CN105098279A - Technique for recycling lithium from scrapped lithium battery - Google Patents
Technique for recycling lithium from scrapped lithium battery Download PDFInfo
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- CN105098279A CN105098279A CN201510523691.8A CN201510523691A CN105098279A CN 105098279 A CN105098279 A CN 105098279A CN 201510523691 A CN201510523691 A CN 201510523691A CN 105098279 A CN105098279 A CN 105098279A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
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Abstract
The invention discloses a technique for recycling lithium from a scrapped lithium battery. The technique comprises the following steps: (1) obtaining a raw material source; (2) adding complex anions to complex and enrich lithium; (3) adding a flocculating agent and obtaining a lithium-containing flocculent sediment by belt filtration and separation; (4) adding a removal agent to remove the complex anions and carrying out centrifugal separation; (5) combining the complex anions with calcium in the removal agent to form a sediment, centrifugally separating the sediment, wherein the concentration of lithium in the filtrate obtained after centrifugal separation is 30-50g/L, so that the lithium is enriched; (6) adding alkali, adjusting the pH to be 10-12, and filtering the filtrate to obtain purified liquid; (7) deeply purifying the purified liquid; (8) introducing CO3<2>, converting the lithium in the deeply purified liquid into a lithium carbonate sediment, and washing and separating the sediment to obtain wet lithium carbonate; and (9) obtaining powdery lithium carbonate or lithium chloride. The technique is wide in raw material source, simple in technical process, high in recovery rate, controllable in cost and easy to industrially popularize and apply; and national valuable scarce resources are saved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to national scarce resource recycling field, specifically a kind of process from scrapping lithium battery recycling lithium.
Background technology
Lithium battery was born from nineteen ninety, in the time of short two more than ten years, achieve the progressively replacement to secondary cells such as lead-acid battery, nickel-cadmium cell, Ni-MH batteries, be widely used in mobile communication, number, portable charged power supply, electric tool and toy, electronic cigarette and put many automotive fields.At present, annual about output 5,000,000,000 lithium batteries in the whole world, most of lithium battery will be scrapped for about 1000 times in charge and discharge cycles, if do not use rational technology to carry out specification handles by the environment of serious harm human living to scrapping lithium battery.
At present recovery nickel wherein, cobalt, copper, manganese, aluminium valuable metal are concentrated on to the recovery of the lithium battery scrapped, the universal method of its removal process to scrap lithium battery electric discharge, stripping disassembled by machinery, adopt alkali or Ore Leaching metal ion, then adopt P204 and P507 extract and separate nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, aluminum metal to reclaim.Waste liquid pH value after its separating nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, aluminium is usually at 8-10, and the lithium containing 1-5g/l, lithium recovery difficult is large, directly discharges basically by after sewage treatment plant's process.
Scrap the development of lithium battery lithium recovery technology very delayed, application number is 201010605151.1, Authorization Notice No. be the Chinese patent of CN102002595B disclose adopt ketone compounds, tributyl phosphate and sulfonated kerosene be extracted organic phase, multi-stage counter current extraction content is the technology containing lithium devil liquor recovery lithium of 2-6g/l, its extraction phase amount of solution is large, extractant loss amount is large, whole extraction system is in organic system simultaneously, discharge waste liquid environmental protection treatment cost is high, therefore this invention technology application difficulty is large, and practicality is not enough.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of process from scrapping lithium battery recycling lithium, to solve the problem proposed in above-mentioned background technology.
For achieving the above object, the invention provides following technical scheme:
From a process of scrapping lithium battery recycling lithium, comprise the following steps:
(1) raw material sources: scrap lithium battery disassemble through electric discharge, machinery strippings, adopt alkali or Ore Leaching metal ion, adopt P204 and P507 extract and separate nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, aluminum metal after contain liquid more than lithium, described is 8-10 containing liquid pH value more than lithium, the lithium containing 1.5-5g/l;
(2) to described in step (1) containing adding the lithium of complex anion enrichment containing liquid more than lithium in liquid more than lithium, make to form cotton-shaped complex-precipitation containing the lithium in liquid more than lithium and complex anion;
(3) micro-flocculant is added in the cotton-shaped complex-precipitation obtained in step (2), then band filter isolated by filtration is adopted, flocky precipitate, stay in the flocky precipitate after band filter is separated containing the lithium more than 90% in liquid more than lithium described in step (1);
(4) add water in the flocky precipitate obtained after belt isolated by filtration in step (3) pulp, add complex anion simultaneously and remove agent, control reaction temperature at 100-120 DEG C, pH value in reaction 8-10, reaction time 1-4 hour, make the anion in flocky precipitate and the calcium ion removed in agent form stable sediment, and the lithium in flocky precipitate exist in solution with lithium ion form;
(5) be separated by centrifuge by the stable sediment obtained in step (4), the lithium that will reclaim stays in the solution after being separated, and its lithium concentration will be enriched to 30-50g/l;
(6) solution containing lithium 30-50g/l obtained in step (5) is added alkali adjusted to ph to 10-12;
(7) solution after step (6) adjusted to ph is filtered, must lithium purified solution be contained, containing lithium 30-50g/l;
(8) what step (7) obtained passes into resin bed carry out degree of depth evolution containing lithium scavenging solution, must contain lithium deep purifying liquid, containing lithium 30-50g/l;
(9) what obtain to step (8) adds CO containing in lithium deep purifying liquid
3 2-, rear centrifugal filtration, makes the lithium in scavenging solution be converted into lithium carbonate precipitation and is separated, obtain wet lithium carbonate through three washings;
(10) the wet lithium carbonate by step (9) being obtained obtains through super-dry the regeneration that Powdered lithium carbonate is achieved lithium; Or the described wet lithium carbonate passing through step (9) to obtain is through hcl acidifying, rear condensing crystallizing is separated, drying obtains the regeneration that pulverous lithium chloride is achieved lithium.
As the further scheme of the present invention: described in step (2), complex anion is F
-, PO
4 3-, CO
3 2-in one or more mixing.
As the present invention's further scheme: flocculant described in step (3) is one or more mixing in aluminum sulfate, alum, ferric sulfate, aluminium chloride, iron chloride.
As the present invention's further scheme: remove described in step (4) agent be in calcium formate, calcium acetate, calcium oxide, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate one or more mixing.
As the present invention's further scheme: alkali described in step (6) is one or more mixing in NaOH, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potash.
As the present invention's further scheme: resin described in step (8) is the one in wide-aperture anion cation hybrid resin or chelating resin.
As the present invention's further scheme: CO described in step (9)
3 2-be introduced as and realized by one or more modes added in carbon dioxide, carbonic hydroammonium, sodium carbonate, potash.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows: with scrap lithium battery reclaim nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, after aluminium containing liquid more than lithium for raw material, wide raw material source; Technical process is simple, the rate of recovery is high, cost is controlled, is easy to Industry Promotion application; Reclaim the lithium resource scrapping lithium battery, saved the scarce resource of national preciousness, developed recycling economy.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the flow chart from the process of scrapping lithium battery recycling lithium.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, be clearly and completely described the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention, obviously, described embodiment is only the present invention's part embodiment, instead of whole embodiments.Based on the embodiment in the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art, not making the every other embodiment obtained under creative work prerequisite, belong to the scope of protection of the invention.
Refer to Fig. 1, in the embodiment of the present invention, recycle the process of lithium from scrapping lithium battery, concrete steps comprise following content: (1) scraps lithium battery is 8-10 containing liquid pH more than lithium after reclaiming nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, aluminium, containing lithium 1.5-5g/l; (2) add complex anion complexing enriching lithium, be converted into flocculent deposit containing lithium in liquid more than lithium; (3) add flocculant, adopt belt isolated by filtration, must lithium flocculent deposit be contained; (4) add and remove agent to remove complex anion, react 1-4h under 100-120 DEG C, pH are 8-10 condition after, centrifugation; (5) complex anion and the calcium removed in agent combine and form precipitation and be centrifuged and be separated, and containing lithium 30-50g/l in centrifugation filtrate, lithium is able to enrichment; (6) in filtrate, add alkali adjusts PH to be 10-12, filters to obtain scavenging solution, containing lithium 30-50g/l; (7) scavenging solution is passed through anion cation hybrid resin bed or chelating resin bed, obtain deep purifying liquid, containing lithium 30-50g/l; (8) in deep purifying liquid, CO is introduced
3 2-, the lithium in deep purifying liquid is converted into lithium carbonate precipitation, is separated to obtain wet lithium carbonate through washing; (9) wet lithium carbonate drying can obtain Powdered lithium carbonate; Or described wet lithium carbonate makes the transition through hcl acidifying, condensing crystallizing drying can obtain Powdered lithium chloride, proceeds to market sale.
Embodiment one
Scrap lithium battery through recovery nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, after aluminium process containing liquid pH=8.8 more than lithium, containing lithium 2g/l; Appropriate NaF is added in liquid more than content; Add a small amount of aluminium chloride again; Belt is filtered, and filter cake is for containing lithium flocculent deposit LiF; Containing adding a certain proportion of calcium oxide in lithium flocculent deposit and calcium chloride mixing removes agent, add suitable quantity of water, at 110 DEG C, react 3 hours under the condition of pH=9.2, fluorine is removed with calcirm-fluoride form, and lithium is converted into lithium ion, concentration is for containing lithium 35g/l, and the conversion ratio of lithium reaches 92.5%; Hydro-oxidation sodium adjust pH, to 12, filters; Filtrate is after the anion resin cation mixed bed deep purifying of large aperture, and in deep purifying liquid, lithium concentration is 34.6g/l; Pass into carbon dioxide, lithium is converted into lithium carbonate precipitation, with pure water three times, centrifugation, obtains wet lithium carbonate precipitation; Dry wet lithium carbonate, obtain Powdered lithium carbonate finished product, the main content of lithium carbonate is 92.6%, detects and reaches the requirement of technical grade primes.
Embodiment two
Scrap lithium battery through recovery nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, after aluminium process containing liquid pH=8.4 more than lithium, containing lithium 2.2g/l; Appropriate Na3PO4 is added in liquid more than content; Add a small amount of aluminum sulfate again; Belt is filtered, and filter cake is for containing lithium flocculent deposit Li
3pO
4; Containing adding a certain proportion of calcium oxide in lithium flocculent deposit and calcium formate mixing removes agent, add suitable quantity of water, at 110 DEG C, react 3 hours under the condition of pH=9, phosphorus is removed with calcium phosphate form, and lithium is converted into lithium ion, concentration is for containing lithium 40g/l, and the conversion ratio of lithium reaches 91.5%; Hydro-oxidation sodium adjust pH, to 12, filters; Filtrate is after the anion cation mixed bed deep purifying of large aperture, and in deep purifying liquid, lithium concentration is 39.2g/l; Pass into carbon dioxide, lithium is converted into lithium carbonate precipitation, with pure water three times, centrifugation, obtains wet lithium carbonate precipitation; Dry wet lithium carbonate, obtain Powdered lithium carbonate finished product, the main content of lithium carbonate is 92.2%, detects and reaches the requirement of technical grade primes.
Embodiment three
Scrap lithium battery through recovery nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, after aluminium process containing liquid pH=9.0 more than lithium, containing lithium 1.8g/l; Appropriate Na is added in liquid more than content
3pO
4with sodium carbonate mixture; Add a small amount of alum again; Belt is filtered, and filter cake is for containing lithium flocculent deposit Li
3pO
4and Li
2cO
3mixture; Containing adding a certain proportion of calcium oxide in lithium flocculent deposit and calcium chloride mixing removes agent, add suitable quantity of water, at 105 DEG C, react 3.5 hours under the condition of pH=9.2, phosphorus is removed with calcium phosphate form, and carbon is removed with calcium carbonate form, and lithium is converted into lithium ion, concentration is for containing lithium 32g/l, and the conversion ratio of lithium reaches 90.5%; Hydro-oxidation sodium adjusts pH to 12, filters; Filtrate is after chelating resin bed deep purifying, and in deep purifying liquid, lithium concentration is 31.2g/l; Add sodium carbonate, lithium is converted into lithium carbonate precipitation, with pure water three times, centrifugation, obtains wet lithium carbonate precipitation; Wet lithium carbonate adds hcl acidifying, and be separated through condensing crystallizing, dry to obtain powdered anhydrous lithium chloride lithium finished product, the main content of lithium chloride is 99.1%, detects and reaches technical grade requirement.
Embodiment four
Scrap lithium battery through recovery nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, after aluminium process containing liquid pH=9.2 more than lithium, containing lithium 3.2g/l; Appropriate NaF and sodium carbonate mixture is added in liquid more than content; Add a small amount of aluminium chloride again; Belt is filtered, and filter cake is for containing lithium flocculent deposit LiF and Li
2cO
3mixture; Containing adding a certain proportion of calcium oxide in lithium flocculent deposit and calcium chloride mixing removes agent, add suitable quantity of water, at 115 DEG C, react 3 hours under the condition of PH=9.8, fluorine is removed with calcirm-fluoride form, and carbon is removed with calcium carbonate form, and lithium is converted into lithium ion, concentration is for containing lithium 45.5g/l, and the conversion ratio of lithium reaches 93.2%; Hydro-oxidation sodium adjust pH, to 12, filters; Filtrate is after chelating resin bed deep purifying, and in deep purifying liquid, lithium concentration is 44.8g/l; Add sodium carbonate, lithium is converted into lithium carbonate precipitation, with pure water three times, centrifugation, obtains wet lithium carbonate precipitation; Wet lithium carbonate adds hcl acidifying, and be separated through condensing crystallizing, dry to obtain powdered anhydrous lithium chloride lithium finished product, the main content of lithium chloride is 99.2%, detects and reaches technical grade requirement.
To those skilled in the art, obviously the invention is not restricted to the details of above-mentioned one exemplary embodiment, and when not deviating from spirit of the present invention or essential characteristic, the present invention can be realized in other specific forms.Therefore, no matter from which point, all should embodiment be regarded as exemplary, and be nonrestrictive, scope of the present invention is limited by claims instead of above-mentioned explanation, and all changes be therefore intended in the implication of the equivalency by dropping on claim and scope are included in the present invention.Any Reference numeral in claim should be considered as the claim involved by limiting.
In addition, be to be understood that, although this specification is described according to execution mode, but not each execution mode only comprises an independently technical scheme, this narrating mode of specification is only for clarity sake, those skilled in the art should by specification integrally, and the technical scheme in each embodiment also through appropriately combined, can form other execution modes that it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that.
Claims (7)
1., from a process of scrapping lithium battery recycling lithium, it is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
(1) raw material sources: scrap lithium battery disassemble through electric discharge, machinery strippings, adopt alkali or Ore Leaching metal ion, adopt P204 and P507 extract and separate nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, aluminum metal after contain liquid more than lithium, described is 8-10 containing liquid pH value more than lithium, the lithium containing 1.5-5g/l;
(2) to described in step (1) containing adding the lithium of complex anion enrichment containing liquid more than lithium in liquid more than lithium, make to form cotton-shaped complex-precipitation containing the lithium in liquid more than lithium and complex anion;
(3) micro-flocculant is added in the cotton-shaped complex-precipitation obtained in step (2), then band filter isolated by filtration is adopted, flocky precipitate, stay in the flocky precipitate after band filter is separated containing the lithium more than 90% in liquid more than lithium described in step (1);
(4) add water in the flocky precipitate obtained after belt isolated by filtration in step (3) pulp, add complex anion simultaneously and remove agent, control reaction temperature at 100-120 DEG C, pH value in reaction 8-10, reaction time 1-4 hour, make the anion in flocky precipitate and the calcium ion removed in agent form stable sediment, and the lithium in flocky precipitate exist in solution with lithium ion form;
(5) be separated by centrifuge by the stable sediment obtained in step (4), the lithium that will reclaim stays in the solution after being separated, and its lithium concentration will be enriched to 30-50g/l;
(6) solution containing lithium 30-50g/l obtained in step (5) is added alkali adjusted to ph to 10-12;
(7) solution after step (6) adjusted to ph is filtered, must lithium purified solution be contained, containing lithium 30-50g/l;
(8) what step (7) obtained passes into resin bed carry out degree of depth evolution containing lithium scavenging solution, must contain lithium deep purifying liquid, containing lithium 30-50g/l;
(9) what obtain to step (8) adds CO containing in lithium deep purifying liquid
3 2-, rear centrifugal filtration, makes the lithium in scavenging solution be converted into lithium carbonate precipitation and is separated, obtain wet lithium carbonate through three washings;
(10) the wet lithium carbonate by step (9) being obtained obtains through super-dry the regeneration that Powdered lithium carbonate is achieved lithium; Or the described wet lithium carbonate passing through step (9) to obtain is through hcl acidifying, rear condensing crystallizing is separated, drying obtains the regeneration that pulverous lithium chloride is achieved lithium.
2. the process from scrapping lithium battery recycling lithium according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described in step (2), complex anion is F
-, PO
4 3-, CO
3 2-in one or more mixing.
3. the process from scrapping lithium battery recycling lithium according to claim 1, is characterized in that, flocculant described in step (3) is one or more mixing in aluminum sulfate, alum, ferric sulfate, aluminium chloride, iron chloride.
4. according to claim 1ly recycling the process of lithium from scrapping lithium battery, it is characterized in that, removing agent described in step (4) is one or more mixing in calcium formate, calcium acetate, calcium oxide, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate.
5. the process from scrapping lithium battery recycling lithium according to claim 1, is characterized in that, alkali described in step (6) is one or more mixing in NaOH, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potash.
6. according to claim 1ly recycling the process of lithium from scrapping lithium battery, it is characterized in that, resin described in step (8) is the one in wide-aperture anion cation hybrid resin or chelating resin.
7. the process from scrapping lithium battery recycling lithium according to claim 1, is characterized in that, CO described in step (9)
3 2-be introduced as and realized by one or more modes added in carbon dioxide, carbonic hydroammonium, sodium carbonate, potash.
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN105742744A (en) * | 2016-03-03 | 2016-07-06 | 中南大学 | Method for extracting lithium from lithium-containing liquid waste generated in waste lithium-ion battery recycling process |
| CN108609636A (en) * | 2018-08-17 | 2018-10-02 | 湖南金凯循环科技有限公司 | A kind of silicon removing method of the waste liquid containing lithium |
| CN108933308A (en) * | 2018-07-13 | 2018-12-04 | 江西环锂新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of comprehensive reutilization method for scrapping lithium battery positive and negative anodes |
| CN109930000A (en) * | 2019-04-26 | 2019-06-25 | 核工业北京化工冶金研究院 | A kind of method of lepidolite purification of leaching liquor removal of impurities |
| CN110475880A (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2019-11-19 | 捷客斯金属株式会社 | Lithium recovery method |
| CN110475879A (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2019-11-19 | 捷客斯金属株式会社 | The processing method of lithium ion battery waste material |
| CN112251617A (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2021-01-22 | 湖南金凯循环科技有限公司 | Method for recovering lithium from waste metal lithium battery |
| CN117105336A (en) * | 2023-10-13 | 2023-11-24 | 山东金泽水业科技有限公司 | Method for treating lithium-containing wastewater and co-producing lithium carbonate |
| WO2023241113A1 (en) * | 2022-06-15 | 2023-12-21 | 时代思康新材料有限公司 | Lifsi wastewater treatment method |
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Cited By (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105742744B (en) * | 2016-03-03 | 2017-10-31 | 中南大学 | A kind of method that lithium is extracted in the waste liquid containing lithium produced from waste and old lithium ion battery removal process |
| CN105742744A (en) * | 2016-03-03 | 2016-07-06 | 中南大学 | Method for extracting lithium from lithium-containing liquid waste generated in waste lithium-ion battery recycling process |
| US20200044295A1 (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2020-02-06 | Jx Nippon Mining & Metals Corporation | Lithium ion battery scrap treatment method |
| US11961980B2 (en) | 2017-03-31 | 2024-04-16 | Jx Metals Corporation | Lithium ion battery scrap treatment method |
| US11702719B2 (en) | 2017-03-31 | 2023-07-18 | Jx Nippon Mining & Metals Corporation | Method for recovering lithium from lithium ion battery scrap |
| CN110475880A (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2019-11-19 | 捷客斯金属株式会社 | Lithium recovery method |
| CN110475879A (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2019-11-19 | 捷客斯金属株式会社 | The processing method of lithium ion battery waste material |
| CN108933308A (en) * | 2018-07-13 | 2018-12-04 | 江西环锂新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of comprehensive reutilization method for scrapping lithium battery positive and negative anodes |
| CN108609636A (en) * | 2018-08-17 | 2018-10-02 | 湖南金凯循环科技有限公司 | A kind of silicon removing method of the waste liquid containing lithium |
| CN109930000B (en) * | 2019-04-26 | 2021-01-05 | 核工业北京化工冶金研究院 | Method for purifying lepidolite leaching solution |
| CN109930000A (en) * | 2019-04-26 | 2019-06-25 | 核工业北京化工冶金研究院 | A kind of method of lepidolite purification of leaching liquor removal of impurities |
| CN112251617A (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2021-01-22 | 湖南金凯循环科技有限公司 | Method for recovering lithium from waste metal lithium battery |
| WO2023241113A1 (en) * | 2022-06-15 | 2023-12-21 | 时代思康新材料有限公司 | Lifsi wastewater treatment method |
| CN117105336A (en) * | 2023-10-13 | 2023-11-24 | 山东金泽水业科技有限公司 | Method for treating lithium-containing wastewater and co-producing lithium carbonate |
| CN117105336B (en) * | 2023-10-13 | 2024-01-12 | 山东金泽水业科技有限公司 | Method for treating lithium-containing wastewater and co-producing lithium carbonate |
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Application publication date: 20151125 |