CN105027253B - The generating means of low energy X rays - Google Patents

The generating means of low energy X rays Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105027253B
CN105027253B CN201480010982.0A CN201480010982A CN105027253B CN 105027253 B CN105027253 B CN 105027253B CN 201480010982 A CN201480010982 A CN 201480010982A CN 105027253 B CN105027253 B CN 105027253B
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ray
anode
negative electrode
ray source
ray sources
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CN201480010982.0A
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CN105027253A (en
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尤里·乌达洛夫
谢尔盖·米季科
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Enxray Ltd
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Enxray Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
    • H01J35/06—Cathodes
    • H01J35/064—Details of the emitter, e.g. material or structure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
    • A61L2/08—Radiation
    • A61L2/082—X-rays
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
    • H01J35/08—Anodes; Anti cathodes
    • H01J35/12—Cooling non-rotary anodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/16—Vessels; Containers; Shields associated therewith
    • H01J35/18—Windows
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2235/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J2235/06—Cathode assembly
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2235/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J2235/08—Targets (anodes) and X-ray converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2235/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J2235/18—Windows, e.g. for X-ray transmission

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
  • X-Ray Techniques (AREA)

Abstract

A kind of x-ray source for generating grenz ray, the x-ray source includes：Negative electrode (1), it has the electron emission structure supported by supporting construction (15), and the X-ray in region that the electron emission structure is defined to supporting construction at least in part is transparent；Anode (2), it has the X-ray emission surface (14) parallel with the electron emission structure of negative electrode；Electric insulation baffle (4), it is located between anode and negative electrode；The X-ray emission surface of the wherein electron emission structure of negative electrode and anode is configured as, and in use, electron emission structure operably bombards electronics to anode so that X-ray goes out and through negative electrode from X-ray emission surface emitting；And insulating barrier therein is configured as being located between anode and the supporting construction of negative electrode, and outside being projected into supporting construction, across segment anode and enter into the region.

Description

The generating means of low energy X-ray
Technical field
Device the present invention relates to be used to generate X-ray.It is particularly well-suited to (but not limited to) and medical article, medicament is produced The low-energy X-ray maker that the packaging of product or Foods or drinkses carries out disinfection.Other possible applications are carried out below Discuss.
Background technology
X-ray maker is commonly used to fabricate or packed in facility, and it is used for medical article, pharmaceutical products or food The packaging of product or beverage carries out disinfection.
(for example packaging is carried out disinfection) in such applications, by convention, it is necessary to the article for carrying out disinfection will expose In the X-ray radiation of radioactive source (such as radioactive cobalt) output.The radiation includes " hard " X-ray, the i.e. radiation with high-energy (measuring several million-electron-volts (eV)).
" hard " X-ray is typically what is produced by radioactive decay process, and in this process, atomic nucleus experienced to period of element The transformation of the different elements in table, while radiating energy by electromagnetic wave.This occurs in so-called " gamma factory ", its profit With the decay of radioactive cobalt and radiate high-energy x-ray photon (be referred to as gamma particle in the particular instance, although This is still X-ray radiation, is simply provided with specific energy and wavelength).
Present disinfection standard needs the dosage of 25kGy (kilogray) order of magnitude to realize bacterial destruction to acceptable Rank.Such dosage needs to be exposed to packaging in radioactive source for a long time, it usually needs some hours.In order that it can OK, this sterilization is typically implemented in the product comprising one or more cargo trays in batches.This is feasible, because " hard " X-ray has the ability to penetrate into the largely packagings of stacking by their high-energy.
But, recently, as discussed in GB 2444310A, it is found that low energy or " soft " X-ray are more suitable for disappearing for surface Poison." soft " X-ray is characterised by relatively low energy, and the mainly quantum energy with 5 to 20keV.It is low due to them Energy, these grenz rays have absorbability higher.Therefore, when surface bacteria is eliminated, the efficiency of this X-ray is higher, and And required total open-assembly time ratio use high-energy X-rays when it is lower.The dosage of low-energy X-ray is also desirable, and it drops The low risk for damaging the material being sterilized, and the mildness of this X-ray also allows to their safety for giving birth to It is dangerous or for the demand of extensive lead screen without being caused to staff in producing line.
Particle accelerator (for example, electron gun) generation charged particle stream can be used to generate this " soft " X-ray.When these When particle is decelerated due to the interaction (for example, when they clash into metal target) with object, they can radiate electricity Magnetic radiation.If the primary power of the particle beams is sufficiently high, electromagnetic radiation will be positioned in the range of the X-ray of emission spectrum.
When electronics changes their direction of motion, they can also radiate X-ray, such as the situation of synchrotron (synchrotron light can be generated in wide spectral range, including X-ray).
In current work, we can discuss the production method based on the X-ray for accelerating.Most x-ray source fortune Row is lower power levels (they are such as medical treatment/dental X-ray apparatus, nondestructive test (NDT) and baggage scanners). This is determined by the particular task of equipment：They must generate the X-ray beam for ensuring optimum picture quality.Simultaneously as to X The demand of radial imaging, these radiographic sources are produced typically as a radiographic source.Generate this particle beams for imaging applications Best mode be electronics to be accelerated in a vacuum and is then directed them on metal target.
But, during for sterilization application, the vacuum X-ray tube with hot cathode is not well suited for long period Heavy service.Therefore, in current work, the X-ray production method that we select is based on cold cathode Charger in generate electronics, rather than the vacuum electron beam radiographic source with heater strip.
Such as existing " soft " X-ray maker system, discloses in GB 2444310A, and with many shortcomings, these lack Caused by point is at least in part arrangement by negative electrode and anode electrode and the arc discharge that occurs between them.Between electrode Arc discharge and thus caused electrode corrosion can cause the reduction in system operation life-span.This can also influence it in transmitting Stabilization, reliable and reproducible X-ray ability is produced on the larger cross section of device head simultaneously, and provides continuous With the ability of coherent operation.
Therefore, embodiments of the invention are sought to realize one or more following targets：(1) X-ray maker system is improved The service life of system；(2) stabilization that (3) improve equipment can be run on the larger cross section of X-ray emitter head Property and reproducibility (minimize generation energy pulse and pulse between change)；(4) avoid arc discharge and exclude shakiness It is qualitative, when in the industrial environment for needing high-caliber continuous and coherent operation, this arc discharge and unstability The stability of equipment can be reduced.
The content of the invention
According to the first aspect of the invention, there is provided such as the x-ray source that appended claims 1 are limited.Then, there is provided one The x-ray source for generating grenz ray is planted, the x-ray source includes：Negative electrode, it has the electron emission supported by supporting construction Structure, the X-ray in region that the electron emission structure is defined to supporting construction at least in part is transparent；Anode, its tool There is the X-ray emission surface parallel with the electron emission structure of negative electrode；Electric insulation baffle, its configuration is between the anode and the cathode； The X-ray emission surface of the wherein electron emission structure of negative electrode and anode is configured as, and in use, electron emission structure can be grasped Operatively electronics is bombarded to anode so that X-ray goes out and through negative electrode from X-ray emission surface emitting；Insulating barrier therein It is configured as being located between anode and the supporting construction of negative electrode, and outside being projected into supporting construction, across segment anode and enters Enter in the region.
Be should be construed broadly as with expression used herein " region that supporting construction is defined " above, including support knot Structure exists only in the configuration on two opposite faces in question region, and supporting construction is substantially or entirely surrounded The configuration in the region talked about.
Outside being projected into structure for supporting of cathode by insulating barrier, enter into the region, across segment anode, it is to avoid Or at least reduce the construction of the position that electric-field intensity can be near significantly elevated negative electrode or anode.In fact, insulating barrier Electric Field Distribution near anode and negative electrode has been carried out " smooth ".The probability of the electrical breakdown between negative electrode and anode is it reduced, So as to reduce the possibility of the arc discharge between electrode, and reduce the generation of electrode corrosion.Thus, which increase X and penetrate Line generates the service life of system, it is more suitable for continuous and coherent operation on elevated power level, can Electric discharge evenly is transmitted on the larger cross section of X-ray emitter head, and improves the resistance to overturning of equipment, reliability And reproducibility.
In a preferred embodiment, outside insulating barrier is projected into supporting construction, the distance that enters into the region be About 15mm.It has been found that such case can obtain optimum.
Preferably, the width not covered by insulating barrier on X-ray emission surface is in the model of about 3cm to about 10cm In enclosing.
Preferably, the thickness of insulating barrier is about 2mm.
Preferably, insulating barrier is made of ceramic materials, for example aluminum oxide (Al2O3).But, can be used other exhausted Edge material (particularly, other ceramics) is substituted.
Preferably, the electron emission structure of negative electrode has grid or mesh-structured.It is particularly preferred that grid or mesh-structured Geometry transparency be about 70% to 80%.
Preferably, the x-ray source also includes X-ray transparent window, and it is located in the cathode side relative with anode, the window Mouth defines a chamber being located between window and anode.In a preferred embodiment, gas of the chamber comprising sub-atmospheric pressure. Gas is the inert gas or nitrogen of such as helium, or can be air.Preferably, also provide be located at gas supply device with Molecular sieve between chamber, so as to prevent moisture or dust etc. from entering into chamber.The vacuum pump being connected with chamber is may also provide, So as to realize and keep the sub-atmospheric pressure in chamber.
Preferably, X-ray transparent window includes KaptonTM(RTM), because it has been found that it has beneficial characteristic (bag Include and can become firmer when being exposed in X-ray, and other materials can be damaged or be become over time perishable).
It is particularly preferred that window is formed by conductive material, or further include the coating formed by conductive material.This makes Obtaining window can be maintained on the electron emission structure identical current potential with negative electrode, so as to prevent the charged particle from negative electrode Accelerated towards window and damaged window.Correspondingly, it is advantageous that window is electrically connected with the electron emission structure of negative electrode.
Preferably, anode is made up of metal derby, and the thickness of metal derby is to being reduced by several millimeters..
Preferably, anode also includes cooling device, such as one or more cooling tubes with anode thermal communication.
Preferably, the electron emission structure of negative electrode is at least partly made up of copper.Preferably, anode is equally at least part of It is made up of copper.For example, it can be made up of the iron of block copper or coated copper.Although copper is that negative electrode and anode are excellent The material of choosing, but can be used other materials to substitute, as long as their characteristic emission spectral line is located at the spectrum of below 10-12keV In scope.
X-ray source may also include the power cable electrically connected with anode.
Preferably, x-ray source also includes insulating materials, and the insulating materials is configured as the wave impedance and power line of anode The wave impedance of cable is matched.This advantageously reduces the reflection of the voltage pulse for being applied to transmitter head.
Preferably, the electron emission structure of negative electrode is in ground potential.
Preferably, the electron emission structure of negative electrode is electrically connected with structure for supporting of cathode, enabling by electron emission structure Common current potential is maintained at structure for supporting of cathode.
Preferably, structure for supporting of cathode is connected with the shell mechanism of x-ray source, or integrally formed with shell mechanism.Can Shell mechanism is configured to surround at least part of anode.
Preferably, insulating barrier extends between shell mechanism and anode.
Preferably, x-ray source also includes the device for generating the voltage between anode and negative electrode.
It is particularly preferred that including inductance energy storage device for generating the device of voltage.Using the arrangement, the electricity of rising Stream can cause the voltage on inductor to rise, therefore be effectively reduced and be applied to may be produced in X-ray maker any Voltage on spark, so as to effectively function as self-damping limiter.Operation stability and longevity it also improves X-ray equipment Life.
Preferably, it is configured as to anode supply high pressure-burst pulse for generating the device of voltage.
Preferably, x-ray source is configured as launching the X-ray of the quantum energy with 5keV to 20keV, although if special Fixed application needs can be by the energy lift.
According to the second aspect of the invention, there is provided a kind of x-ray source comprising as described in the first aspect of the present invention Chlorination equipment.
According to the third aspect of the invention we, there is provided a kind of comprising chlorination equipment as according to the second aspect of the invention Production line or manufacture or packaging facility.
According to the fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a kind of method carried out disinfection to article, the method includes being penetrated using X Line source is irradiated using X-ray radiation to article, and the x-ray source is the x-ray source as described in the first aspect of the present invention.
Illuminated article can be such as packaging material of medical article, medicine item, food or beverage products, plastics Film, blood sample, Foods or drinkses.
According to the fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided a kind of outer coupling window for x-ray source, the window is included at least Partly to the material of X-ray transparent；Wherein window is formed by conductive material, or also includes what is formed by conductive material Coating.
Brief description of the drawings
Embodiments of the invention will be described in an illustrative manner referring to the drawings and only, wherein：
Fig. 1 is the cross-sectional view of X-ray maker according to an embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 2 shows the Kapton of X-ray makerTM(data of drafting are directed to 75 μm to the x-ray transmission data of window Thick KaptonTMThe x-ray transmission data of Kapton)；
Fig. 3 is that (density is 1gcm for typical plastic package material-3) mass energy absorption coefficient contrast photon energy Draw；
Fig. 4 is the drawing of the dose efficiency as the function of photon energy；
Fig. 5 to show and strike the process that X-ray is generated on metal target by electron beam；
Fig. 6 a, Fig. 6 b and Fig. 6 c provide theoretical and experiment bremsstrahlung spectrum contrast；
Fig. 7 is the drawing for showing Cu Ka characteristic radiation intensity；
Fig. 8 is the schematic figure of the product line device carried out disinfection to plastic sheeting using X-ray；
Fig. 9 is drawing of the displaying along the specific Distribution of dose rate of plastic sheeting；
Figure 10 shows the representativeness of the dose area integration of the copper anode x-ray source calculated for different distance and voltage Data.
Specific embodiment
Current embodiment is presented and put into practice known to applicant best mode of the invention.But, they are not to realize The only mode of the purpose.
The general introduction of current preferred embodiment
Fig. 1 shows X-ray maker 12, it include inflation flash X-ray tube, its have for product (for example Plastics medical articles for use) the inductance energy memory that carries out disinfection.The transmitter head 13 of X-ray tube is included by high transparency metal gate The cold cathode 1 that lattice or mesh are made, and the anode 2 that energy is provided by high voltage short pulse being made up of reguline metal.Grid Electronic impact metal anode 2 that negative electrode 1 is launched and characterized from the generation of emitting surface 14 of anode 2 and bremsstrahlung X-ray Radiation.One or more articles of X-ray radiation through negative electrode grid 1 and to needing sterilization are radiated.
Electric insulation (preferably ceramics) dividing plate 4 provides anode-cathode discharging gap when avoiding applying pulse power and sends out Raw short circuit or the device of arc discharge, so as to realize the increase of service life, and more stable and reproducible operation, while creating The condition of X-ray is generated over a large area.
Additionally, in the presently preferred embodiment, the power supply for being used is not based on capacitive energy memory, but is based on Inductance energy memory.
It should be noted that the sketch in Fig. 1 is not in proportion.Additionally, the size that the sketch includes is just for current Preferred embodiment, and simply exemplary purpose；In alternate embodiment, component part can be of different sizes.Fig. 1 The device region in left side is most identical with right side area；In order to clear, only to each component label once.
The detailed description of X-ray maker
Fig. 1 shows the X-ray maker 12 of a current preferred embodiment of the invention.Homogeneous X-ray Beam is generated from the radiator with larger cross-sectional area, is produced rather than from a radiographic source.Transmitter head 13 can have The shape and size of wide scope.For example, it can be long and thin (for example, being prolonged with the uniform crosssection of the plane perpendicular to Fig. 1 Stretch), circular or square or any other shape --- depending on the demand specified by the shape of radiating object.
As illustrated, the electrode system of X-ray maker 12 includes negative electrode 1 and anode 2.Negative electrode 1 has grid or mesh Electron emission structure (is discussed in greater detail below；Can using it is substantial amounts of with preferable thermal conductivity and electric conductivity not Same metal).Being shaped to and be configured so that X-ray by negative electrode 1 can relatively free to pass through the structure.Preferably implement at this In example, the geometry transparency that the mesh of negative electrode 1 has about 70% to 80% (will cause relatively low work to be imitated less than the scope Rate, reduction are transformed into the energy conversion rate of X-ray, and are higher than that the scope can cause the mesh to become too fragile and fragile).
Anode 2 is made up of the metal derby of at least several millimeters thicks, this be anode 2 provide enhanced thermal diffusivity can Can, heat is excluded by cooling tube 6.This is important for the stabilization of the equipment in real running environment and coherent operation.Can Metal derby is cooled down using the extensive cooling system using heat exchange.For example, the water-cooled run with the speed of 1 liter/second But system will be enough to the heat energy of the 200kW for dispersing metal derby absorption.
The preferred material of electrode 1,2 is copper, because copper launches the first spy of the intense line-copper of characteristic radiation Cu K Levy low energy (8keV) part that K radiation spectral lines are in X-ray spectrum.It is however possible to use other metals or conductive material system Make electrode 1,2, their surface can be covered thin layers of copper so as to provide the emission characteristics similar with block copper.Preferably, Electrode 1 is all made up of with electrode 2 similar material, or their surface is covered by the material being similar to, so as to avoid due to flying The final change of characteristic spectral emission caused by the change of the surface composition in the case of splashing, this splashing situation can electrode 1, 2 occur when being made up of different materials.Copper is the current preferred material of electrode 1,2；But, can be used other materials to substitute, as long as They have the characteristic radiation spectral line in the spectral region of 10-12keV.
Negative pressure (low pressure or middle pressure) gas is filled to the gap between negative electrode 1 and anode 2.The gas can be especially selected Such as helium inert gas or nitrogen, but alternatively normal air can be used to be filled into equipment.Can be with profit With the air pressure being connected to by opening 9 inside the external vacuum pump control apparatus of the equipment.For filling gas, use and come from The opening of container reverse side, the opening is leaked by valve 11 there is provided in check gas.In order to ensure no moisture, dust etc. Enter into radiator, molecular sieve 10 is placed behind valve.
The working prototype for using and being exhausted with 5 millibars of pressure is successfully demonstrated.But, as previously mentioned, Other gases can be used, this can allow each embodiment to be run on different pressure.
Another important component of the system is outer coupling window 3, and it forms a chamber between anode 2 and window 3 Room, includes gas recited above, and negative electrode 1 is encapsulated into wherein in the chamber.In this preferred embodiment, the window 3 are made up of Kapton, preferably KaptonTM.Although other materials, Kapton can be usedTMIt is current The optimal selection that we find, because it demonstrates some the particularly attractive features in this application, when in X-ray When it can become firmer, and other materials elapse can damage or become frangible over time.It is desirable that window 3 should reach Some demand：It should bear pressure differential and will not damage, be lost (referring to the biography in Fig. 2 with the low absorption for X-ray Transmission of data) and its intensity and transparency should be lost under strong X-ray radiation.Except KaptonTM, other materials Material may be alternatively used for outer coupling window 3, as long as they have and KaptonTMIt is similar or preferably material characteristics and transmission ginseng Number, although we there are currently no any such material of discovery.
Preferably, window 3 is formed by conductive material, or the inner surface of window 3 is coated into thin layer of conductive material.Example Such as, the conductive material layer of such as graphite can be deposited on the inner surface of window 3.But, in this preferred embodiment, use Commercially available conductive material Kapton (KaptonTMRS) window 3 is formed.KaptonTMRS is included and is loaded with The Kapton of conductive carbon.By causing that window 3 is conductive, may be such that window 3 keeps the grid or mesh phase with negative electrode 1 Same current potential, so as to " suspension " between each grid for preventing from coupling outside the negative electrode grid/mesh in the direction of window 3 is formed Electric field (this can cause to accelerate electronics constantly to flow to window 3, so as to cause the sputtering of window material and cause it to be damaged).
Negative electrode 1 is installed in metal support structure 15, and is electrically connected with metal support structure 15, metal support structure 15 It is maintained in ground potential.Then, negative electrode 1 has identical current potential.Metal support structure 15 is connected to shell mechanism 5, or Integrally formed with shell mechanism 5, at least part of anode 2 is installed in shell mechanism 5.By insulating barrier 4 by cathode branch Support structure 15 (and remainder of shell mechanism 5) is electrically insulated with anode 2.Outer coupling window 3 is also attached to shell mechanism 5 On, and be installed to above negative electrode 1.Such as preferred embodiment, if outward coupling window 3 be it is conductive, outer coupling window 3 with Shell mechanism 5 and structure for supporting of cathode 15 are electrically connected, so that window 3 is in identical current potential with negative electrode 1.
Structure for supporting of cathode 15 and/or shell mechanism 5 can be made up of stainless steel or any other suitable material.
By high voltage cable 7 high-voltage pulse is supplied from power supply to radiator.Preferably, power supply is with inductance energy storage The high-voltage generator of device.Inductance energy memory is important for the equipment operation of stabilization, will explain its reason below.
The block insulating materials 8 that the wave impedance of transmitter head 13 is matched with the wave impedance of power cable 7 is actual On act as transformer, it reduce the reflection of the voltage pulse being applied on transmitter head 13.
Insulation (for example, ceramics) dividing plate
Although in the preferred embodiment being described below, insulating barrier 4 is made by ceramic material (for example, aluminum oxide) Into, but in other alternate embodiments, it instead can be made up of other insulating materials.
Ceramic insulation dividing plate 4 is used to make the emitter surface 14 of anode mutual with structure for supporting of cathode 15 and metal shell 5 Insulation, and the operation stability of transmitter is improved simultaneously.In order to realize the purpose of the raising stability, we by will ceramics absolutely The opening that edge dividing plate 4 is provided is fabricated to the opening that the cathode support part 15 of slightly less than shell 15 is provided, and reduces transmitting The size on device surface 14.In the example of Fig. 1 displayings, the difference is the extra ceramics of prominent 15mm on the surface of anode 2 Material.The distance prominent on anode 2 for ceramic separator 4, is tested to the distance less than 15mm, and its result is made us not It is satisfied.Distance more than 15mm will cause effective operation, but can reduce the area of X-ray radiation, and then influence result. Therefore, in this preferred embodiment, the prominent distance on anode 2 of ceramic separator 4 is about 15mm.
By the ceramic separator 4, we avoid be formed about electric-field intensity in negative electrode and anode 1,2 can be significantly elevated Position.In fact, ceramic separator 4 has been carried out " smooth " to the Electric Field Distribution near negative electrode and anode 1,2.Known to the field There is electric-field intensity significantly in the x-ray source of elevated position can have the short circuit electricity that very big chance occurs between electrode Puncture, cause the interruption of the arc discharge of electric charge and X-ray production.The result is that the corrosion of electrode and subsequent equipment inner side Damage.
As shown, it is preferable that insulating ceramics dividing plate 4 is also to downward between the side of shell mechanism 5 and anode 2 Stretch, and it is prominent on the surface of anode 2.Then, shell mechanism 5 and anode 2 are electric insulations.
Preferably, the thickness of ceramic separator 4 is about 3mm, as shown.Preferably, by ceramic separator 4 be installed as with The upper surface of anode 2, and contacted with the inner surface of the downside of cathode support surface 15 and at least part of shell 5.
Preferably, at the width on the X-ray emitter surface 14 of the anode 2 between the opposite edges of ceramic separator 4 In the range of about 3cm to about 10cm.The X-ray beam produced from exposed X-ray emitter surface 14 be it is uniform and Accurate guiding.
It is as described above, although the dividing plate 4 of the preferred embodiment is made up of ceramic material (for example, aluminum oxide), But in other alternate embodiments, it can instead use other insulating materials.
Our experiment shows, for the electrode of rule design, when the insulating barrier 4 without protectiveness (is not required It is ceramics) when, due to an electric spark occurs in every 10000 pulses of discharge instability.In the power level higher than several kW On, it is possible to use thermally-stabilised material higher；But, such as Teflon will not be usedTMMaterial because it is excessively exhausted to electric charge Edge.Can be to be up to the repetitive operation of 20kHz in view of our equipment, this is actually represented, does not have these protectiveness works Tool, the equipment may be suitable for short-term scientific research, but be completely unsuitable for conventional industrial operation.But the insulation of protectiveness Dividing plate 4 enables that X-ray maker is applied in long-term continuously running, for example the production of manufacturing industry or packaging production facility On line.
Another key character of our system is to be combined with two kinds of protective devices.One is above-mentioned given shape Ceramic separator 4, another be based on inductance energy storage rather than the power supply stored based on capacitive energy use.Its difference It is by caused by following factor：
In capacitive energy-storage, puncture in the event of accidental, power supply cannot have an impact to this in itself, and it Can develop into an electric spark in full bloom, this electric spark can damage electrode surface and equipment in itself.But, by using electricity Inductance energy stores power supply, and the electric current of rising causes the voltage on inductor to rise, therefore significantly reduces and be applied to electric spark On voltage.In fact, it serves the effect of self-damping limiter.Together with ceramic protector 4, this greatly improved equipment Operation stability and life-span.
One attached benefit is also created by the system, i.e., generates purple in the chamber between negative electrode 1 and anode 2 External radiation, it assures that stabilization the and aseptic environment in X-ray equipment.
Component in the device of Fig. 1 collects, and illustrates
1. negative electrode grid (preferably copper), with about 70% to 80% geometry transparency
2. anode (preferably copper, or with the iron of copper coating)
3. output window is (for example, KaptonTM200RS100)
4. insulating barrier (for example, aluminium oxide ceramics)
5. shell (for example, stainless steel), in ground potential
6. the cooling tube liquid of cooling (be adapted to be such as transformer oil or silicone oil)
7. high voltage cable
8. cable and the wave impedance of transmitter head isolate matching
9. it is used to pump the port (for example, 3-10 millibars dry air or nitrogen) of gas
10. there is the box of molecular sieve (for example, X13)
11. adjustment leakage valves
12.X ray makers
13. transmitter heads
14. emitter surfaces
15. structure for supporting of cathode (for example, stainless steel)
Grenz ray in frenz ray region
The grenz ray and its application in application of sterilizing that following part generates to embodiment described above are provided More details.
In the method that our organic matter is sterilized, main thought is to use to be predominantly located in the range of 5 to 20keV Energy of a quantum grenz ray, rather than using Co60High energy gamma sterilization.The potential advantage and shortcoming of the method can be with It is seen from figure 3 that, wherein in presenting packaging the typical plastics that use (density is 1gcm-3) mass energy absorption coefficient, while exhibition Mass attentuation coefficient is showed.In the plot, lines above are mass attentuation coefficients, and lines below are that mass-energy absorbs system Number.
In the plot, we clearly marked two different energy areas.One region corresponds to Co60Produce High energy gamma-ray (" hard " X-ray) and near 1MeV, another region (also referred to as frenz ray) is limited at 5 To 20keV and corresponding to " soft " X-ray.The lower limit in frenz ray region is because the less photon of the energy less than~5keV Scope (<1mm).Because the powerful sucking action in vacuum window, the photon with smaller energy can not escape traditional X-ray Pipe.The upper limit in frenz ray region is that the change of the mechanism by X-ray Yu matter interaction is determined.Less than~20keV During energy, photon is mainly carried out with the interaction of material by photoelectric absorption, and scattering serves less effect. During energy higher, mechanism transformation is Compton (Compton) scattering, and photoelectric absorption is unessential.
The major parameter for determining Disinfection Effect is dosage.Dosage is the energy of the X-ray of the material absorbing of unit mass.Will It is with directive significance that the dosage that X-ray is produced with different-energy contrast.Flux F [the ph of the photon with ENERGY E cm-2s-1] produce close rate be equal to productIt is assumed that we generate the photon of the phase isoflux with different-energy. If productWithIt is equal, then with different-energy ElowAnd EhighLight Son will have identical " dose efficiency ".The data that δ contrasts photon energy are depicted in Fig. 4.
Unexpectedly, there is mirror in the dose efficiency between low energy and high-energy (" soft " and " hard " X-ray) region As corresponding relation.For example, the photon with 8keV energy of a quantums has identical dose efficiency with the photon with 1keV energy. Interestingly, it was noted that with the photon close to 50keV energy for sterilize purpose be nugatory.This It is because the deep-well on the dose efficiency curve in the energy area is caused, as shown in Figure 4.
Therefore, we conclude that, X-ray near 10keV and the larger 1Mev light of energy in frenz ray region Son has identical dose efficiency.If will be entered using the energy required for the low identical dose of radiation of generation with high-energy X-rays Row contrast, the then advantage sterilized using low-energy X-ray can become more fully apparent.
Due to the dose efficiency of 8keV and 1000keV energy be it is equal, photon flux should also be as it is equal, so as to can produce Identical close rate.This represents the energy P=E of the low-energy X-ray for needinglowF only has the 8/ of the energy of high energy gamma radiation 1000.It is assumed that we are with 0.8% efficiency generation low-energy X-ray (ratio of the power output of X-ray and the electrical power of input). Will then realize and 1MeV gamma rays (if they are generated with 100% efficiency) identical Disinfection Effect.
But, there is potential shortcoming with low-energy X-ray sterilization.The scope of energy photons is relatively small-transboundary It is 1-20mm or so in plastics and water that field of radiation is interior.It should be noted that for plastics, multilayer is might have, if by spoke The structure penetrated is not solid plastic, but comprising air (such as in foam, pipeline or syringe), in frenz ray region The overall sphere of penetration of X-ray is likely larger than 20mm.Certainly, due to very small atmospheric density, the light subrange in air is big In 1 meter, or even in the lower bound in frenz ray region.It follows that there is an intrinsic limit for low-energy X-ray sterilization System-thin low density material, such as Medical Devices, plastics package or blood sample, lettuce and hamburger.
The X-ray being electronically generated by kilo electron volt (keV)
In the part, we can describe one and strike on metal target to generate the model of X-ray by electron beam, and Notional result is tested according to available experimental data.Most important practice result be with target at a distance of it is various apart from when The calculating of close rate, is useful during the embodiment of this X-ray maker on the implementation described by face.This is also exhibited, For our illumination scheme of radiosterilization relative to the direct advantage that other are disinfected.
According to definition, in unit interval, the X-ray emitted from unit solid angle and unit-energy interval The quantity of photon is as follows：
Here,It is the electronics spectral density obtained by the solution of transport equation presented hereinbefore,It is atomic field bremsstrahlung section differential [1] of photon energy and the angle of departure.
Generally struck on metal target in view of electron beam, as demonstrated in Figure 5.In unit energy and three-dimensional angular spacing In target in take-off angle θ directions the photon that goes out of unity emitter quantity-spectral luminance factor-by following relational expression to It is fixed：
Wherein, μ (E) is the x-ray attenuation coefficient of metal target.
Finally, in point of observationOn extension x-ray source produce Distribution of dose rateIt is as follows：
Here, integration is by point of observation, it can be seen that carried out in the solid angle of emission source, L is point of observation and transmitting The distance between source surface region.
Theoretical model is compareed with experimental data
X-ray spectrum brightnessIt is to be calculated using relational expression (2).Presented in Fig. 6 a to Fig. 6 c and available experiment The result of calculation that data [2-4] are compareed.The parameter used in Fig. 6 a to Fig. 6 c is as follows：
Fig. 6 a：Ebeam=15keV, vertical incidence, take-off angle=40 °.
Fig. 6 b：Ebeam=20keV, vertical incidence, take-off angle=40 °.
Fig. 6 c：Ebeam=20keV, vertical incidence, take-off angle=40 °.
It can be seen that, calculate and the difference between measurement data is less than experimental error.Theoretical curve is placed exactly in different realities Test between data.
The intensity [5] of feature K radiation is calculated by using experiment section.Result of calculation is presented in the figure 7.
It has good uniformity [6] with experiment.Therefore, the model developed in the current course of work gives reliability X-ray (stopping what kilo electron volt electron beam was produced by metal target) spectrum, and can be used for design X and penetrate Line sterilization source.
Actual example-use the sterilization that is carried out to plastic article of x-ray source of extension
An illustrative example of X-ray decontamination system is illustrated in Fig. 8.By the article for needing sterilization (in this example It is plastic foil 22) moved below x-ray radiator 20 with speed U (by controller 21 and 23), the radiator 20 includes square Shape x-ray source, the x-ray source has copper anode.For the purpose of the example, we by the width of x-ray source be set as 1cm, Length is 50cm.The distance between radiator 20 and plastic foil 22 are represented with h.Reference axis x along film direction.
Close rate can be calculated by equation (3).For the particular case for operating in the x-ray source of 60kV, illustrated in Fig. 9 The specific Distribution of dose rate of different distance h.The drawing is based on L=50cm, w=1cm, U=60kV, the rectangular shaped X-ray of copper anode The Distribution of dose rate in source.' h ' represents the distance with anode.In the plot, uppermost lines refer to h=0.5cm, in Between lines refer to h=1.0cm, nethermost lines refer to h=2.0cm.
Drawing in Fig. 9 presents the dosage for needing the article of sterilization to be received in one second during using x-ray source, should X-ray source be by current density be 1mA cm-2Electron beam drive.It is important to note that, is joined using moderate x-ray source Number, peak close rate has reached value (~1kGy s very high-1)。
For the method for showing us, the dosage being delivered to during presenting by irradiated area on flat plastic sample Result of calculation.The calculating of the dose of radiation that article is received is to use what following relational expression was completed during by irradiated area：
Wherein J is electron beam current density, and U is line speed, and dose area integration ∫ dxD are long in the whole of object Carried out on degree.The representative data of the dose area integration calculated different distance and voltage is illustrated in Figure 10.
Electric energy W to needing the per surface area sterilization of the article of sterilization required is given by following relational expression：
Here, EbeamIt is the beam energy of kilo electron volt, Dosageth=2500Gy is that sterilization effect reaches log6 institutes The minimum dose of needs, dosage is Gy cm with the product of area2mA-1s-1.It is assumed that x-ray source operates in 60kV, emission source and object At a distance of 2cm.Then, it is as follows, by the data in Figure 10, it is necessary to energy be：
References
[1]L.Kissel,C.A.Quarles,R.H.Pratt.Shape functions for atomic-field bremsstrahlung from electrons of kinetic energy 1-500 keV on selected neutral atoms 1<Z<92.Atomic data and nuclear data tables 28,381-460n(1983)
[2]Z.J.Ding,R.Shimizu,K.Obori.Monte Carlo simulation of X-ray spectra in electron probe microanalysis:Comparison of continuum with experiment.J.Appl.Phys.76,7180-7187(1994)
[3]F.Salvat,J.M.Fernandez-Varea,J.Sempau et.al.Monte Carlo simulation of bremsstrahlung emission by electrons.Rad.Phys.Chem.75,1201-1219(2006)
[4]E.Acosta,X.Llovet,E.Coleoni et.al.Monte Carlo simulation of X-ray emission by kilovolt electron bombardment.J.Appl.Phys.83,6038-6049(1998)
[5]X.Llovet,C.Merlet,F.Salvat.Measurements of K-shell ionization cross-sections of Cr,Ni and Cu by impact of 6.5-40keV electrons.J.Phys.B: At.Mol.Opt.Phys.3761-3772(2000)
[6]V.Metchnik,S.G.Tomlin.On the absolute intensity of characteristic radiation.Proc.Phys.Soc.81,956-964(1963)

Claims (46)

1. it is a kind of for generate grenz ray for the x-ray source that is carried out disinfection to article, the x-ray source includes：
Negative electrode, it has the electron emission structure supported by supporting construction, and the electron emission structure is tied to support at least in part The X-ray in region that structure is defined is transparent；
Anode, it has the X-ray emission surface parallel with the electron emission structure of negative electrode；
Electric insulation baffle, its configuration is between the anode and the cathode；
The X-ray emission surface of the wherein electron emission structure of negative electrode and anode is configured as, in use, electron emission structure Operably electronics is bombarded to anode so that X-ray goes out and through negative electrode from X-ray emission surface emitting；
Wherein insulating barrier is configured as being located between anode and the supporting construction of negative electrode, and outside being projected into supporting construction, across More segment anode and enter into the region；
Wherein described x-ray source also includes X-ray transparent window, and it is located in the cathode side relative with anode, window circle The chamber between the window and anode is determined；And
Gas of the wherein described chamber comprising sub-atmospheric pressure.
2. x-ray source as claimed in claim 1, wherein outside insulating barrier protrusion supporting construction, enters into the region Distance be 15mm.
3. x-ray source as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the width on the X-ray emission surface not covered by insulating barrier Scope is 3cm to 10cm.
4. x-ray source as claimed in claim 1, the thickness of wherein insulating barrier is 2mm.
5. x-ray source as claimed in claim 1, wherein insulating barrier is made of ceramic materials.
6. x-ray source as claimed in claim 5, wherein insulating barrier is made up of aluminum oxide.
7. x-ray source as claimed in claim 1, the electron emission structure of wherein negative electrode has grid or mesh-structured.
8. x-ray source as claimed in claim 7, wherein grid or mesh-structured geometry transparency is 70% to 80%.
9. x-ray source as claimed in claim 1, also including the gas supply device with chamber.
10. x-ray source as claimed in claim 9, wherein the gas is inert gas.
11. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 10, wherein the inert gas is helium.
12. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 9, wherein the gas is nitrogen.
13. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 9, wherein the gas is air.
14. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, also including the molecular sieve between gas supply device and chamber.
15. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, also including the vacuum pump with chamber.
16. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, wherein the window includes KaptonTM.
17. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, wherein the window is formed by conductive material.
18. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, wherein the window also includes the coating formed by conductive material.
19. x-ray source as described in claim 17 or 18, wherein the window is electrically connected with the electron emission structure of negative electrode.
20. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, wherein the anode be by metal block shaped into.
21. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 20, wherein the thickness of the metal derby is to being reduced by several millimeters.
22. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, wherein the anode also includes cooling device.
23. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 22, wherein cooling device include one or more coolings with anode thermal communication Pipe.
24. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electron emission structure of the negative electrode is formed by copper 's.
25. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, wherein the anode is formed by copper.
26. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, the also power cable including being electrically connected with anode.
27. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 26, also including insulating materials, the insulating materials is configured as power cable Wave impedance matched with the wave impedance of the anode.
28. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, the wherein electron emission structure of negative electrode are in ground potential.
29. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electron emission structure of the negative electrode is electrically connected with supporting construction.
30. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, wherein the supporting construction is connected with the shell mechanism of x-ray source, or It is integrally formed with shell mechanism.
31. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 30, wherein the shell mechanism is configured as surrounding at least part of anode.
32. x-ray source as described in claim 30 or 31, wherein the supporting construction is electrically connected with shell mechanism.
33. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 32, wherein the insulating barrier extends between shell mechanism and anode.
34. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, also including the device for generating the voltage between anode and negative electrode.
35. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 34, wherein including inductance energy storage device for generating the device of voltage.
36. x-ray source as described in claim 34 or 35, wherein being configured as to anode supply for generating the device of voltage High pressure short term pulse.
37. x-ray sources as claimed in claim 1, are configured to X of the transmitting with the quantum energy in the range of 5keV to 20keV and penetrate Line.
A kind of 38. chlorination equipments comprising x-ray source as claimed in claim 1.
A kind of 39. methods carried out disinfection to article, the method includes being penetrated using X using x-ray source as claimed in claim 1 Beta radiation is irradiated to article.
40. methods as claimed in claim 39, wherein the article is medical article.
41. methods as claimed in claim 39, wherein the article is medicine item.
42. methods as claimed in claim 39, wherein the article includes the packaging material of food or beverage products.
43. methods as claimed in claim 39, wherein the article includes plastic sheeting.
44. methods as claimed in claim 39, wherein the article includes blood sample.
45. methods as claimed in claim 39, wherein the article includes Foods or drinkses.
The sterilizing objects that a kind of 46. methods by claim 39 are produced.
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