CN105111757B - A kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt, is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:100 parts of matrix pitch, 4~9 parts of styrol copolymer, 2~5 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 0.5~3 part of gutta-percha, 1~3 part of butadiene-styrene rubber, 0.2~1.5 part of sulphur.In addition, the invention also discloses the method for preparing the high-viscosity modified asphalt, this method is:First, add styrol copolymer after matrix pitch is heated and gutta-percha stirs, add Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stirs, obtain mixture;2nd, sulphur is added after mixture is sheared to continue to shear, and high-viscosity modified asphalt is obtained after development.High-viscosity modified asphalt of the present invention has good high-temperature stability, low-temperature cracking-resistance and ageing-resistant performance, expensive import high-viscosity modified asphalt can be replaced under conditions of Pavement Condition is not influenceed, is widely used in the making of drainage asphalt pavement.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to road asphalt field of material technology, and in particular to a kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt and its preparation side
Method.
Background technology
Drainage asphalt mixture is with the pavement performances such as its good draining, noise reduction, antiskid and environmental protection concept, in China
Extensive use is able on the high-grade highway and city expressway of multiple provinces and cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong.Lay drainage asphalt
The material of road surface most critical is bituminous cements, binder of the modified asphalt as drainage road, there is that viscosity is low, collection
The problems such as material wraps up in attached thickness deficiency, pavement durability is not high under Heavy Traffic.Thus high-viscosity modified asphalt is applied and given birth to, into
For the optimal selection of pitch used in drainage pavement.
It is that drainage asphalt pavement is mated formation primary solution in view of bituminous cements is very big to drainage asphalt pavement performance impact
Certainly the problem of.The domestic research for high-viscosity modified asphalt is more and more, but the patent announced is converted into the comparison of product
Few, high-viscosity modified asphalt most commonly used at present is still the high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared using Japanese TPS modifying agent
With the SK high-viscosity modified asphalts of South Korea, better performances, the viscosity of the modifying agent used in these high adhered modification pitches are very high, but
It is expensive.As Japanese asphalt modifier with high viscosity is currently about 40,000 yuan/ton, volume is about 12wt%, and its modified pitch is comprehensive
This about 10,000 yuan/ton of synthesis.High adhered modification agent patent is because properties of product are unstable or construction reason etc. disclosed in several country
It is not widely applied, it is impossible to verify its reliability, if can reach the effect referred in patent can not determine, engineering
Practicality is not strong.Therefore, in view of drainage asphalt pavement is applied to porous asphalt pavement in Chinese fast development, exploitation one kind
Stable performance, cost performance it is higher high-viscosity modified asphalt (60 DEG C of dynamic viscosities are not less than 20000Pas) it is very necessary,
This makes it possible to provide one kind under conditions of Pavement Condition is not influenceed instead of expensive import high viscosity to change
The high-viscosity modified asphalt suitable for drainage asphalt pavement making of property pitch.
The content of the invention
Change in view of the above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art, the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is that providing a kind of high viscosity
Property pitch, the high-viscosity modified asphalt have good high-temperature stability, low-temperature cracking-resistance and ageing-resistant performance, are not influenceing road
Expensive import high-viscosity modified asphalt can be replaced under conditions of the performance of face, construction costs is reduced, is widely used in
In the making of drainage asphalt pavement.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:A kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt, its feature exist
In being made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:100 parts of matrix pitch, 4~9 parts of styrol copolymer, Sasobit asphalt modifiers 2
~5 parts, 0.5~3 part of gutta-percha, 1~3 part of butadiene-styrene rubber, 0.2~1.5 part of sulphur.
Above-mentioned a kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt, it is characterised in that be made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:Matrix pitch
100 parts, 5~7 parts of styrol copolymer, 3~4 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 1~2 part of gutta-percha, 2~3 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber,
0.4~1 part of sulphur.
Above-mentioned a kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt, it is characterised in that be made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:Matrix pitch
100 parts, 7 parts of styrol copolymer, 3 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 1 part of gutta-percha, 2 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber, 0.4 part of sulphur.
Above-mentioned a kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt, it is characterised in that be made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:Matrix pitch
100 parts, 5 parts of styrol copolymer, 4 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 2 parts of gutta-percha, 3 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber, 0.8 part of sulphur.
Above-mentioned a kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt, it is characterised in that the styrol copolymer is star-like styrene-fourth two
Alkene-styrene block copolymer.
In addition, present invention also offers a kind of method for preparing above-mentioned high-viscosity modified asphalt, it is characterised in that including with
Lower step:
Step 1: styrol copolymer and gutta-percha stirring are added after matrix pitch is heated into 150 DEG C~160 DEG C
It is even, add Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stirs, obtain mixture;
Step 2: temperature be 175 DEG C~185 DEG C under conditions of by mixture described in step 1 shear 45min~
60min, then add sulphur and continue to shear 15min~30min, developed under conditions of being 175 DEG C~185 DEG C in temperature after shearing
1h~4h, obtain the high-viscosity modified asphalt that 60 DEG C of dynamic viscosities are not less than 20000Pas.
Above-mentioned method, it is characterised in that matrix pitch described in step 1 is 90# pitches.
The present invention has advantages below compared with prior art:
1st, high-viscosity modified asphalt of the present invention has good high-temperature stability, low-temperature cracking-resistance and ageing-resistant performance,
Do not influence that under conditions of Pavement Condition expensive import high-viscosity modified asphalt can be replaced, reduce construction costs, extensively
The general making suitable for drainage asphalt pavement.
2nd, the present invention uses styrol copolymer, Sasobit asphalt modifiers, gutta-percha, butadiene-styrene rubber and sulphur to change
Property composition and matrix pitch interaction prepare high-viscosity modified asphalt, obtained high-viscosity modified asphalt has good high temperature concurrently
Stability, low-temperature cracking-resistance and ageing-resistant performance.
3rd, raw material is nontoxic used by the present invention prepares high-viscosity modified asphalt, and is easily mixed with matrix pitch
Even, preparation technology is simple, product environmental protection.
4th, high-viscosity modified asphalt of the present invention is applied in the making of drainage asphalt pavement, drainage asphalt can be made
Compound has good high-temperature stability, low-temperature cracking-resistance and anti-ability of dispersing, and effectively improves drainage asphalt pavement
Performance, extend the service life of drainage asphalt pavement, high-viscosity modified asphalt of the present invention and existing high viscosity
Modified pitch is compared, have preparation method simple, low production cost and it is cost-effective the advantages of.
Below by embodiment, technical scheme is described in further detail.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
The present embodiment high-viscosity modified asphalt is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:100 parts of matrix pitch, it is styrene copolymerized
6 parts of thing, 3 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 1 part of gutta-percha, 2 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber, 0.4 part of sulphur;The styrol copolymer is excellent
Elect star-like SBS as.
The method that the present embodiment prepares high-viscosity modified asphalt comprises the following steps:
Step 1: addition styrol copolymer and gutta-percha stir after matrix pitch is heated into 150 DEG C, add
Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stir, and obtain mixture;The matrix pitch is preferably SK-90# pitches;
Step 2: mixture described in step 1 is sheared into 60min under conditions of being 175 DEG C in temperature, sulphur is then added
Sulphur continues to shear 30min, develops 4h under conditions of being 175 DEG C in temperature after shearing, obtains high-viscosity modified asphalt.
According to《Highway engineering pitch and Asphalt Mixture Experiment code》Method of testing specified in (JTG E20-2011),
The Specifications of the high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared to embodiment 1 are tested, and the TPS with being prepared using conventional method
Modified pitch is contrasted, and test result is shown in Table 1.
The technical indicator testing result of high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared by the embodiment 1 of table 1
From table 1 it follows that every Specifications of high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared by embodiment 1 are satisfied by skill
Art requirement, it has higher PG high temperature gradings, shows there is good high-temperature behavior and stronger anti-rut behavior, PG low temperature
Classification is suitable with TPS modified pitch, and has preferable elastic recovery capability, the surface high-viscosity modified asphalt with
TPS modified pitch suitable low-temperature cracking-resistance and ageing-resistant performance, 48h isolation softening point differences are low compared with TPS modified pitch, show this
High-viscosity modified asphalt has preferable bin stability.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment high-viscosity modified asphalt is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:100 parts of matrix pitch, it is styrene copolymerized
7 parts of thing, 3 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 1 part of gutta-percha, 2 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber, 0.4 part of sulphur;The styrol copolymer is excellent
Elect star-like SBS as.
The method that the present embodiment prepares high-viscosity modified asphalt comprises the following steps:
Step 1: addition styrol copolymer and gutta-percha stir after matrix pitch is heated into 160 DEG C, add
Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stir, and obtain mixture;The matrix pitch is preferably SK-90# pitches;
Step 2: mixture described in step 1 is sheared into 45min under conditions of being 185 DEG C in temperature, sulphur is then added
Sulphur continues to shear 15min, develops 1h under conditions of being 185 DEG C in temperature after shearing, obtains high-viscosity modified asphalt.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment high-viscosity modified asphalt is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:100 parts of matrix pitch, it is styrene copolymerized
5 parts of thing, 4 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 2 parts of gutta-percha, 3 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber, 0.8 part of sulphur;The styrol copolymer is excellent
Elect star-like SBS as.
The method that the present embodiment prepares high-viscosity modified asphalt comprises the following steps:
Step 1: addition styrol copolymer and gutta-percha stir after matrix pitch is heated into 155 DEG C, add
Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stir, and obtain mixture;The matrix pitch is preferably SK-90# pitches;
Step 2: mixture described in step 1 is sheared into 55min under conditions of being 180 DEG C in temperature, sulphur is then added
Sulphur continues to shear 25min, develops 2.5h under conditions of being 180 DEG C in temperature after shearing, obtains high-viscosity modified asphalt.
According to《Highway engineering pitch and Asphalt Mixture Experiment code》Method of testing specified in (JTG E20-2011),
The Specifications of the high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared to embodiment 2 and embodiment 3 are tested, and test result is shown in Table 2.
The technical indicator test result of high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared by the embodiment 2 of table 2 and embodiment 3
From Table 2, it can be seen that every correlation technique of high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared by embodiment 2 and embodiment 3 refers to
Mark is satisfied by technical requirements, illustrate embodiment 2 and the preparation of embodiment 3 high-viscosity modified asphalt be respectively provided with it is good high temperatures
Can, stronger anti-rut behavior, preferable elastic recovery capability, low-temperature cracking-resistance, ageing-resistant performance and bin stability.
Embodiment 4
The present embodiment high-viscosity modified asphalt is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:100 parts of matrix pitch, it is styrene copolymerized
5 parts of thing, 4 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 2 parts of gutta-percha, 3 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber, 0.4 part of sulphur;The styrol copolymer is excellent
Elect star-like SBS as.
The method that the present embodiment prepares high-viscosity modified asphalt comprises the following steps:
Step 1: addition styrol copolymer and gutta-percha stir after matrix pitch is heated into 160 DEG C, add
Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stir, and obtain mixture;The matrix pitch is preferably SK-90# pitches;
Step 2: mixture described in step 1 is sheared into 60min under conditions of being 180 DEG C in temperature, sulphur is then added
Sulphur continues to shear 20min, develops 2h under conditions of being 180 DEG C in temperature after shearing, obtains high-viscosity modified asphalt.
Embodiment 5
The present embodiment high-viscosity modified asphalt is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:100 parts of matrix pitch, it is styrene copolymerized
7 parts of thing, 3 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 1 part of gutta-percha, 2 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber, 1 part of sulphur;The styrol copolymer is preferred
For star-like SBS.
The method that the present embodiment prepares high-viscosity modified asphalt comprises the following steps:
Step 1: addition styrol copolymer and gutta-percha stir after matrix pitch is heated into 155 DEG C, add
Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stir, and obtain mixture;The matrix pitch is preferably SK-90# pitches;
Step 2: mixture described in step 1 is sheared into 50min under conditions of being 175 DEG C in temperature, sulphur is then added
Sulphur continues to shear 20min, develops 2h under conditions of being 180 DEG C in temperature after shearing, obtains high-viscosity modified asphalt.
According to《Highway engineering pitch and Asphalt Mixture Experiment code》Method of testing specified in (JTG E20-2011),
The Specifications of the high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared to embodiment 4 and embodiment 5 are tested, and test result is shown in Table 3.
The technical indicator test result of high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared by the embodiment 4 of table 3 and embodiment 5
Pilot project | Unit | Embodiment 4 | Embodiment 5 | Technical requirements |
Needle penetration (25 DEG C, 100g, 5s) | 0.1mm | 46.33 | 55.63 | ≥40 |
Softening point (TR&B) | ℃ | 95.35 | 101.46 | ≥80 |
15 DEG C of ductilities | cm | 94.30 | 90.83 | ≥50 |
Viscous toughness | N·m | 27.80 | 25.23 | ≥20 |
Toughness | N·m | 19.80 | 17.10 | ≥15 |
60 DEG C of dynamic viscosities | Pa·s | 303786.25 | 249349.38 | ≥20000 |
175 DEG C of rotary viscosities | Pa·s | 0.95 | 0.58 | — |
5 DEG C of ductilities | cm | 26.79 | 37.46 | ≥20 |
25 DEG C of elasticity are recovered | % | 81.36 | 80.45 | ≥75 |
Bin stability (isolation, 48h | ℃ | 1.4 | 1.1 | ≤2.5 |
Softening point difference) | ||||
PG high temperature gradings | ℃ | 82 | 76 | — |
PG low temperature is classified | ℃ | 22 | 22 | — |
From table 3 it is observed that every correlation technique of high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared by embodiment 4 and embodiment 5 refers to
Mark is satisfied by technical requirements, illustrate embodiment 4 and the preparation of embodiment 5 high-viscosity modified asphalt be respectively provided with it is good high temperatures
Can, stronger anti-rut behavior, preferable elastic recovery capability, low-temperature cracking-resistance, ageing-resistant performance and bin stability.
Embodiment 6
The present embodiment high-viscosity modified asphalt is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:100 parts of matrix pitch, it is styrene copolymerized
4 parts of thing, 5 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 0.5 part of gutta-percha, 1 part of butadiene-styrene rubber, 0.2 part of sulphur;The styrol copolymer
Preferably star-like SBS.
The method that the present embodiment prepares high-viscosity modified asphalt comprises the following steps:
Step 1: addition styrol copolymer and gutta-percha stir after matrix pitch is heated into 155 DEG C, add
Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stir, and obtain mixture;The matrix pitch is preferably SK-90# pitches;
Step 2: mixture described in step 1 is sheared into 45min under conditions of being 185 DEG C in temperature, sulphur is then added
Sulphur continues to shear 20min, develops 2h under conditions of being 180 DEG C in temperature after shearing, obtains high-viscosity modified asphalt.
Embodiment 7
The present embodiment high-viscosity modified asphalt is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:100 parts of matrix pitch, it is styrene copolymerized
9 parts of thing, 2 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 3 parts of gutta-percha, 3 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber, 1.5 parts of sulphur;The styrol copolymer is excellent
Elect star-like SBS as.
The method that the present embodiment prepares high-viscosity modified asphalt comprises the following steps:
Step 1: addition styrol copolymer and gutta-percha stir after matrix pitch is heated into 160 DEG C, add
Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stir, and obtain mixture;The matrix pitch is preferably SK-90# pitches;
Step 2: mixture described in step 1 is sheared into 50min under conditions of being 175 DEG C in temperature, sulphur is then added
Sulphur continues to shear 30min, develops 2h under conditions of being 180 DEG C in temperature after shearing, obtains high-viscosity modified asphalt.
According to《Highway engineering pitch and Asphalt Mixture Experiment code》Method of testing specified in (JTG E20-2011),
The Specifications of the high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared to embodiment 6 and embodiment 7 are tested, and test result is shown in Table 4.
The technical indicator test result of high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared by the embodiment 6 of table 4 and embodiment 7
As can be seen from Table 4, every correlation technique of high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared by embodiment 6 and embodiment 7 refers to
Mark is satisfied by technical requirements, illustrate embodiment 6 and the preparation of embodiment 7 high-viscosity modified asphalt be respectively provided with it is good high temperatures
Can, stronger anti-rut behavior, preferable elastic recovery capability, low-temperature cracking-resistance, ageing-resistant performance and bin stability.
Embodiment 8
The present embodiment high-viscosity modified asphalt is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:100 parts of matrix pitch, it is styrene copolymerized
6.5 parts of thing, 3.5 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 2 parts of gutta-percha, 2 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber, 0.9 part of sulphur;It is described styrene copolymerized
Thing is preferably star-like SBS.
The method that the present embodiment prepares high-viscosity modified asphalt comprises the following steps:
Step 1: addition styrol copolymer and gutta-percha stir after matrix pitch is heated into 150 DEG C, add
Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stir, and obtain mixture;The matrix pitch is preferably SK-90# pitches;
Step 2: mixture described in step 1 is sheared into 50min under conditions of being 180 DEG C in temperature, sulphur is then added
Sulphur continues to shear 20min, develops 3h under conditions of being 180 DEG C in temperature after shearing, obtains high-viscosity modified asphalt.
Embodiment 9
The present embodiment high-viscosity modified asphalt is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:100 parts of matrix pitch, it is styrene copolymerized
6 parts of thing, 3.5 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 1.5 parts of gutta-percha, 2.5 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber, 0.7 part of sulphur;The styrene is total to
Polymers is preferably star-like SBS.
The method that the present embodiment prepares high-viscosity modified asphalt comprises the following steps:
Step 1: addition styrol copolymer and gutta-percha stir after matrix pitch is heated into 160 DEG C, add
Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stir, and obtain mixture;The matrix pitch is preferably SK-90# pitches;
Step 2: mixture described in step 1 is sheared into 55min under conditions of being 180 DEG C in temperature, sulphur is then added
Sulphur continues to shear 20min, develops 3h under conditions of being 185 DEG C in temperature after shearing, obtains high-viscosity modified asphalt.
According to《Highway engineering pitch and Asphalt Mixture Experiment code》Method of testing specified in (JTG E20-2011),
The Specifications of the high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared to embodiment 8 and embodiment 9 are tested, and test result is shown in Table 5.
The technical indicator test result of high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared by the embodiment 8 of table 5 and embodiment 9
As can be seen from Table 5, every correlation technique of high-viscosity modified asphalt prepared by embodiment 8 and embodiment 9 refers to
Mark is satisfied by technical requirements, illustrate embodiment 8 and the preparation of embodiment 9 high-viscosity modified asphalt be respectively provided with it is good high temperatures
Can, stronger anti-rut behavior, preferable elastic recovery capability, low-temperature cracking-resistance, ageing-resistant performance and bin stability.
It is described above, only it is presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, not the present invention is imposed any restrictions, it is every according to the present invention
Any simple modification, change and the equivalent structure change that technical spirit is made to above example, still fall within skill of the present invention
In the protection domain of art scheme.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt, it is characterised in that be made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:100 parts of matrix pitch, benzene second
4~9 parts of alkene copolymer, 2~5 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 0.5~3 part of gutta-percha, 1~3 part of butadiene-styrene rubber, sulphur 0.2
~1.5 parts;The styrol copolymer is star-like SBS;
The preparation method of the high-viscosity modified asphalt is:
Step 1: addition styrol copolymer and gutta-percha stir after matrix pitch is heated into 150 DEG C~160 DEG C, then
Add Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stirs, obtain mixture;
Step 2: mixture described in step 1 is sheared into 45min~60min under conditions of being 175 DEG C~185 DEG C in temperature,
Then add sulphur continue shear 15min~30min, after shearing temperature be 175 DEG C~185 DEG C under conditions of develop 1h~
4h, obtain the high-viscosity modified asphalt that 60 DEG C of dynamic viscosities are not less than 20000Pas.
2. according to a kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt described in claim 1, it is characterised in that by the raw material system of following parts by weight
Into:100 parts of matrix pitch, 5~7 parts of styrol copolymer, 3~4 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 1~2 part of gutta-percha, butylbenzene
2~3 parts of rubber, 0.4~1 part of sulphur.
3. according to a kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt described in claim 2, it is characterised in that by the raw material system of following parts by weight
Into:100 parts of matrix pitch, 7 parts of styrol copolymer, 3 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 1 part of gutta-percha, 2 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber,
0.4 part of sulphur.
4. according to a kind of high-viscosity modified asphalt described in claim 2, it is characterised in that by the raw material system of following parts by weight
Into:100 parts of matrix pitch, 5 parts of styrol copolymer, 4 parts of Sasobit asphalt modifiers, 2 parts of gutta-percha, 3 parts of butadiene-styrene rubber,
0.8 part of sulphur.
5. a kind of method for preparing the high-viscosity modified asphalt as described in any claim in Claims 1 to 4, its feature exist
In comprising the following steps:
Step 1: addition styrol copolymer and gutta-percha stir after matrix pitch is heated into 150 DEG C~160 DEG C, then
Add Sasobit asphalt modifiers and butadiene-styrene rubber stirs, obtain mixture;
Step 2: mixture described in step 1 is sheared into 45min~60min under conditions of being 175 DEG C~185 DEG C in temperature,
Then add sulphur continue shear 15min~30min, after shearing temperature be 175 DEG C~185 DEG C under conditions of develop 1h~
4h, obtain the high-viscosity modified asphalt that 60 DEG C of dynamic viscosities are not less than 20000Pas.
6. in accordance with the method for claim 5, it is characterised in that matrix pitch described in step 1 is 90# pitches.
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杜仲胶与沥青共混性能试验;李清泉 等;《解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版)》;20070430;第8卷(第2期);第2.1.1节,第178页第1栏倒数第1-2段,第179页第1-2段 * |
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