CN105111605A - High molecular nano composite film and preparing method thereof - Google Patents
High molecular nano composite film and preparing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN105111605A CN105111605A CN201510640022.9A CN201510640022A CN105111605A CN 105111605 A CN105111605 A CN 105111605A CN 201510640022 A CN201510640022 A CN 201510640022A CN 105111605 A CN105111605 A CN 105111605A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high molecular nano composite thin film and a preparing method thereof. The high molecular nano composite thin film comprises a high molecular substrate and a nano metal material and ionic liquid which are dispersed in the high molecular substrate. The preparing method comprises the steps: (1) supersonically dispersing the nano metal material in the ionic liquid to obtain first dispersion liquid; (2) supersonically dispersing the high molecular material in an organic solvent to obtain second dispersion liquid; (3) mixing the first dispersion liquid with the second dispersion liquid; (4) spinning-coating the mixed solution onto a substrate to obtain the high molecular nano composite thin film. In the high molecular nano composite thin film, nano particles are uniformly dispersed, no second agglomeration phenomenon exists, and the preparing method is simple, short in production period and low in cost.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to macromolecule membrane preparation and nanochemistry technical field, be specifically related to a kind of high molecular nanometer laminated film and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Nano material is a study hotspot in recent years, some special effectses that it has, as surface effects, small-size effect, quantum size effect, macro quanta tunnel effect etc., make nano material in mechanical property, magnetic performance, thermal property, optical property, electric property and chemistry and catalytic performance etc., have the unrivaled characteristic of other material.
Nano composite material is for external phase with matrixes such as resin, rubber, pottery or metals, with properties-correcting agent such as the metal of nano-scale, semi-conductor, rigid particles or other inorganic particulate, fiber, CNT (carbon nano-tube) for disperse phase, by suitable preparation method, properties-correcting agent homogeneity is scattered in body material, forms the compound system that contains nano-sized materials mutually.
Ionic liquid is replaced the green medium of traditional volatile organic solvent owing to having extremely low vapour pressure, higher thermostability and adjustable dissolving power by as a kind of and be widely used in the field such as organic synthesis, separating-purifying.Because ionic liquid coordination ability is low, interfacial tension and interfacial energy is little and their easily form hydrogen bond and have higher order, make them in the nano material preparation of special appearance, not only can be used as medium but also play the effect of template.Therefore ionic liquid research to scientific basis research or practical application all has very important meaning.
Along with the development of nanotechnology, the method preparing high molecular nanometer laminated film gets more and more.But because nano particles little surface atom ratio is large, specific surface area is very big, surface energy is large, be in energy unsteady state, easily reunite together, be difficult to be dispersed in polymer matrix with the form of nano particle equably.Current, in the preparation and application field of high molecular nanometer laminated film, technological difficulties of existence stop the agglomeration traits of nano particle in preparation with dispersion process, and this is also a hot urgently to be resolved hurrily in current nanotechnology research field.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention overcomes the deficiencies in the prior art, there is provided a kind of nanoparticle dispersion evenly, without the high molecular nanometer laminated film of secondary agglomeration phenomenon, the preparation method of the high molecular nanometer laminated film also providing a kind of reaction conditions gentleness, technical process simple, with short production cycle, with low cost.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention by the following technical solutions.
A kind of high molecular nanometer laminated film, described high molecular nanometer laminated film comprises macromolecule matrix and the nano metal material be scattered in described macromolecule matrix and ionic liquid.
In above-mentioned high molecular nanometer laminated film, preferably, described nano metal material is the nano metal material with sky d, f orbitals, described nano metal material comprise in copper nanoparticle, nano-silver powder, nano-gold powder, nanometer iron powder, nano zinc powder, nano-nickel powder one or more; Described ionic liquid is the imidazole type ion liquid with lone-pair electron, and described ionic liquid comprises [emim] BF
4, [emim] PF
6in one or more.
In above-mentioned high molecular nanometer laminated film, preferably, described macromolecule matrix comprises one or more in polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, polyaniline, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, Polythiophene.
As a total technical conceive, the present invention also provides a kind of preparation method of high molecular nanometer laminated film, comprises the following steps:
(1) by nano metal material ultrasonic disperse in ionic liquid, obtain the first dispersion liquid;
(2) by macromolecular material ultrasonic disperse in organic solvent, obtain the second dispersion liquid;
(3) the first dispersion liquid is mixed with the second dispersion liquid, through ultrasonic disperse, obtain mixed solution;
(4) mixed solution is spun on substrate, obtains high molecular nanometer laminated film.
In the preparation method of above-mentioned high molecular nanometer laminated film, preferably, in described step (1), the mass volume ratio of described nano metal material and ionic liquid is 1mg ~ 2mg: 5mL ~ 10mL.
In the preparation method of above-mentioned high molecular nanometer laminated film, preferably, in described step (1), described nano metal material is the nano metal material with sky d, f orbitals, described nano metal material comprise in copper nanoparticle, nano-silver powder, nano-gold powder, nanometer iron powder, nano zinc powder, nano-nickel powder one or more; Described ionic liquid is the imidazole type ion liquid with lone-pair electron, and described ionic liquid comprises [emim] BF
4, [emim] PF
6in one or more.
In the preparation method of above-mentioned high molecular nanometer laminated film, preferably, in described step (1), described nano metal material ultrasonic disperse carries out under protection of inert gas in the process of ionic liquid.
In the preparation method of above-mentioned high molecular nanometer laminated film, preferably, in described step (2), the mass ratio of described macromolecular material and organic solvent is 5% ~ 10%.
In the preparation method of above-mentioned high molecular nanometer laminated film, preferably, in described step (2), described macromolecular material comprise in polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, polyaniline, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, Polythiophene one or more; Described organic solvent comprise in methylene dichloride, trichloromethane, acetone one or more.
In the preparation method of above-mentioned high molecular nanometer laminated film, preferably, in described step (3), the mass ratio of described first dispersion liquid and the second dispersion liquid is 1% ~ 5%.
In the present invention, the median size of described nano metal material is preferably 10nm ~ 30nm.
The invention provides a kind of preparation method of high molecular nanometer laminated film, this film is prepared from by nanoparticle, ionic liquid, polymer and solvent, as Cu/ [emim] BF
4/ PS film, Cu/ [emim] BF
4/ PMMA film, mainly utilizes ultrasonic disperse technology ionic liquid and nanoparticle to be made homogeneous nanoparticle sol (as [emim] BF
4-Cu) as the carrier of dispersing nanoparticles, be distributed to obtained finely dispersed high molecular nanometer laminated film in macromolecule matrix (PMMA or nonpolar PE as polarity), metallic particles with polymer recombination process in there will not be secondary agglomeration phenomenon, this technology may be used for preparing the dispersed of nano-particle material in conduction, optics and the high molecular nanometer laminated film such as antibacterial, such as, the specific conductivity of PE and PMMA based high molecular film can be made to increase by 5 orders of magnitude.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) the present invention adopts ionic liquid as dispersion agent, utilize ionic liquid interfacial tension and interfacial energy is little and easy formation hydrogen bond and the higher order had to increase the dispersity of nanoparticle, reduce the reunion of nanoparticle, make nano-metal particle ultrasonic disperse form more stable colloidal sol.
(2) the present invention adopts PMMA, and the macromolecular materials such as PS are as matrix material, and masking stable performance, can prepare the high molecular nanometer laminated film with conductance, optics and the property such as antibacterial.
(3) the present invention utilizes homemade [emim] BF
4-Cu nanoparticle sol, as a component, reaches the effect of dispersing nanometer metallic particles, and nano-metal particle is uniformly dispersed in high molecular nanometer laminated film.
(4) preparation method's reaction conditions of the present invention is gentle, and technical process is simple, with short production cycle, with low cost, has wide practical use and important realistic meaning.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the preparation flow schematic diagram of high molecular nanometer laminated film in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is gained [emim] BF in the embodiment of the present invention 1
4the transmission electron microscope photo of-Cu colloidal sol (the first dispersion liquid), scale is 100nm.
Fig. 3 is gained [emim] BF in the embodiment of the present invention 1
4the transmission electron microscope photo of-Cu colloidal sol (the first dispersion liquid), scale is 5nm.
Fig. 4 is [emim] used in the embodiment of the present invention 1 BF
4the ultraviolet spectrogram of ionic liquid.
Fig. 5 is gained [emim] BF in the embodiment of the present invention 1
4the ultraviolet spectrogram of-Cu colloidal sol (the first dispersion liquid).
Fig. 6 is [emim] BF in the embodiment of the present invention 1
4-Cu colloidal sol and [emim] BF
4the poor spectrogram of the ultraviolet absorptivity of ionic liquid.
Fig. 7 is [emim] used in the embodiment of the present invention 1 BF
4ionic liquid and gained [emim] BF
4the infrared spectra comparison diagram of-Cu colloidal sol (the first dispersion liquid).
Fig. 8 be in the embodiment of the present invention 1 copper nanoparticle at [emim] BF
4dispersion mechanism schematic diagram in ionic liquid.
Fig. 9 is gained Cu/ [emim] BF in the embodiment of the present invention 1
4the stereoscan photograph of/PMMA film.
Figure 10 is gained Cu/ [emim] BF in the embodiment of the present invention 2
4the stereoscan photograph of/PS film.
Figure 11 is the embodiment of the present invention 1 gained Cu/ [emim] BF
4/ PMMA film and embodiment 2 gained Cu/ [emim] BF
4specific conductivity and [emim] BF of/PS film
4the graph of a relation of-Cu colloidal sol (the first dispersion liquid) add-on.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with Figure of description and concrete preferred embodiment, the invention will be further described, but protection domain not thereby limiting the invention.
The material adopted in following examples and instrument are commercially available.
Embodiment 1:
A kind of high molecular nanometer laminated film of the present invention, comprises polymethylmethacrylate matrix (i.e. PMMA matrix) and the nanometer Cu that is scattered in PMMA matrix and [emim] BF
4(molecular formula is such as formula I Suo Shi), namely this high molecular nanometer laminated film is specially Cu/ [emim] BF
4/ PMMA film.
A preparation method for the high molecular nanometer laminated film of above-mentioned the present embodiment, flow process, see Fig. 1, comprises the following steps:
(1) with electronic balance weighing 1mg copper nanoparticle, the median size of copper nanoparticle is 10nm ~ 30nm, joins 10mL [emim] BF
4in ionic liquid, under the condition of isolated air, argon shield, ultrasonic disperse 2h, makes it mix, and obtains the first dispersion liquid, i.e. [emim] BF
4-Cu colloidal sol.
(2) join in the dichloromethane solvent of 1ml with the PMMA of electronic balance weighing 0.06975g, ultrasonic disperse 2h, make it mix, obtain the second dispersion liquid.
(3) getting 0.02790g first dispersion liquid with electronic balance joins in the second dispersion liquid, and ultrasonic disperse 3 hours, makes it mix, obtain mixed solution;
(4) on a sheet glass, one deck is coated with except film, get the above-mentioned mixed solution of 200 μ L (200 μ L ~ 300 μ L) with liquid-transfering gun, be placed on the sheet glass that spin coating instrument scribbles except film, rotating speed 3000r/s, time 60s, obtains uniform Cu/ [emim] BF
4/ PMMA high molecular nanometer laminated film (i.e. composite material film), the stereoscan photograph of this film as shown in Figure 9.
Characterize:
As shown in Figures 2 and 3, obtained to the present embodiment step (1) [emim] BF
4-Cu colloidal sol (the first dispersion liquid) carries out transmission electron microscope sign, the interface interaction of solvent and Nanometer Copper in research dispersion system.Wherein Fig. 2 scale is 100nm, Fig. 3 scale is 5nm.Transmission electron microscope picture as shown in Figure 2 can be found out, Nanometer Copper is dispersed in ionic liquid in the form of granules and forms colloidal sol, and dispersion is comparatively even, and nanometer Cu median size is 10nm ~ 30nm.Transmission electron microscope picture as shown in Figure 3 can be found out, occurred obvious striped, fringe spacing is 0.31746nm, illustrates that nanometer Cu particle exists the structure of polycrystalline.Electronic Speculum result shows that metallic copper still exists as metallic particles in ionic liquid, this dispersion system is designated as [emim] BF
4-Cu.
As shown in figures 4-6, to the present embodiment step (1) [emim] used BF
4ionic liquid and gained [emim] BF
4-Cu colloidal sol carries out UV spectrum sign, and wherein Fig. 4 is [emim] BF
4ultraviolet spectrogram, Fig. 5 is [emim] BF
4the ultraviolet spectrogram of-Cu, Fig. 6 is [emim] BF
4-Cu and [emim] BF
4the poor spectrogram of ultraviolet absorptivity.By the light absorption curve of Nanometer Copper through the dispersions obtained system of ultrasonic disperse, contrast can see with the light absorption curve of pure dispersion agent: in the poor spectrogram shown in Fig. 6, [emim] BF
4-Cu dispersion system is 247,286 and the new absorption peak of 409nm place appearance 3.In the pure ionic liquid ultraviolet spectrogram shown in Fig. 4, the strong absorption peak that about 242nm is corresponding is the π → π of imidazoles positive ion
*(permission) produces, and the comparatively weak absorbing peak of 272nm is π → π
*(prohibiting) produces.[emim] BF shown in Fig. 5
4-Cu dispersed system, with pure [emim] BF shown in Fig. 4
4compare and have bigger difference: the strong absorption peak that 244nm is corresponding is still the π → π of imidazoles positive ion
*(permission) produces, but with pure [emim] BF
4comparing and there occurs red shift, is because [emim]
+after there is mating reaction with Cu, the electronics of Cu is to [emim]
+transition produces.D → d transition of electron of the corresponding Cu of absorption peak of 409nm, 409nm is purple light, [emim] BF
4-Cu dispersed system presents yellow phenomenon of slightly deepening.Nanometer Cu and [emim] BF are described
4be combine with a kind of strong coordination, this effect is still stable light yellow clear liquid after making this sample place half a year, and presents obvious Ding Daoer phenomenon.
Fig. 7 is [emim] BF in the embodiment of the present invention 1
4[emim] BF
4the infrared spectra comparison diagram of-Cu.As seen from the figure, 3550 ~ 3650cm
-1the stretching vibration peak of corresponding N-H; 1550 ~ 1650cm
-1the ring stretching vibration of corresponding C=C, C=N; 755cm
-1the absorption peak of the corresponding B-F key in left and right.Contrast [emim] BF
4-Cu and [emim] BF
4infrared spectrogram can find out, [emim] BF
4-Cu is at 3550 ~ 3650cm
-1there is obvious blue shift in wave number section.In imidazole-like ionic liquid, the N on imidazole ring can become hydrogen bond with H-shaped, and ionic liquid can be made to form network structure.And at [emim] BF
4in-Cu system, the coordination on Nanometer Copper and imidazole ring weakens the hydrogen bond that on ring, atom N and H atom are formed, and destroys the network structure of ionic liquid, thus there occurs blue shift.In addition, 1450 ~ 1650cm
-1there is about 1cm in wave number section
-1wave number red shift is because copper nanoparticle is at [emim] BF
4in ionic liquid after dispersion, copper and [emim] BF
4intermolecular coordination result in the delocalization of the conjugated electrons on imidazole ring, and the stretching vibration frequency of imidazole ring skeleton is moved to lower wave number, and Cu and [emim] are described
+between define stronger coordination.
Fig. 8 is that copper nanoparticle is at [emim] BF
4dispersion mechanism schematic diagram in ionic liquid.The characterization result of transmission electron microscope, UV spectrum and the infrared spectra shown in above-mentioned Fig. 2 to the Fig. 7 of comprehensive analysis, the anions and canons of ionic liquid and be a kind of comparatively strong interaction exceeding intermolecular Van der Waals force category between ion pair and Nanometer Copper, this interaction comprises [emim]
+and the σ coordinate bond between Nanometer Copper, d-p π key interact, and Nanometer Copper and negatively charged ion interaction etc.These stronger interactions can overcome Van der Waals force between Nanometer Copper and hydrogen bond, avoid the reunion of Nanometer Copper; On the other hand, this interaction is still not enough to the electronic structure obviously changing Nanometer Copper, thus enables the Nanometer Copper be dispersed in ionic liquid keep its intrinsic Electronic Performance.
Fig. 9 is gained Cu/ [emim] BF in the embodiment of the present invention 1
4the stereoscan photograph of/PMMA film.As can be seen from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph shown in figure, in the film obtained by preparation method of the present invention, metal nanoparticle and ionic liquid are an entirety, and metal nanoparticle is scattered in high molecular polymer in granular form equably, [emim] BF
4obvious interface is there is not between-Cu and polymer.Electronic Speculum result shows that metal nano copper still exists as metallic particles, with the process of polymer-based volume recombination, does not occur increase phenomenon of again reuniting.
Embodiment 2:
A kind of high molecular nanometer laminated film of the present invention, comprises polystyrene matrix (i.e. PS matrix) and the nanometer Cu that is scattered in PS matrix and [emim] BF
4(molecular formula is such as formula I Suo Shi), namely this high molecular nanometer laminated film is specially Cu/ [emim] BF
4/ PS film.
A preparation method for the high molecular nanometer laminated film of above-mentioned the present embodiment, comprises the following steps:
(1) with electronic balance weighing 1mg copper nanoparticle, the median size of copper nanoparticle is 10nm ~ 30nm, joins 10mL [emim] BF
4in ionic liquid, under the condition of isolated air, argon shield, ultrasonic disperse 2h, makes it mix, and obtains the first dispersion liquid, i.e. [emim] BF
4-Cu colloidal sol.
(2) join in the dichloromethane solvent of 1mL with the PS of electronic balance weighing 0.06975g, ultrasonic disperse 2h, make it mix, obtain the second dispersion liquid.
(3) join in the second dispersion liquid with electronic balance weighing 0.02790g first dispersion liquid, ultrasonic disperse 3 hours, makes it mix, obtains mixed solution.
(4) on a sheet glass, be coated with one deck except film, get the above-mentioned mixed solution of 200 μ L with liquid-transfering gun, be placed on the sheet glass of spin coating instrument, rotating speed 3000r/s, time 60s, obtain uniform Cu/ [emim] BF
4/ PS high molecular nanometer laminated film, the stereoscan photograph of this film as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10 is gained Cu/ [emim] BF in the present embodiment 2
4the stereoscan photograph of/PS film.As can be seen from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph shown in figure, copper nano-particle was dispersed in ionic liquid uniformly before this, was namely wrapped in one deck ionic liquid around copper nano-particle, and then uniform dispersion in polystyrene, [emim] BF
4obvious interface is there is between-Cu and polymer.Compared to embodiment 1, because the polarity of these two kinds of polymer-based bottom materials of PS and PMMA is different, with different polymer as in the laminated film obtained by base material, [emim] BF
4between-Cu from polymer, interface also can be different.Electronic Speculum result shows that metal nano copper still exists as metallic particles, with the process of polymer-based volume recombination, does not occur increase phenomenon of again reuniting.
Figure 11 is embodiment 1 gained Cu/ [emim] BF
4/ PMMA and embodiment 2 gained Cu/ [emim] BF
4specific conductivity and [emim] BF of the novel nano composite high-molecular film of/PS
4the graph of a relation of-Cu add-on.[emim] BF
4-Cu add-on is respectively 0,1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%.As seen from the figure, in certain scope, the specific conductivity of film is along with [emim] BF
4the increase of-Cu content and increasing, but the specific conductivity of different polymer matrix film embodies different Changing Patterns.When taking PMMA as matrix, the specific conductivity of film is along with [emim] BF
4the increase of-Cu content and increasing, as [emim] BF
4the content of-Cu is 5%, and maximum conductivity reaches 1.029 × 10
-2scm
-1, with the specific conductivity 1.7241 × 10 of pure matrix
-7scm
-1compare, add 5 orders of magnitude; When taking PS as matrix, the specific conductivity of film is along with [emim] BF
4the increase of-Cu content and increasing in certain scope, but exceed this scope and just start to present the trend of successively decreasing, [emim] BF
4the content of-Cu is 3%, and maximum conductivity reaches 3.4763 × 10
-2scm
-1, with the specific conductivity 1.7241 × 10 of pure matrix
-7scm
-1compare, add 5 orders of magnitude.
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and protection scope of the present invention is also not only confined to above-described embodiment.All technical schemes belonged under thinking of the present invention all belong to protection scope of the present invention.It is noted that for those skilled in the art, improvements and modifications under the premise without departing from the principles of the invention, these improvements and modifications also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a high molecular nanometer laminated film, is characterized in that, described high molecular nanometer laminated film comprises macromolecule matrix and the nano metal material be scattered in described macromolecule matrix and ionic liquid.
2. high molecular nanometer laminated film according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described nano metal material is the nano metal material with sky d, f orbitals, described nano metal material comprise in copper nanoparticle, nano-silver powder, nano-gold powder, nanometer iron powder, nano zinc powder, nano-nickel powder one or more; Described ionic liquid is the imidazole type ion liquid with lone-pair electron, and described ionic liquid comprises [emim] BF
4, [emim] PF
6in one or more.
3. high molecular nanometer laminated film according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, described macromolecule matrix comprise in polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, polyaniline, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, Polythiophene one or more.
4. a preparation method for high molecular nanometer laminated film, comprises the following steps:
(1) by nano metal material ultrasonic disperse in ionic liquid, obtain the first dispersion liquid;
(2) by macromolecular material ultrasonic disperse in organic solvent, obtain the second dispersion liquid;
(3) the first dispersion liquid is mixed with the second dispersion liquid, through ultrasonic disperse, obtain mixed solution;
(4) mixed solution is spun on substrate, obtains high molecular nanometer laminated film.
5. the preparation method of high molecular nanometer laminated film according to claim 4, is characterized in that, in described step (1), the mass volume ratio of described nano metal material and ionic liquid is 1mg ~ 2mg: 5mL ~ 10mL.
6. the preparation method of high molecular nanometer laminated film according to claim 4, it is characterized in that, in described step (1), described nano metal material is the nano metal material with sky d, f orbitals, described nano metal material comprise in copper nanoparticle, nano-silver powder, nano-gold powder, nanometer iron powder, nano zinc powder, nano-nickel powder one or more; Described ionic liquid is the imidazole type ion liquid with lone-pair electron, and described ionic liquid comprises [emim] BF
4, [emim] PF
6in one or more.
7. the preparation method of high molecular nanometer laminated film according to claim 4, is characterized in that, in described step (1), described nano metal material ultrasonic disperse carries out under protection of inert gas in the process of ionic liquid.
8. the preparation method of the high molecular nanometer laminated film according to any one of claim 4 ~ 7, is characterized in that, in described step (2), the mass ratio of described macromolecular material and organic solvent is 5% ~ 10%.
9. the preparation method of the high molecular nanometer laminated film according to any one of claim 4 ~ 7, it is characterized in that, in described step (2), described macromolecular material comprise in polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, polyaniline, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, Polythiophene one or more; Described organic solvent comprise in methylene dichloride, trichloromethane, acetone one or more.
10. the preparation method of the high molecular nanometer laminated film according to any one of claim 4 ~ 7, is characterized in that, in described step (3), the mass ratio of described first dispersion liquid and the second dispersion liquid is 1% ~ 5%.
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| CN109659071A (en) * | 2019-01-21 | 2019-04-19 | 华碳研发(深圳)有限公司 | Carbon nanotubes and the flexible composite polymeric object film of nano silver and preparation method thereof |
| CN109659071B (en) * | 2019-01-21 | 2020-11-27 | 华碳研发(深圳)有限公司 | Flexible composite polymer film containing carbon nano tube and nano silver and preparation method thereof |
| CN111270228A (en) * | 2020-03-10 | 2020-06-12 | 长虹美菱股份有限公司 | Preparation method of inorganic antibacterial coating of antibacterial self-cleaning display screen |
| CN113527741A (en) * | 2021-07-19 | 2021-10-22 | 湖北高正新材料科技有限公司 | Preparation method of polymer composite film |
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