CN105023677A - High-precision adjustable synthesized resistor and automatic test system and method based on same - Google Patents
High-precision adjustable synthesized resistor and automatic test system and method based on same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105023677A CN105023677A CN201510478097.1A CN201510478097A CN105023677A CN 105023677 A CN105023677 A CN 105023677A CN 201510478097 A CN201510478097 A CN 201510478097A CN 105023677 A CN105023677 A CN 105023677A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- input
- universal
- signal
- voltage
- combined resistance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Measurement Of Resistance Or Impedance (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a high-precision adjustable synthesized resistor and an automatic test system and method based on the same, relating to the field of development and design of a high-precision resistor. In order to solve the problems of complexity in building the traditional synthesized resistor and the automatic test system thereof and low measuring precision, and complexity in the test method for the automatic test system of the traditional synthesized resistor and low measuring precision due to the influence of an environment, the invention discloses the high-precision adjustable synthesized resistor. In the high-precision adjustable synthesized resistor, a rate between the voltage and the current of a port is adjusted and output resistance R is simulated according to input signals of a first input wiring terminal and a second input wiring terminal. In the automatic test system of the high-precision adjustable synthesized resistor, two universal meters are used for respectively measuring the voltage and the current of the synthesized resistor, a measurement result is sent to a personal computer (PC) through a serial interface, the measurement result storage and processing are completed in the PC, and automatic test is fulfilled. The automatic test system is also applicable for other resistors and automatic resistor test.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the exploitation and design field of precision resister.
Background technology
The effect of high accuracy combined resistance obtains precision resister by numerical control, and it is mainly used in the test circuit of resistance class transducer or the automatic calibration of instrument.The Auto-Test System of high accuracy combined resistance can test the parameters of combined resistance automatically, the self-inspection completing combined resistance that can also be convenient.
Existing high accuracy combined resistance majority adopts operational amplifier and digital to analog converter to realize combined resistance, then obtains the ratio of input voltage and electric current by programming, can obtain programmable linear resistance.But it is very complicated in build process to adopt the combined resistance built in this way, and when the reference voltage of digital to analog converter is less, combined resistance precision is not high yet.Therefore research and development one have high-precision combined resistance is very necessary.And test macro many employings high accuracy number universal instrument of existing combined resistance, be that manually method realizes.But manual measurement very complicated, and make measured value deviation comparatively large due to environmental factor, cannot apply in high-acruracy survey.
Summary of the invention
The present invention builds complexity to solve existing combined resistance and Auto-Test System thereof, certainty of measurement Auto-Test System test mode that is low and existing combined resistance is complicated, and the problem making certainty of measurement lower affected by environment, propose the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy, based on the Auto-Test System of this combined resistance and method.
Core design of the present invention is the application of integrated AD/DA board and central processing unit, compared with conventional synthesis resistance, high-precision integrated AD/DA board improves the precision of combined resistance, central processing unit is easy to expansion, can embed many algorithms, such as average value filtering, PID controls, again because integrated level is high, make its good stability.And the signal processing module embedded in PC is for gathering, storing and process voltage data and the current data of universal instrument collection.Wherein, average value filtering carries out filtering to the high-frequency signal of input, finally makes combined resistance value more accurate; PID controls the combined resistance value of Real-time Collection reality, and compares with the combined resistance value of setting and follow, and makes the combined resistance value that finally obtains more accurate.
High accuracy is adjustable combined resistance, it comprises an input terminal A0, No. two input terminal B0, signal front-end processing circuit 1, integrated AD/DA board 2, source of stable pressure 3 and central processing units 4;
Signal front-end processing circuit 1 comprises sampling resistor Rb and operational amplifier A; The electrode input end of one end concatenation operation amplifier A of sampling resistor Rb; The output of negative input concatenation operation simultaneously amplifier A of operational amplifier A and the AD signal input part of integrated AD/DA board 2; The cathode power supply input of operational amplifier A connects the cathode power supply output of source of stable pressure 3; The negative power supply input of operational amplifier A connects the negative power supply output of source of stable pressure 3;
An input terminal A0 connects one end of sampling resistor Rb; The other end ground connection of sampling resistor Rb; No. two input terminal B0 connect the DA signal input part of integrated AD/DA board 2;
The AD/DA signal input output end of central processing unit 4 connects the AD/DA signal I/O of integrated AD/DA board 2.
Based on the Auto-Test System of the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy, this system also comprises PC 5, universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instruments 7; Signal processing module 5-1 is embedded in PC 5;
Two outputs of a universal instrument 6 connect the two ends of sampling resistor Rb respectively; The two ends of No. two universal instruments 7 connect an input terminal A0 and No. two input terminal B0 respectively; A universal instrument 6 is connected by serial ports with between PC 5; No. two universal instruments 7 are connected by serial ports with between PC 5;
Signal processing module 5-1 is for gathering, storing and process the data of a universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instrument 7 collections.
The automatic test approach of the Auto-Test System of high accuracy is adjustable combined resistance, this automatic test approach comprises the steps:
Step one, between an input terminal A0 and No. two input terminal B0 of the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy, add test and excitation, test and excitation is voltage source or current source;
Step 2, the electric current adopting universal instrument 6 measurement to input, adopt No. two universal instruments 7 to measure the voltage of input;
Step 3, the serial ports parameter of a universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instruments 7 is set, comprise serial port baud rate and parity check bit, the serial ports parameter of signal processing module 5-1 in PC 5 is set simultaneously, makes the serial ports parameter of signal processing module 5-1 consistent with the serial ports parameter of a universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instruments 7 respectively;
Step 4, measuring intervals of TIME and Measuring Time are set by the signal processing module 5-1 in PC 5, and connect a universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instruments 7 make it be in remote state, start test;
Signal processing module 5-1 in step 5, PC 5 gathers voltage data or the current data of a universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instrument 7 measurements, and is presented on PC 5 in graphical form by voltage data or current data; Meanwhile, signal processing module 5-1 does average value processing to voltage data or current data, and obtain average voltage and current average, average voltage and current average are divided by and are final measured resistance value.
The electric current that input measured by employing in step 2 universal instrument 6 is that input current converts voltage realization measurement to by sampling resistor.
Beneficial effect:
1, based on the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy of integrated AD/D board, can obtain the resistance of adjustable combined resistance easily, compared with conventional synthesis resistance, the high accuracy in the present invention is adjustable, and combined resistance integrated level is high, is easy to build, and is easy to expansion.
2, when the input of the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy is current source input, signal front-end processing circuit can complete the conversion of current/voltage, and compared with conventional current voltage conversion circuit, this circuital current flows into signal ground, can not have an impact to subsequent conditioning circuit.
3, the Auto-Test System based on the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy in the present invention and method, universal instrument and PC is adopted to realize System self-test, compared with conventional test methodologies, automaticity is high, the automatic measurement of data, collection and analysis can be realized, eliminate the error of manual test, improve equipment precision.
High accuracy of the present invention is adjustable, and combined resistance can work simultaneously under voltage signal input and current signal input two states, and without the need to changing circuit structure.Therefore, complexity and the cost of Realization of Product is reduced.Have employed high-precision integrated AD/DA board, its precision reaches 0.002% simultaneously, ensure that the overall precision of the Auto-Test System of the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy.The present invention is also applicable to the automatic test of other resistance and resistance.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy;
Fig. 2 is the circuit connecting relation figure of the Auto-Test System of the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy.
Embodiment
Embodiment one, reference Fig. 1 illustrate present embodiment, high accuracy described in present embodiment is adjustable combined resistance, it comprises an input terminal A0, No. two input terminal B0, signal front-end processing circuit 1, integrated AD/DA board 2, source of stable pressure 3 and central processing units 4;
Signal front-end processing circuit 1 comprises sampling resistor Rb and operational amplifier A; The electrode input end of one end concatenation operation amplifier A of sampling resistor Rb; The output of negative input concatenation operation simultaneously amplifier A of operational amplifier A and the AD signal input part of integrated AD/DA board 2; The cathode power supply input of operational amplifier A connects the cathode power supply output of source of stable pressure 3; The negative power supply input of operational amplifier A connects the negative power supply output of source of stable pressure 3;
An input terminal A0 connects one end of sampling resistor Rb; The other end ground connection of sampling resistor Rb; No. two input terminal B0 connect the DA signal input part of integrated AD/DA board 2;
The AD/DA signal input output end of central processing unit 4 connects the AD/DA signal I/O of integrated AD/DA board 2.
Basic functional principle and the using method of combined resistance are: according to the input signal of an input terminal A0 and No. two input terminal B0, regulate port voltage (difference of the input signal of an input terminal A0 and No. two input terminal B0) and the ratio of electric current, carry out modulating output resistance R.According to Fig. 1, the input voltage U=Ua-Ub of combined resistance, input current is I, output resistance R=U/I=(the Ua-Ub)/I of equivalence.
Below in two kinds of situation, the course of work of combined resistance is introduced:
1, input signal is voltage signal
When the input signal of combined resistance is voltage signal, port voltage U is fixed value, and the output resistance of equivalence regulates by changing electric current I.According to Fig. 1, the output current I=Ua/Rb of combined resistance, Rb are the reference resistances in signal front-end processing circuit.Ub is the output voltage of the DA signal in integrated AD/DA board.Ua-Ub is a fixed value U, and when regulating Ub, Ua can change thereupon, and then electric current I is also changed thereupon, thus achieves the object of regulation output resistance.
Keep the difference of the input voltage signal of an input terminal A0 and the input voltage signal of No. two input terminal B0 to be one and be admittedly worth U, adjustable voltage signal Ub is inputted to No. two input terminal B0 by central processing unit 4 and integrated AD/DA board 2, according to the input voltage U=Ua-Ub of combined resistance, known Ua value changes with Ub change; Again according to the output current I=Ua/Rb of combined resistance, the output current I of known now combined resistance changes with Ua change; Again according to combined resistance R=U/I=(Ua-Ub)/I, now the size of combined resistance R changes with the output current I change of combined resistance, namely obtains adjustable combined resistance R.
2, input signal is current signal
When the input signal of combined resistance is current signal, input current I is fixed value, and the output resistance of equivalence regulates by changing port voltage U.Due to I=Ua/Rb, when I fixes, voltage U a also immobilizes.Again according to formula U=Ua-Ub, obtain the port voltage U of change if want, directly regulate the output voltage Ub of the DA signal in integrated AD/DA board, i.e. the port voltage U of adjustable combined resistance, thus realize the object of regulation output resistance.
Keep input current I to be fixed value, input adjustable voltage signal Ub by central processing unit 4 and integrated AD/DA board 2 to No. two input terminal B0, according to the output current I=Ua/Rb of combined resistance, known now Ua immobilizes; Change with Ub change according to the input voltage U=Ua-Ub of combined resistance, known U again; Again according to combined resistance R=U/I=(Ua-Ub)/I, now the size of combined resistance R changes with the change of the input voltage of combined resistance, namely obtains adjustable combined resistance R.
Can being known by above-mentioned operation principle, by regulating the size of input signal, achieving the adjustment of the output resistance to combined resistance, and then obtain precision resister, achieve high accuracy adjustable.
In present embodiment, source of stable pressure is power supply, for being signal front-end processing circuit supply.
Signal front-end processing circuit is used for signals collecting, conversion and isolation, and when when an input terminal A0 and No. two input terminal B0 input voltage signal, signal front-end processing circuit completes following of voltage signal automatically; When an input terminal A0 and No. two input terminal B0 input current signal, signal front-end processing circuit completes the conversion of electric current to voltage automatically.
Central processing unit 4 exports for the DA of the voltage of the AD port processing according to integrated AD/DA board 2 and the resistance control integration AD/DA board 2 of setting combined resistance, thus realizes the object of regulation output voltage U b.
Embodiment two, Auto-Test System based on the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy described in embodiment one, this system also comprises PC 5, universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instruments 7; Signal processing module 5-1 is embedded in PC 5;
Two outputs of a universal instrument 6 connect the two ends of sampling resistor Rb respectively; The two ends of No. two universal instruments 7 connect an input terminal A0 and No. two input terminal B0 respectively; A universal instrument 6 is connected by serial ports with between PC 5; No. two universal instruments 7 are connected by serial ports with between PC 5;
Signal processing module 5-1 is for gathering, storing and process the data of a universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instrument 7 collections.
In present embodiment, it is 34401 type universal instruments that a universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instruments 7 are model.The course of work: the voltage and current of combined resistance measured respectively by two universal instruments, and by serial ports, measurement result is sent to PC 5, complete storage and the process of measurement result in PC 5, realize automatically testing.
The automatic test approach of the Auto-Test System of the high accuracy described in embodiment three, present embodiment is adjustable combined resistance, this automatic test approach comprises the steps:
Step one, between an input terminal A0 and No. two input terminal B0 of the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy, add test and excitation, test and excitation is voltage source or current source;
Step 2, the electric current adopting universal instrument 6 measurement to input, adopt No. two universal instruments 7 to measure the voltage of input;
Step 3, the serial ports parameter of a universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instruments 7 is set, comprise serial port baud rate and parity check bit, the serial ports parameter of signal processing module 5-1 in PC 5 is set simultaneously, makes the serial ports parameter of signal processing module 5-1 consistent with the serial ports parameter of a universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instruments 7 respectively;
Step 4, measuring intervals of TIME and Measuring Time are set by the signal processing module 5-1 in PC 5, and connect a universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instruments 7 make it be in remote state, start test;
Signal processing module 5-1 in step 5, PC 5 gathers voltage data or the current data of a universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instrument 7 measurements, and is presented on PC 5 in graphical form by voltage data or current data; Meanwhile, signal processing module 5-1 does average value processing to voltage data or current data, and obtain average voltage and current average, average voltage and current average are divided by and are final measured resistance value.
In present embodiment, the serial ports parameter of the signal processing module 5-1 in step 3 is consistent with the serial ports parameter of a universal instrument 6 and No. two universal instruments 7 respectively, also can be expressed as when a use universal instrument 6, the serial ports optimum configurations of signal processing module 5-1 is consistent with a universal instrument 6, when use No. two universal instruments 7, the serial ports optimum configurations of signal processing module 5-1 is consistent with No. two universal instruments 7.
The advantage of this automatic test approach is:
A. automatically test the resistance of the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy, eliminate loaded down with trivial details manual measurement, avoid the error that manual measurement is introduced.
B. by signal processing module 5-1, voltage data and current data are processed automatically, eliminate the impact of the environmental factors such as temperature, make measurement more accurate.
Embodiment four, present embodiment are further illustrating of the automatic test approach of Auto-Test System to the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy described in embodiment three, in present embodiment, the electric current that input measured by the universal instrument 6 of the employing in step 2 is that input current converts voltage realization measurement to by sampling resistor.
Embodiment five, present embodiment are an embodiment.
High accuracy is adjustable combined resistance, it comprises an input terminal A0, No. two input terminal B0, signal front-end processing circuit 1, integrated AD/DA board 2, source of stable pressure 3 and central processing units 4;
Signal front-end processing circuit 1 comprises sampling resistor Rb and operational amplifier A; The electrode input end of one end concatenation operation amplifier A of sampling resistor Rb; The output of negative input concatenation operation simultaneously amplifier A of operational amplifier A and the AD signal input part of integrated AD/DA board 2; The cathode power supply input of operational amplifier A connects the cathode power supply output of source of stable pressure 3; The negative power supply input of operational amplifier A connects the negative power supply output of source of stable pressure 3;
An input terminal A0 connects one end of sampling resistor Rb; The other end ground connection of sampling resistor Rb; No. two input terminal B0 connect the DA signal input part of integrated AD/DA board 2;
The DA signal input output end of central processing unit 4 connects the DA signal I/O of integrated AD/DA board 2.
The model of integrated AD/DA board is CB-68LP expansion board; Source of stable pressure is SS3323 source of stable pressure; Central processing unit is NI PXI8108 processor, realizes transfer of data realized by PXI 6221 board in central processing unit with integrated AD/DA board.
Claims (4)
1. the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy, it is characterized in that, it comprises an input terminal (A0), No. two input terminals (B0), signal front-end processing circuit (1), integrated AD/DA board (2), source of stable pressure (3) and central processing units (4);
Signal front-end processing circuit (1) comprises sampling resistor Rb and operational amplifier (A); The electrode input end of one end concatenation operation amplifier (A) of sampling resistor Rb; The output of negative input concatenation operation amplifier simultaneously (A) of operational amplifier (A) and the AD signal input part of integrated AD/DA board (2); The cathode power supply input of operational amplifier (A) connects the cathode power supply output of source of stable pressure (3); The negative power supply input of operational amplifier (A) connects the negative power supply output of source of stable pressure (3);
An input terminal (A0) connects one end of sampling resistor Rb; The other end ground connection of sampling resistor Rb; No. two input terminals (B0) connect the DA signal input part of integrated AD/DA board (2);
The AD/DA signal input output end of central processing unit (4) connects the AD/DA signal I/O of integrated AD/DA board (2).
2. based on the Auto-Test System of the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, this system also comprises PC (5), a universal instrument (6) and No. two universal instruments (7); Signal processing module (5-1) is embedded in PC (5);
Two outputs of a universal instrument (6) connect the two ends of sampling resistor Rb respectively; The two ends of No. two universal instruments (7) connect an input terminal (A0) and No. two input terminals (B0) respectively; A universal instrument (6) is connected by serial ports with between PC (5); No. two universal instruments (7) are connected by serial ports with between PC (5);
The data that signal processing module (5-1) gathers for collection, storage and a process universal instrument (6) and No. two universal instruments (7).
3. the automatic test approach of the Auto-Test System of the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy according to claim 2, is characterized in that, this automatic test approach comprises the steps:
Step one, between an input terminal (A0) and No. two input terminals (B0) of the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy, add test and excitation, test and excitation is voltage source or current source;
Step 2, the electric current adopting the measurement of a universal instrument (6) to input, adopt No. two universal instruments (7) to measure the voltage of input;
Step 3, the serial ports parameter of a universal instrument (6) and No. two universal instruments (7) is set, comprise serial port baud rate and parity check bit, the serial ports parameter of signal processing module (5-1) in PC (5) is set simultaneously, makes the serial ports parameter of signal processing module (5-1) consistent with the serial ports parameter of a universal instrument (6) and No. two universal instruments (7) respectively;
Step 4, measuring intervals of TIME and Measuring Time are set by the signal processing module (5-1) in PC (5), and connect a universal instrument (6) and No. two universal instruments (7) make it be in remote state, start test;
Signal processing module (5-1) in step 5, PC (5) gathers the voltage data or current data that a universal instrument (6) and No. two universal instruments (7) measure, and is presented on PC (5) in graphical form by voltage data or current data; Meanwhile, signal processing module (5-1) does average value processing to voltage data or current data, and obtain average voltage and current average, average voltage and current average are divided by and are final measured resistance value.
4. the automatic test approach of the Auto-Test System of the adjustable combined resistance of high accuracy according to claim 3, it is characterized in that, the electric current that the universal instrument (6) of the employing in step 2 measures input is that input current converts voltage realization measurement to by sampling resistor.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510478097.1A CN105023677B (en) | 2015-08-06 | 2015-08-06 | High accuracy is adjustable combined resistance, Auto-Test System and method based on the combined resistance |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510478097.1A CN105023677B (en) | 2015-08-06 | 2015-08-06 | High accuracy is adjustable combined resistance, Auto-Test System and method based on the combined resistance |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105023677A true CN105023677A (en) | 2015-11-04 |
| CN105023677B CN105023677B (en) | 2017-11-03 |
Family
ID=54413573
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510478097.1A Active CN105023677B (en) | 2015-08-06 | 2015-08-06 | High accuracy is adjustable combined resistance, Auto-Test System and method based on the combined resistance |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN105023677B (en) |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN201237611Y (en) * | 2008-05-14 | 2009-05-13 | 张蒙 | Multifunctional high-precision resistor signal generator |
-
2015
- 2015-08-06 CN CN201510478097.1A patent/CN105023677B/en active Active
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN201237611Y (en) * | 2008-05-14 | 2009-05-13 | 张蒙 | Multifunctional high-precision resistor signal generator |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 张天宏 等: ""用于电阻类传感器校准的电子合成电阻"", 《传感器技术》 * |
| 马扬龙: ""基于DSP的便携式过程校验仪的研究与设计"", 《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 工程科技Ⅱ辑》 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN105023677B (en) | 2017-11-03 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN207703359U (en) | A kind of acquisition of multichannel thermistor temp and processing unit | |
| CN103063321B (en) | Platinum resistance temperature measuring equipment and temperature measuring method thereof | |
| CN207472443U (en) | Multichannel three-wire system resistance temperature measurement circuit | |
| CN203132741U (en) | Thermal resistance temperature transmitter calibration device | |
| CN211528541U (en) | Resistance measuring circuit of programmable constant current source | |
| CN108693495A (en) | A kind of DC electronic transformer detection converter that sampling is adaptive | |
| CN112557987A (en) | Current measurement calibration system and method | |
| CN104501854A (en) | Intelligent test system based on TEDS sensor and matrix switch technology and test method thereof | |
| CN202582775U (en) | Temperature measuring circuit | |
| CN208537622U (en) | A kind of wide-range high-accuracy current measuring device for test equipment | |
| CN104199309A (en) | Analog channel calibrating method of simulating and testing instrument of hydro turbine governor | |
| CN106225992A (en) | Based on pressure transmitter Performance Test System and method | |
| CN103295710B (en) | Thermistor simulation module and the resistance output calibration steps to this module | |
| CN108562795A (en) | A kind of solar cell impedance measurement system | |
| CN204330003U (en) | The intelligent test system of new architecture | |
| CN102478422A (en) | Zero drift simulation calibrating method and device thereof | |
| CN218585204U (en) | Automatic pressure calibration and measurement device | |
| CN105277292A (en) | Temperature measurement device | |
| CN105023677A (en) | High-precision adjustable synthesized resistor and automatic test system and method based on same | |
| CN106483486A (en) | A kind of continuous wave power probe power calibration system and method | |
| CN208026855U (en) | A kind of electronic transducer calibration instrument is traced to the source device signal source | |
| CN105022013B (en) | A kind of programmable resistance tester | |
| CN204988567U (en) | Monocrystalline silicon formula pressure transmitter | |
| CN205176246U (en) | Conductivity meter self -calibration system | |
| CN114296019A (en) | Temperature compensation structure of direct current sensor |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |