CN105114368A - Rotary power exchanger with extended inflow angle structure - Google Patents

Rotary power exchanger with extended inflow angle structure Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105114368A
CN105114368A CN201510438597.2A CN201510438597A CN105114368A CN 105114368 A CN105114368 A CN 105114368A CN 201510438597 A CN201510438597 A CN 201510438597A CN 105114368 A CN105114368 A CN 105114368A
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rotor
stator
mandarin
becomes
merit
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CN105114368B (en
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邓建强
曹峥
陈志华
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Xian Jiaotong University
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Xian Jiaotong University
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Abstract

The invention discloses a rotary power exchanger with an extended inflow angle structure, and belongs to the technical field of fluid residual pressure recycling. The exchanger comprises a rotor, an upper stator and a lower stator which are positioned at the two ends of the rotor, and a rotor sleeve, wherein the stators are provided with inflow liquid collecting slots with extended angle structures, so that pressure gradient is remarkably reduced when speed is in gradient change in a switching process among a high-pressure communication region, a sealing region and a low-pressure communication region of a duct, and therefore, jet-flow mixing of the liquid can be effectively reduced. The rotary power exchanger disclosed by the invention is reasonable in inflow structure design, simple and convenient to manufacture, and capable of effectively restraining jet-flow mixing in the duct and guaranteeing concentration quality of a first liquid pressurized in a pressure energy transmission process, so that a concentration value at a high-pressure outlet is within a stable range, and the efficient operation of the power exchanger and a membrane system is guaranteed.

Description

A kind of have the rotary merit exchanger extending influent stream corner structure
Technical field
The invention belongs to fluid hydraulic recovery technical field, relate to a kind of rotary merit exchanger for withdrawal liquid pressure energy, be specifically related to a kind of rotary merit exchanger with extension influent stream corner structure.
Background technique
There is the high-pressure liquid in a large number with recyclable overbottom pressure in process industrial, its pressure energy reclaims by merit exchanger.By working principle, merit switch can be divided into turbine-type and positive displacement two class.
Turbine-type merit exchanger relies on high-pressure liquid to impact impeller, and impeller is connected by axle with suction booster.Highly pressurised liquid energy is through the secondary conversion of " pressure energy-mechanical energy (shaft work)-pressure energy ", and recycling excess pressure passes to the low-pressure fluid needing pressurization the most at last, and reuse efficiency is the highest can only reach 70%.Its mainstream product is: first generation merit switch Mark Lewis-Francis pump (FrancisTurbine), second generation merit switch Pei Erdun pump (PeltonPump) and hydraulic turbine (Turbocharger).The secondary transmission of energy is all there is, so energy recovery efficiency reduces in its pressure energy callback course.
Rotary merit exchanger belongs to third generation positive displacement merit switch, and it utilizes high low pressure liquid directly to contact, transmission of pressure energy.Transform owing to decreasing the middle of mechanical energy, the reuse efficiency of this type device can reach more than 95%.Its mainstream product is the isave series external-drive merit exchanger of Danfoss company of Denmark, and the PX series self-driving type merit exchanger of ERI company of the U.S..Because liquid directly contacts in exchanger, will inevitably cause liquid blending, thus affect the quality of pressurized liquid.Therefore, to the control of liquid blending be all the time rotary merit exchanger design major issue.
In existing rotary merit exchanger invention, mostly improve for the structure in duct and collecting tank passage distribution form, blending controls the regulating working conditions method that adopts more and ensures that core dilution zone move distance can not exceed duct overall length.As Chinese patent (CN101865191A) discloses a kind of merit exchanger adopting big L/D ratio duct, utilize the drive motor regulating rotary rotor speed be connected with rotor, match with the volume flowrate of pressure-exchange fluid, remain in duct to realize mixed zone.Chinese patent (CN101821482A) discloses the rotary merit switch of four ports that a kind of low pressure enters flowing liquid straight line influent stream in stator collecting tank, when thinking that straight line becomes a mandarin, interface blending can reduce to some extent, but the now rotation of rotor only responsible high pressure enter flowing liquid.In above-mentioned design, stator collecting tank passage is aimed at completely, and along with the rotation of rotor, duct and collecting tank are cut at a high speed and closed, and flow area sharply changes, and the phenomenon of jet blending does not improve.
U. S. Patent (US6773226) and Chinese patent (CN101925749A) disclose the merit exchanger with ball-type piston in a kind of rotor duct, this design can intercept the contact blending between different fluid in theory completely, but the introducing of entity piston, do not occupy space, duct, reduce the volumetric efficiency in duct, turn increase the friction between slide member and shock, make complex structure, reliability is poor, and therefore this structure is difficult to be applied in practice.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the defect that above-mentioned prior art exists, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of rotary merit exchanger with extension influent stream corner structure, this rotary merit exchanger influent stream reasonable in design, simple for production, effectively can suppress the jet blending in duct, ensure the concentration quality of first liquid pressurized in pressure energy transmittance process, make high-pressure outlet place concentration value in stability range, ensure the Effec-tive Function of merit exchanger and membranous system.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
The invention discloses a kind of rotary merit exchanger with extension influent stream corner structure, comprise rotor and the outer coaxially sheathed sleeve of rotor, the two ends of rotor are respectively equipped with stator and lower stator, rotor axis place is provided with axis hole, is equipped with the rotor center axle that upper stator, lower stator and rotor can be connected in axis hole; Arrange end cover and lower seal end cap outward respectively at upper stator and lower stator, upper and lower end cover and sleeve coordinate formation seal chamber;
Rotor is laid some through rotor ducts, upper stator and lower stator are all offered and becomes a mandarin collecting tank and go out adfluxion liquid bath, two collecting tanks are distributed in the same center circle of both sides, stator medial axis, and are connected with several through ducts that rotor is laid; The collecting tank that becomes a mandarin is helical channel structure, going out adfluxion liquid bath is long straight passage structures, the rotor duct number that the collecting tank end face that becomes a mandarin covers is greater than the rotor duct number that adfluxion liquid bath end face covers, and the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin extends along rotor can form extension stream corner structure.
The collecting tank that becomes a mandarin of upper stator is connected with low-pressure fluid inlet, and the adfluxion liquid bath that goes out of upper stator exports with highly pressurised liquid and is connected; The collecting tank that becomes a mandarin of lower stator is connected with highly pressurised liquid entrance, and the adfluxion liquid bath that goes out of lower stator exports with low pressure liquid and is connected.
The end face of upper stator and lower stator is equipped with long straight flute and annular groove; Annular groove is that the center of circle is laid in periphery, axle center with axle center, and long straight flute extends internally until be communicated with annular groove from stator periphery.The quantity of long straight flute and distributing position can adjust according to actual conditions.
The collecting tank that becomes a mandarin extends along rotor forward can form the angle of strike that becomes a mandarin clockwise, and the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin oppositely extends along rotor can form the angle of strike that becomes a mandarin counterclockwise.
The some through rotor duct that rotor circumference is laid is the circular duct that diameter is identical.
The axis in rotor duct and the centerline parallel of rotor shaft hatch.
The position that upper stator, lower stator are connected with rotor is provided with the O RunddichtringO that can prevent circumference from leaking.
The position that upper stator, lower stator are connected with rotor center axle is provided with mechanical sealing element.
Upper end cover, upper stator are all connected with sleeve by clamping bolt with lower seal end cap, lower stator.
Rotor center axle is connected with external motor, can rotate by rotor driven.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following useful technique effect:
Rotary merit exchanger with extending influent stream corner structure disclosed by the invention, stator is offered the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin with angle of strike, and the port of this collecting tank that becomes a mandarin can extend along the forward of rotor sense of rotation, reverse or positive and negative both direction.The rotor duct number that the collecting tank end face that becomes a mandarin covers is greater than the rotor duct number that adfluxion liquid bath end face covers, rotor duct can be made to be communicated with in the handoff procedure between district-seal area-low pressure connection district at high pressure, when velocity gradient increases, pressure gradient significantly reduces, and well can reduce the jet blending of liquid.Meanwhile, when volume flowrate is certain, the mean velocity with the collecting tank end face that becomes a mandarin of angle of strike structure reduces, and is of value to the laminar flow control in duct, the mixability in rotor duct between first liquid and second liquid is effectively reduced.The collecting tank that becomes a mandarin is helical duct, provides part rotary cutting to power, and going out adfluxion liquid bath is long straight passage, reduces flow losses.Meanwhile, the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin has angle of strike structure, and the adfluxion liquid bath that goes out corresponding thereto does not have angle of strike structure, and the area of the collecting tank end face therefore on axial direction is unequal.The present invention does not need the rotor structure changing merit exchanger, on stator, only directly need offer the collecting tank with extension influent stream corner structure realize blending control, adopt isobaric exchange principle to carry out fluid pressure can reclaim, its structure is simple and easy to realize, and operating flexibility is strong.
Further, the present invention adopts stator faces to open fluted fluid dynamic sealing technology, in order to form noncontact seal, reduces fluid in the crossfire of end face circumference and leakage.Rotor and stator gap utilize the liquid be full of to carry out lubrication and support, and make to reduce to leak and while crossfire, reduce surface friction drag, ensure the steady running of rotor.
Further, rotor center axle of the present invention has all installed mechanical sealing element in upper stator and lower stator, in order to stop axial leakage, locates periphery of rotor simultaneously.Upper stator, lower stator are connected with sleeve by clamping bolt, play fixation, and form airtight working cavity.Upper stator, lower stator are provided with O RunddichtringO, can prevent circumference from leaking.
Further, the present invention adopts motor external-drive to be main, and fluid self-driving type is auxiliary multiple driving mode, can carry out regulable control like this by practical operation situation to rotating speed, can improve again the stability that equipment runs, and reduces motor power consumption.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation with the rotary merit exchanger extending influent stream corner structure of the present invention;
Fig. 2 has the stator structure schematic diagram extending influent stream corner structure;
Fig. 3 is rotor structure schematic diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 4-1 is the upper stator schematic diagram with extension influent stream corner structure of the present invention;
Fig. 4-2 is upper stator structure sectional view of the present invention;
Fig. 5-1 is the lower stator schematic diagram with extension influent stream corner structure of the present invention;
Fig. 5-2 is lower stator structure sectional view of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is the rotary merit exchanger perspective view with extension influent stream corner structure of the present invention.
Wherein, 1 is upper end cover; 2 is upper stator; 3 is rotor; 4 is lower stator; 5 is lower seal end cap; 6 is rotor duct; 7 is the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin; 8 for going out adfluxion liquid bath; 9 is sleeve; 10 is O RunddichtringO; 11 is mechanical sealing element; 12 is rotor center axle; 13 is highly pressurised liquid entrance; 14 is highly pressurised liquid outlet; 15 is low-pressure fluid inlet; 16 is low pressure liquid outlet; 17 is clamping bolt; 18 is the angle of strike that becomes a mandarin clockwise; 19 is the angle of strike that becomes a mandarin counterclockwise; 20 is long straight flute; 21 is annular groove; 22 is rotor shaft hatch.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail, and the explanation of the invention is not limited.
See Fig. 1 and Fig. 6, of the present invention have the rotary merit exchanger arrangement extending influent stream corner structure, comprises the rotor 3 offering round rotor duct 6, be positioned at the upper stator 2 of rotor 3 upper/lower terminal and lower stator 4, and sleeve 9 four parts.Upper stator 2 exports 14 with low-pressure fluid inlet 15 and highly pressurised liquid and is connected, and lower stator 4 exports 16 with highly pressurised liquid entrance 13 and low pressure liquid and is connected.Upper stator 2 is connected by rotor center axle 12 with rotor 3 with lower stator 4, and rotor center axle 12 plays the supporting effect to rotor 3, and is connected with external motor, and rotor driven rotates.Rotor center axle 12 has all installed mechanical sealing element 11 in upper stator 2 and lower stator 4, in order to stop axial leakage, simultaneously to rotor 3 circumference location.Upper stator 2, lower stator 4 are connected with sleeve 9 by clamping bolt 17, play fixation, and form airtight working cavity.Upper stator 2, lower stator 4 are provided with O RunddichtringO 10, prevent circumference from leaking.
See Fig. 2, upper stator 2, lower stator 4 all offer the collecting tank 7 that becomes a mandarin arranging and extend influent stream corner structure.The collecting tank 7 that becomes a mandarin extends along rotor 7 forward can form the angle of strike 18 that becomes a mandarin clockwise, the collecting tank 7 that becomes a mandarin oppositely extends along rotor 3 can form the angle of strike 19 that becomes a mandarin counterclockwise, the stator relative with collecting tank 7 extension that becomes a mandarin is entity structure, be not communicated with adfluxion liquid bath 8, during to ensure that in rotor duct 6, flowing state changes, pressure is consistent with the collecting tank 7 that becomes a mandarin, and pressure gradient is reduced.Meanwhile, upper stator 2, lower stator 4 all offer long straight flute 20 and annular groove 21, in order to form noncontact seal, reduce fluid in the crossfire of end face circumference and leakage.
See Fig. 3, rotor 3 of the present invention is laid with some through rotor ducts 6.Explain for 12 manholes in figure, circular rotor duct 6 all has identical diameter, is distributed in same center circle, axial direction and rotor shaft hatch 22 centerline parallel, and rotor center axle 12 is through axis hole 22.
See Fig. 4-1 and Fig. 4-2, upper stator 2 includes the collecting tank 7 that becomes a mandarin with angle of strike structure, and goes out adfluxion liquid bath 8.The collecting tank 7 that becomes a mandarin is connected with low-pressure fluid inlet 15, go out adfluxion liquid bath 8 to export 14 with highly pressurised liquid and be connected, two collecting tanks are distributed in the same center circle inside stator, wherein go out adfluxion liquid bath 8 for long straight passage, the collecting tank 7 that becomes a mandarin has helical duct, fluid through the wall in this channel impulse rotor duct 6, thus provides the tangential force needed for part rotor rotation.The collecting tank 7 that becomes a mandarin can extend along the forward of rotor sense of rotation, reverse or positive and negative both direction.To extend to example to both direction simultaneously in figure, the collecting tank 7 that becomes a mandarin with angle of strike goes out adfluxion liquid bath covering more than 8 two rotor ducts than relative just.
See Fig. 5-1 and Fig. 5-2, lower stator 4 rotates the distribution of the collecting tank after 180 ° and distributes consistent with the collecting tank of upper stator 2, namely play become a mandarin collecting tank and the upper stator 2 of stator 4 to go out adfluxion liquid bath corresponding, and to be connected with highly pressurised liquid entrance.Lower stator 4 to go out adfluxion liquid bath relative with the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin of upper stator 2, and export with low pressure liquid and be connected.
Working procedure of the present invention is as follows:
Motor rotates through rotor center axle 12 rotor driven 3, and rotor 3 rotating speed can be regulated by motor.Low pressure first fluid flows through the collecting tank 7 that becomes a mandarin of upper stator 2 through low-pressure fluid inlet 15, enters the rotor duct 6 being positioned at rotor 3, and discharges low pressure liquid outlet 16 via the adfluxion liquid bath 8 that goes out of lower stator 4.This stage is that duct fills the stage.
After all ducts all fill full low pressure first liquid, what high pressure second liquid entered lower stator 4 through highly pressurised liquid entrance 13 becomes a mandarin in collecting tank 7, enter in rotor duct 6 along spiral channel, for rotor 3 providing unit divides tangential force, the low pressure first liquid filled in rotor duct is pressurizeed simultaneously, after first liquid has reclaimed the pressure energy of second liquid, pressure raises, and discharges via highly pressurised liquid outlet 14.This stage is the duct pressure period.
Along with the rotation of rotor 3, rotor cell ends is separated with outlet collecting tank, and is connected with stator, and rotor duct proceeds to seal area, and the liquid axial position in rotor duct no longer changes.This stage is the channel seal stage.
After rotor duct proceeds to the connection district of circumference opposite side, the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin that low pressure first fluid flows through upper stator 2 by low-pressure fluid inlet 15 enters in duct 6, the second liquid of the pressure release in duct is oppositely released low pressure liquid outlet 16.This stage is the duct pressure release stage.
Rotor duct enters the sealing stage again subsequently, and completes a period of rotation.All comprise a pressurization stages and pressure release stage in each cycle, ensure the continuous of pressure recovery process between first liquid and second liquid with this.
Because first liquid directly contacts in duct with second liquid, the blending between liquid will inevitably occur, the present invention for controlling the extension influent stream corner structure working principle of blending is:
After the sealing stage terminates, first rotor duct entry end contacts with the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin with angle of strike structure, pressure in rotor duct is consistent with inlet pressure rapidly, rotor hole road outlet end rotates and is communicated with position to going out adfluxion liquid bath subsequently, liquid in rotor duct flows, but now pressure gradient reduces in advance, make the flowing in rotor duct more be tending towards laminar flow laminar flow, thus reduce jet blending.In like manner, when rotor hole road outlet end leaves out adfluxion liquid bath, rotor duct entry end still keeps being communicated with the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin, and acts on similar.Meanwhile, volume flowrate one timing, the mean velocity with the collecting tank end face that becomes a mandarin of angle of strike structure reduces, and also makes the mixability in rotor duct between first liquid and second liquid reduce.
The present invention controls, except blending, regulating working conditions method still can be adopted to carry out auxiliary blending adjustment except employing extends influent stream angle.Because driving mode adopts motor external-drive to be main, fluid self-driving type is auxiliary multiple driving mode, the present invention is by coupling rotor speed and the volume flowrate by the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin, ensure that core dilution zone move distance can not exceed duct overall length, thus prevent the generation of serious blending phenomenon.
In sum, stator of the present invention offers the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin of angle of strike structure, and duct can be made to be communicated with in the handoff procedure between district-seal area-low pressure connection district, during velocity gradient change at high pressure, pressure gradient significantly reduces, and effectively can reduce the jet blending of liquid.Meanwhile, when volume flowrate is certain, the mean velocity with the collecting tank end face that becomes a mandarin of angle of strike structure reduces, and is of value to the Laminar Flow in duct.In addition, the present invention adopts motor external-drive to be main, and fluid self-driving type is auxiliary multiple driving mode, and regulating working conditions method also can be adopted to carry out auxiliary blending adjustment.Because the mixability in duct between first liquid and second liquid effectively reduces, this invention ensures that the concentration quality of first liquid pressurized in pressure energy transmittance process, be of value to the Effec-tive Function of merit exchanger and membranous system.

Claims (10)

1. one kind has the rotary merit exchanger extending influent stream corner structure, it is characterized in that, comprise rotor (3) and the coaxially sheathed sleeve (9) of rotor (3) outward, the two ends of rotor (3) are respectively equipped with stator (2) and lower stator (4), rotor (3) axle center place is provided with axis hole (22), is equipped with the rotor center axle (12) that upper stator (2), lower stator (4) and rotor (3) can be connected in axis hole (22); Arrange upper end cover (1) and lower seal end cap (5) outward respectively at upper stator (2) and lower stator (4), upper and lower end cover and sleeve (9) coordinate formation seal chamber;
Rotor (3) is upper lays some through rotor ducts (6), upper stator (2) and lower stator (4) are all offered the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin (7) and goes out adfluxion liquid bath (8), two collecting tanks are distributed in the same center circle of both sides, stator medial axis, and are connected with several through ducts (6) that rotor (3) is laid; The collecting tank (7) that becomes a mandarin is helical channel structure, go out adfluxion liquid bath (8) for long straight passage structures, the rotor duct number that collecting tank (7) end face that becomes a mandarin covers is greater than the rotor duct number that adfluxion liquid bath (8) end face covers, and the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin (7) extends along rotor (3) can form extension stream corner structure.
2. according to claim 1 have the rotary merit exchanger extending influent stream corner structure, it is characterized in that, the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin (7) of upper stator (2) is connected with low-pressure fluid inlet (15), and the adfluxion liquid bath (8) that goes out of upper stator (2) exports (14) and is connected with highly pressurised liquid; The collecting tank that becomes a mandarin (7) of lower stator (4) is connected with highly pressurised liquid entrance (13), and the adfluxion liquid bath (8) that goes out of lower stator (4) exports (16) and is connected with low pressure liquid.
3. according to claim 1 have the rotary merit exchanger extending influent stream corner structure, it is characterized in that, the end face of upper stator (2) and lower stator (4) is equipped with long straight flute (20) and annular groove (21); Annular groove (21) is that the center of circle is laid in periphery, axle center with axle center, and long straight flute (20) extends internally from stator periphery until be communicated with annular groove (21).
4. according to claim 1 have the rotary merit exchanger extending influent stream corner structure, it is characterized in that, the collecting tank (7) that becomes a mandarin extends along rotor (3) forward can form the angle of strike (18) that becomes a mandarin clockwise, and the collecting tank that becomes a mandarin (7) oppositely extends along rotor (3) can form the angle of strike (19) that becomes a mandarin counterclockwise.
5. according to claim 1 have the rotary merit exchanger extending influent stream corner structure, it is characterized in that, rotor (3) the some through rotor duct (6) of circumferentially laying is the identical circular duct of diameter.
6. there is rotary merit exchanger according to claim 1 or 5 that extend influent stream corner structure, it is characterized in that, the axis of rotor duct (6) and the centerline parallel of rotor shaft hatch (22).
7. according to claim 1 have the rotary merit exchanger extending influent stream corner structure, it is characterized in that, the position that upper stator (2), lower stator (4) are connected with rotor (3) is provided with the O RunddichtringO (10) that can prevent circumference from leaking.
8. according to claim 1 have the rotary merit exchanger extending influent stream corner structure, it is characterized in that, the position that upper stator (2), lower stator (4) are connected with rotor center axle (12) is provided with mechanical sealing element (11).
9. according to claim 1 have the rotary merit exchanger extending influent stream corner structure, it is characterized in that, upper end cover (1), upper stator (2) are all connected with sleeve (9) by clamping bolt (17) with lower seal end cap (5), lower stator (4).
10. according to claim 1 have the rotary merit exchanger extending influent stream corner structure, and it is characterized in that, rotor center axle (12) is connected with external motor, can rotate by rotor driven (3).
CN201510438597.2A 2015-07-23 2015-07-23 A kind of have the rotary work(exchanger extending influent stream corner structure Active CN105114368B (en)

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Cited By (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2018067558A1 (en) * 2016-10-03 2018-04-12 Energy Recovery, Inc. System for using pressure exchanger in mud pumping application
CN109316967A (en) * 2018-10-12 2019-02-12 中国矿业大学 It is a kind of to drive double rotating disc type energy recycle devices certainly
CN109550399A (en) * 2018-12-10 2019-04-02 中国矿业大学 A kind of high throughput rotator type energy recycle device
CN110762068A (en) * 2019-10-25 2020-02-07 长江大学 Rotary pressure energy recovery equipment with variable runner pipe diameter and wide working condition
US10933375B1 (en) 2019-08-30 2021-03-02 Fluid Equipment Development Company, Llc Fluid to fluid pressurizer and method of operating the same
CN113037015A (en) * 2021-03-05 2021-06-25 博朗普特工业设备(苏州)有限公司 Active shielding isobaric motor exchanger integrated energy recovery device

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2018067558A1 (en) * 2016-10-03 2018-04-12 Energy Recovery, Inc. System for using pressure exchanger in mud pumping application
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CN109550399A (en) * 2018-12-10 2019-04-02 中国矿业大学 A kind of high throughput rotator type energy recycle device
CN109550399B (en) * 2018-12-10 2023-09-19 中国矿业大学 High-throughput rotor type energy recovery device
US10933375B1 (en) 2019-08-30 2021-03-02 Fluid Equipment Development Company, Llc Fluid to fluid pressurizer and method of operating the same
CN110762068A (en) * 2019-10-25 2020-02-07 长江大学 Rotary pressure energy recovery equipment with variable runner pipe diameter and wide working condition
CN113037015A (en) * 2021-03-05 2021-06-25 博朗普特工业设备(苏州)有限公司 Active shielding isobaric motor exchanger integrated energy recovery device
CN113037015B (en) * 2021-03-05 2022-05-13 博朗普特工业设备(苏州)有限公司 Active shielding isobaric motor exchanger integrated energy recovery device

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