e.g. food conservation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02W90/10—Bio-packaging, e.g. packing containers made from renewable resources or bio-plastics
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Preparation And Processing Of Foods (AREA)
- Preparation Of Fruits And Vegetables (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a shepherd's-purse edible film, which comprises the steps of shepherd's-purse pretreatment, color-protecting treatment, pulping, preparation of thickener mixed liquor, preparation of mixed slurry, degassing, flow casting, drying, film uncovering, and the like. According to the invention, shepherd's-purse slurry is taken as a main base material, tapioca starch and fish gelatin are added as a thickener, and glycerol is added as a plasticizer, and through blending, the components are interacted so as to achieve the purpose of synergistic interaction, so that a shepherd's-purse edible film with good mechanical properties and barrier properties is obtained. Experimental results show that the thickness of the shepherd's-purse edible film is 0.09-0.15 mm, the tensile strength is 10.8-14.1 MPa, the elongation at break is 19.7-24.2%, the water vapor permeability is 16.8-21.5*10<-10> g/m.s.Pa, and the oxygen permeability is 8.3-10.5*10<-14> cm<3>/m.s.Pa. The shepherd's-purse edible film prepared according to the invention is wide in raw material source, low in cost and rich in nutrition, can be directly eaten, and can also be used as a skin packaging material of food.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of preparation method of shepherd's purse edible film, belong to edible material processing technique field.
Background technology
The environmental pollution that the wasting of resources caused along with nondegradable packaging material such as plastics and discarded object thereof cause is on the rise, and the research utilizing natural macromolecular material to prepare degradable eco-friendly biopolymerization packaging material more and more comes into one's own.Wherein, edible boilogical polymeric membrane (abbreviation edible film), with its sufficient raw, the advantage such as edible and pollution-free, becomes a large focus of the area researches such as food, medicine and packaging.Occur that with fruits and vegetables be basic filmogen in recent years, and added suitable auxiliary agent, as the fruits and vegetables edible film that thickener and plasticizer etc. are made.Fruits and vegetables edible film can directly eat, and also can extend the shelf life of food as packaging material, and be consumed together with food, and therefore the development of fruits and vegetables edible film has great importance to the comprehensive utilization of fruits and vegetables and the development of edible packing material.
Shepherd's purse, be commonly called as ground dish, being distributed widely in each province of China, being described as " LINGDANCAO " by ancients, is " natural treasure ".Shepherd's purse is a kind of delicious edible wild herbs, has again higher medical value.According to modern science analysis, shepherd's purse is nutritious, containing compositions such as protein, fat, dietary fiber, carbohydrate, carrotene, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin E, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper and selenium, wherein protein, calcium, vitamin C are more, calcium content exceedes bean curd, carotene carotene content and carrot similar.Meanwhile, shepherd's purse is rich in 11 seed amino acids.Modern pharmacology experiment confirms, shepherd's purse has multiple medical functions, has good hypotensive, anastalsis, has good prevention effect to measles.Traditional Chinese medicine thinks that shepherd's purse nature and flavor are sweet flat, has clearing liver and adjusts spleen, and effect of blood profit water.
Shepherd's purse eating method is various, can stir-fry and eat, cold and dressed with sauce, filling of cooking, dish custard, and local flavor is special.China is main at present to be eaten shepherd's purse as vegetables, and seldom further develop it, utilization rate is low.Therefore strengthen the research to shepherd's purse use value, develop a kind of shepherd's purse edible film significant.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide a kind of preparation method of shepherd's purse edible film, the shepherd's purse edible film that the method obtains is nutritious, mechanical performance and barrier property good, both directly can eat as food, also as the edible packing material of some food skin packaging, can be eaten together with food.
To achieve these goals, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is: a kind of preparation method of shepherd's purse edible film, comprises the following steps:
(1) shepherd's purse pretreatment: select fresh shepherd's purse, removes rotten leaf, withered and yellow leaf, and retains root, cleaned up;
(2) color retention: the shepherd's purse that step (1) is cleaned is cut into the long segment of 1-2cm, with the Na of the mass fraction 0.1-0.5% boiled
2sO
3draining is pulled out after blanching 1-3min in solution;
(3) slurrying: smash into the tissue mashing machine of the shepherd's purse after step (2) draining to pieces shepherd's purse slurry, then carries out refinement with colloid mill to shepherd's purse slurry, obtains the shepherd's purse slurry that average grain diameter is 100 μm;
(4) preparation of thickener mixed liquor: tapioca is added to the water, wherein the mass fraction of tapioca is 0.5-2.5%; At 80-95 DEG C of Water Under bath 60-90min, obtain tapioca and stick with paste, then add fishskin gelatin, obtain thickener mixed liquor after fully dissolving, wherein the mass fraction of fishskin gelatin is 0.5-1.5%;
(5) preparation of mixed slurry: the thickener mixed liquor of step (4) and shepherd's purse slurry are mixed according to the ratio of weight ratio 1:1-1.5, then add glycerine, obtain mixed slurry, wherein the volume fraction of glycerine is 1.5-2.5%; With high shear homogenous disperse mulser homogeneous 10-25min, mixed slurry is mixed;
(6) degassed: the mixed slurry after step (5) homogeneous to be placed in vacuum degassing machine and to carry out degassed 3-5 time, removing gas wherein;
(7) curtain coating, drying, film is taken off: the mixed slurry after degassed for step (6) is poured on flow casting molding on former-glass plate, and glass plate diameter is 15cm, and on each glass plate, the amount of mixed slurry is 150-200ml; Then put into drying box, under 50-70 DEG C of condition, take off film after dry 5-8h, obtain shepherd's purse edible film.
In step (5), the weight ratio of thickener mixed liquor and shepherd's purse slurry is 1:1.
In step (7), on each glass plate, the amount of mixed slurry is 180ml.
In step (7), baking temperature is 55 DEG C.
beneficial effect of the present invention:
(1) the present invention is main base material with shepherd's purse slip, interpolation tapioca and fishskin gelatin are as thickener, and add glycerine as plasticizer, by the blended interphase interaction making each component, reach the object of Synergistic, thus obtain a kind of mechanical performance and the good shepherd's purse edible film of barrier property.
(2) edible film as packaging material needs to possess certain mechanical performance and barrier property.Mechanical performance comprises intensity and ductility, and the hot strength of shepherd's purse edible film and elongation at break are all higher than general edible film.The important function of of edible film stops steam exactly between food and surrounding environment, and the transfer between the different component of food, and therefore moisture-vapor transmission is the smaller the better.Oxygen is the key factor causing oxidation, and oxidation makes the change of some food generation smells, color and nutrition.Therefore, obtaining the edible film with better oxygen barrier is of value to the quality improving packaged food, and extends its shelf life.Compared with the edible film of other kind, shepherd's purse edible film has good oxygen resistance.Therefore shepherd's purse edible film may be used for the packaging of oxidizable food, the food such as such as candy, doubly roasting food, kernel.Experimental result shows, shepherd's purse edible film thickness of the present invention is 0.09-0.15mm, and tensile strength is 10.8-14.1MPa, and elongation at break is 19.7-24.2%, and steam transmission coefficient is 16.8-21.5 × 10
-10g/msPa, OTR oxygen transmission rate is 8.3-10.5 × 10
-14cm
3/ msPa.
(3) shepherd's purse edible film raw material sources of the present invention are extensive, with low cost, nutritious, can either directly eat, and also as the skin packaging material of food, can extend the shelf life of food, and consumed together with food.
(4) the present invention farthest retains the nutritive value of raw material, and preparation method is simple, easy to operate, can carry out mechanization production, be easy to industrialization promotion.
(5) the present invention carries out deep processing to shepherd's purse, improves the comprehensive utilization value of shepherd's purse, to developing rural economy, increases farmers' income, and promotes that the aspects such as new countryside construction are significant.Meanwhile, shepherd's purse is developed to the added value that edible film drastically increases shepherd's purse by the present invention, has both met food research developing direction, and consistent with national Huinong's policy again, therefore the research and development of shepherd's purse edible film have good Social and economic benef@.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the specific embodiment of the present invention is described in further detail.
embodiment 1
A preparation method for shepherd's purse edible film, comprises the following steps:
(1) shepherd's purse pretreatment: select fresh shepherd's purse, removes rotten leaf, withered and yellow leaf, and retains root, cleaned up;
(2) color retention: the shepherd's purse that step (1) is cleaned is cut into the long segment of 1cm, with the Na of the mass fraction 0.2% boiled
2sO
3draining is pulled out after blanching 3min in solution;
(3) slurrying: smash into the tissue mashing machine of the shepherd's purse after step (2) draining to pieces shepherd's purse slurry, then carries out refinement with colloid mill to shepherd's purse slurry, obtains the shepherd's purse slurry that average grain diameter is 100 μm;
(4) preparation of thickener mixed liquor: tapioca is added to the water, wherein the mass fraction of tapioca is 1.0%; At 85 DEG C of Water Under bath 90min, obtain tapioca and stick with paste, then add fishskin gelatin, obtain thickener mixed liquor after fully dissolving, wherein the mass fraction of fishskin gelatin is 0.5%;
(5) preparation of mixed slurry: the thickener mixed liquor of step (4) and shepherd's purse slurry are mixed according to the ratio of weight ratio 1:1, then add glycerine, obtain mixed slurry, wherein the volume fraction of glycerine is 2.0%; With high shear homogenous disperse mulser homogeneous 10min, mixed slurry is mixed;
(6) degassed: the mixed slurry after step (5) homogeneous to be placed in vacuum degassing machine and to carry out degassed 3 times, removing gas wherein;
(7) curtain coating, drying, film is taken off: the mixed slurry after degassed for step (6) is poured on flow casting molding on former-glass plate, and glass plate diameter is 15cm, and on each glass plate, the amount of mixed slurry is 180ml; Then put into drying box, under 65 DEG C of conditions, take off film after dry 6h, obtain shepherd's purse edible film.
embodiment 2
A preparation method for shepherd's purse edible film, comprises the following steps:
(1) shepherd's purse pretreatment: select fresh shepherd's purse, removes rotten leaf, withered and yellow leaf, and retains root, cleaned up;
(2) color retention: the shepherd's purse that step (1) is cleaned is cut into the long segment of 1.5cm, with the Na of the mass fraction 0.5% boiled
2sO
3draining is pulled out after blanching 1.5min in solution;
(3) slurrying: smash into the tissue mashing machine of the shepherd's purse after step (2) draining to pieces shepherd's purse slurry, then carries out refinement with colloid mill to shepherd's purse slurry, obtains the shepherd's purse slurry that average grain diameter is 100 μm;
(4) preparation of thickener mixed liquor: tapioca is added to the water, wherein the mass fraction of tapioca is 1.5%; At 90 DEG C of Water Under bath 80min, obtain tapioca and stick with paste, then add fishskin gelatin, obtain thickener mixed liquor after fully dissolving, wherein the mass fraction of fishskin gelatin is 1.0%;
(5) preparation of mixed slurry: the thickener mixed liquor of step (4) and shepherd's purse slurry are mixed according to the ratio of weight ratio 1:1.2, then add glycerine, obtain mixed slurry, wherein the volume fraction of glycerine is 1.5%; With high shear homogenous disperse mulser homogeneous 20min, mixed slurry is mixed;
(6) degassed: the mixed slurry after step (5) homogeneous to be placed in vacuum degassing machine and to carry out degassed 5 times, removing gas wherein;
(7) curtain coating, drying, film is taken off: the mixed slurry after degassed for step (6) is poured on flow casting molding on former-glass plate, and glass plate diameter is 15cm, and on each glass plate, the amount of mixed slurry is 150ml; Then put into drying box, under 60 DEG C of conditions, take off film after dry 5h, obtain shepherd's purse edible film.
embodiment 3
A preparation method for shepherd's purse edible film, comprises the following steps:
(1) shepherd's purse pretreatment: select fresh shepherd's purse, removes rotten leaf, withered and yellow leaf, and retains root, cleaned up;
(2) color retention: the shepherd's purse that step (1) is cleaned is cut into the long segment of 2cm, with the Na of the mass fraction 0.4% boiled
2sO
3draining is pulled out after blanching 1min in solution;
(3) slurrying: smash into the tissue mashing machine of the shepherd's purse after step (2) draining to pieces shepherd's purse slurry, then carries out refinement with colloid mill to shepherd's purse slurry, obtains the shepherd's purse slurry that average grain diameter is 100 μm;
(4) preparation of thickener mixed liquor: tapioca is added to the water, wherein the mass fraction of tapioca is 2.0%; At 80 DEG C of Water Under bath 90min, obtain tapioca and stick with paste, then add fishskin gelatin, obtain thickener mixed liquor after fully dissolving, wherein the mass fraction of fishskin gelatin is 0.5%;
(5) preparation of mixed slurry: the thickener mixed liquor of step (4) and shepherd's purse slurry are mixed according to the ratio of weight ratio 1:1, then add glycerine, obtain mixed slurry, wherein the volume fraction of glycerine is 2.5%; With high shear homogenous disperse mulser homogeneous 15min, mixed slurry is mixed;
(6) degassed: the mixed slurry after step (5) homogeneous to be placed in vacuum degassing machine and to carry out degassed 3 times, removing gas wherein;
(7) curtain coating, drying, film is taken off: the mixed slurry after degassed for step (6) is poured on flow casting molding on former-glass plate, and glass plate diameter is 15cm, and on each glass plate, the amount of mixed slurry is 180ml; Then put into drying box, under 55 DEG C of conditions, take off film after dry 8h, obtain shepherd's purse edible film.
embodiment 4
A preparation method for shepherd's purse edible film, comprises the following steps:
(1) shepherd's purse pretreatment: select fresh shepherd's purse, removes rotten leaf, withered and yellow leaf, and retains root, cleaned up;
(2) color retention: the shepherd's purse that step (1) is cleaned is cut into the long segment of 2cm, with the Na of the mass fraction 0.3% boiled
2sO
3draining is pulled out after blanching 2min in solution;
(3) slurrying: smash into the tissue mashing machine of the shepherd's purse after step (2) draining to pieces shepherd's purse slurry, then carries out refinement with colloid mill to shepherd's purse slurry, obtains the shepherd's purse slurry that average grain diameter is 100 μm;
(4) preparation of thickener mixed liquor: tapioca is added to the water, wherein the mass fraction of tapioca is 2.5%; At 95 DEG C of Water Under bath 60min, obtain tapioca and stick with paste, then add fishskin gelatin, obtain thickener mixed liquor after fully dissolving, wherein the mass fraction of fishskin gelatin is 0.5%;
(5) preparation of mixed slurry: the thickener mixed liquor of step (4) and shepherd's purse slurry are mixed according to the ratio of weight ratio 1:1.5, then add glycerine, obtain mixed slurry, wherein the volume fraction of glycerine is 2.5%; With high shear homogenous disperse mulser homogeneous 25min, mixed slurry is mixed;
(6) degassed: the mixed slurry after step (5) homogeneous to be placed in vacuum degassing machine and to carry out degassed 5 times, removing gas wherein;
(7) curtain coating, drying, film is taken off: the mixed slurry after degassed for step (6) is poured on flow casting molding on former-glass plate, and glass plate diameter is 15cm, and on each glass plate, the amount of mixed slurry is 150ml; Then put into drying box, under 70 DEG C of conditions, take off film after dry 5h, obtain shepherd's purse edible film.
embodiment 5
A preparation method for shepherd's purse edible film, comprises the following steps:
(1) shepherd's purse pretreatment: select fresh shepherd's purse, removes rotten leaf, withered and yellow leaf, and retains root, cleaned up;
(2) color retention: the shepherd's purse that step (1) is cleaned is cut into the long segment of 2cm, with the Na of the mass fraction 0.1% boiled
2sO
3draining is pulled out after blanching 3min in solution;
(3) slurrying: smash into the tissue mashing machine of the shepherd's purse after step (2) draining to pieces shepherd's purse slurry, then carries out refinement with colloid mill to shepherd's purse slurry, obtains the shepherd's purse slurry that average grain diameter is 100 μm;
(4) preparation of thickener mixed liquor: tapioca is added to the water, wherein the mass fraction of tapioca is 0.5%; At 80 DEG C of Water Under bath 90min, obtain tapioca and stick with paste, then add fishskin gelatin, obtain thickener mixed liquor after fully dissolving, wherein the mass fraction of fishskin gelatin is 1.5%;
(5) preparation of mixed slurry: the thickener mixed liquor of step (4) and shepherd's purse slurry are mixed according to the ratio of weight ratio 1:1, then add glycerine, obtain mixed slurry, wherein the volume fraction of glycerine is 2.0%; With high shear homogenous disperse mulser homogeneous 15min, mixed slurry is mixed;
(6) degassed: the mixed slurry after step (5) homogeneous to be placed in vacuum degassing machine and to carry out degassed 4 times, removing gas wherein;
(7) curtain coating, drying, film is taken off: the mixed slurry after degassed for step (6) is poured on flow casting molding on former-glass plate, and glass plate diameter is 15cm, and on each glass plate, the amount of mixed slurry is 200ml; Then put into drying box, under 50 DEG C of conditions, take off film after dry 7h, obtain shepherd's purse edible film.
the Performance Detection of experimental example shepherd's purse edible film
Detect the performance of shepherd's purse edible film prepared by embodiment 1-5, concrete test item is:
(1) mensuration of thickness.The thickness (unit mm) of film is measured with micrometer caliper, measures and averages for 3 times, for follow-up detection.
(2) mensuration of mechanical performance.Comprise tensile strength and elongation at break, method of testing is according to GB13022-91.
(3) mensuration of steam transmission coefficient.Method of testing, according to the cup type method of GB1037-88, measures with poisture-penetrability tester.
(4) mensuration of OTR oxygen transmission rate.Method of testing, according to GB/T1038-2000 pressure differential method, measures with gas permeability tester.
Shepherd's purse edible film performance test results sees the following form.
Table shepherd's purse edible film performance test results
As can be seen from the table, shepherd's purse edible film of the present invention has good mechanical performance and barrier property, and thickness is 0.09-0.15mm, and tensile strength is 10.8-14.1MPa, and elongation at break is 19.7-24.2%, and steam transmission coefficient is 16.8-21.5 × 10
-10g/msPa, OTR oxygen transmission rate is 8.3-10.5 × 10
-14cm
3/ msPa.
Claims (4)
1. a preparation method for shepherd's purse edible film, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
(1) shepherd's purse pretreatment: select fresh shepherd's purse, removes rotten leaf, withered and yellow leaf, and retains root, cleaned up;
(2) color retention: the shepherd's purse that step (1) is cleaned is cut into the long segment of 1-2cm, with the Na of the mass fraction 0.1-0.5% boiled
2sO
3draining is pulled out after blanching 1-3min in solution;
(3) slurrying: smash into the tissue mashing machine of the shepherd's purse after step (2) draining to pieces shepherd's purse slurry, then carries out refinement with colloid mill to shepherd's purse slurry, obtains the shepherd's purse slurry that average grain diameter is 100 μm;
(4) preparation of thickener mixed liquor: tapioca is added to the water, wherein the mass fraction of tapioca is 0.5-2.5%; At 80-95 DEG C of Water Under bath 60-90min, obtain tapioca and stick with paste, then add fishskin gelatin, obtain thickener mixed liquor after fully dissolving, wherein the mass fraction of fishskin gelatin is 0.5-1.5%;
(5) preparation of mixed slurry: the thickener mixed liquor of step (4) and shepherd's purse slurry are mixed according to the ratio of weight ratio 1:1-1.5, then add glycerine, obtain mixed slurry, wherein the volume fraction of glycerine is 1.5-2.5%; With high shear homogenous disperse mulser homogeneous 10-25min, mixed slurry is mixed;
(6) degassed: the mixed slurry after step (5) homogeneous to be placed in vacuum degassing machine and to carry out degassed 3-5 time, removing gas wherein;
(7) curtain coating, drying, film is taken off: the mixed slurry after degassed for step (6) is poured on flow casting molding on former-glass plate, and glass plate diameter is 15cm, and on each glass plate, the amount of mixed slurry is 150-200ml; Then put into drying box, under 50-70 DEG C of condition, take off film after dry 5-8h, obtain shepherd's purse edible film.
2. the preparation method of shepherd's purse edible film according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in step (5), the weight ratio of thickener mixed liquor and shepherd's purse slurry is 1:1.
3. the preparation method of shepherd's purse edible film according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in step (7), on each glass plate, the amount of mixed slurry is 180ml.
4. the preparation method of shepherd's purse edible film according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in step (7), baking temperature is 55 DEG C.
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| CN201510754883.XA CN105192615A (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2015-11-09 | Preparation method of shepherd's-purse edible film |
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| CN201510754883.XA CN105192615A (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2015-11-09 | Preparation method of shepherd's-purse edible film |
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