CN105023626A - Magnetic-separation electronic nuclear battery - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a magnetic separation electronic nuclear battery belonging to the technical field of nuclear energy utilization. The principle of the nuclear battery is that the α or β source (4) emits α particles or β particles and injects them into the metal plate (3), and the α particles or β particles ionize the metal plate to produce free electrons and positive ions. Strong magnetic field [i.e. two strong magnets (5)], the free electrons in the metal plate (3) are deflected out of the metal plate in the magnetic field for a circular motion outward and finally injected into the metal plate (1), the metal plate (3) and the metal The plates (1) are separated by a hollow cylindrical insulating layer (2), so that free electrons and positive ions cannot recombine, and the charges in the metal plate (3) and the metal plate (1) are exported by metal wires, and an external load can be formed. stable DC current. Placing multiple such structures on a metal plate can multiply the amount of charge generated per unit time, and the nuclear battery can be designed in different sizes according to specific needs to meet different needs.

Description

Magnetic separation electronic nuclear battery

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of nuclear energy utilization, and relates to a battery device for converting radioactive energy into electric energy.

technical background

Radioisotope batteries (or nuclear batteries) are batteries prepared by utilizing the energy released by radioisotopes when they decay. Radiation energy can be used in many different fields such as industry, agriculture and medical services, and has been applied in fields such as cardiac pacemakers and aerospace probes. With the advantages of long life, high energy density, and small size compared to the same type of battery, it can provide high energy density, stable and reliable power support in complex environments without interference compared to other types of batteries, so it is used in micro-electromechanical systems, deep space exploration , extreme earth environment research has a huge application prospect.

At present, the types of nuclear batteries mainly include thermoelectric nuclear batteries, photovoltaic effect nuclear batteries, capacitive nuclear batteries, and β-volt effect nuclear batteries. Thermoelectric nuclear batteries use the temperature difference caused by the thermal effect of radioactive sources to generate electricity, and are often used in space probes and spacecraft. , the power of the thermonuclear battery is large, but the activity of the required radioactive source is large, and the conversion efficiency is low. Photovoltaic effect nuclear batteries use radioactive sources to emit radioactive particles to hit fluorescent substances to emit light, and use the photovoltaic effect of photons and substances to generate current. Because of the secondary conversion, the efficiency is very low. The capacitive nuclear battery collects the charged particles released by the radioactive source directly on the plate to form a rechargeable and dischargeable capacitor. This kind of nuclear battery can achieve a high voltage, but collects less charge, so the current is smaller. The β volt effect nuclear battery uses the energy of β particles to form electron-hole pairs in the PN junction region of the semiconductor. Under the built-in electric field, the electrons flow to the N region, and the holes flow to the P region to form a current. The β volt effect nuclear battery generates The current is large and the energy utilization rate is high, but the semiconductor used as a transducer is susceptible to crystal damage caused by radiation, which reduces the efficiency.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to improve the utilization efficiency of the nuclear battery and overcome the above-mentioned defects of the nuclear battery. While increasing the current of the nuclear battery, the structure of the transducer is simplified to overcome the decrease in efficiency caused by radiation damage, and the radioactive energy is directly converted into electrical energy. The low conversion efficiency caused by the secondary conversion of energy is eliminated.

In order to achieve the above goals, the present invention utilizes ray particles to ionize the metal plate to generate a large amount of secondary electrons, and then uses a magnetic field to deflect the electrons out of the metal plate for collection. The specific physical process is that the α source or β source (4) emits α particles or β particles into Metal plate (3), α particles or β particles make the metal plate ionize free electrons and positive ions, add a strong magnetic field [that is, two strong magnets (5)] on both sides of the metal plate, the free electrons and positive ions in the metal plate (3) The electrons are deflected out of the metal plate in the magnetic field for a circular motion and finally injected into the metal plate (1), and the metal plate (3) is isolated from the metal plate (1) by a hollow cylindrical insulating layer (2), so that the free electrons are separated from the positive The ions cannot recombine, the electrons are collected by the electrodes (6) connected to the metal plates (1), and the positive ions are transported to the metal plates (11) by the metal plates (3) of each charge collection unit through the metal wires (9), and pass through the electrodes (10) OUTPUT. The nuclear battery shell (7) is an insulating shielding layer, which protects the internal structure and shields the radiation of the radioactive source and the secondary radiation of the radioactive source hitting the battery structure.

The alpha radiation source is americium-241, plutonium-239, uranium-238 or curium-244, and the beta radiation source is carbon-14, strontium-90, nickel-63, thallium-204 or promethium-147.

The metal plates (1) (3) are aluminum plates or copper plates, and the metal wires (9) are aluminum wires or copper wires.

The material of the hollow cylindrical insulating layer (2) is plexiglass, paper film or ceramics.

The insulating shielding layer (7) is heavy metal or polymer plastic doped with heavy metal.

The strong magnet (5) is an NdFeB magnet.

The charge collection unit composed of a metal plate (1), a hollow cylindrical insulating layer (2), a metal plate (3), a radioactive source (4), and a strong magnet (5) can be increased or decreased according to actual needs, so as to achieve different requirements in application scenarios.

The theoretical energy utilization rate of the present invention is higher than that of capacitive nuclear batteries, which greatly increases the amount of charge collection and increases the current. At the same time, the structure of the transducer is simple, which avoids the decrease in efficiency due to semiconductor radiation damage, and can be flexibly increased or decreased according to design requirements. Energy unit, which is beneficial to the miniaturization of nuclear batteries, is a new idea of energy utilization of radioactive sources, and has good research and application prospects.

Description of drawings

Figure 1.1 is a schematic top view of the present invention, Figure 1.2 is a schematic side view of the present invention, Figure 1.3 is a perspective schematic view of the present invention; Figure 2.1 is a schematic top view of the charge collection unit of the present invention, and Figure 2.2 is a schematic side view of the charge collection unit of the present invention.

1-electron collection metal plate, 2-hollow cylindrical insulating layer, 3-positive ion and ray particle collection metal plate, 4-α or β radiation source, 5-strong magnet, 6-electron collection electrode, 7-battery shell (insulation Shielding layer), 8-vacuum layer, 9-positive charge collection wire, 10-positive electrode, 11-positive charge collection metal plate.

Technical solutions

The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and specific embodiment

Example 1

As shown in Fig. 1.1, Fig. 1.2 and Fig. 1.3 for the magnetic separation electronic nuclear battery, the radioactive source (4) is oblate cylindrical, and the upper and lower two are embedded in the center surface of the cylindrical metal plate (3). Insulated by a hollow cylindrical insulating layer (2), this structure forms a charge collection unit with the metal plate (1), and a plurality of such structures are embedded in the metal plate (1) to form a charge collection array, between the metal plate (1) A strong magnet (5) is placed on each side, and the metal electrode (6) is connected to the metal plate (1) to form a negative electrode. Each metal plate (3) leads out a metal wire (9), and the other end of the metal wire (9) is connected to A metal plate (11), on which a metal electrode (10) is arranged as a positive electrode. The battery casing (7) wraps the inside of the battery, and supports and fixes the metal plate (1), the strong magnet (5), the metal plate (11) and the electrodes (6), (10).

The radioactive source (4) emits radioactive particles that hit the surface of the metal plate (3), ionizes the electrons in the metal atoms into free electrons with a certain kinetic energy on the metal surface, and generates a large number of X-rays and γ-rays, X-rays When the γ-ray hits the metal, secondary ionization, photoelectric effect, electron pair correspondence, Compton effect and other reactions occur. In this process, a large number of positive ions and free electrons are produced, and some of the free electrons that exist in the metal will also be Get the kinetic energy brought by the ray particles or secondary radiation, the free electrons with a certain kinetic energy on the surface of the metal plate (3) are deflected in the strong magnetic field formed by the strong magnet (5) and leave the metal plate (3), most of the deflected free electrons The electrons fly out of the metal plate (3) and enter the metal plate (1), and there is a hollow cylindrical insulating layer (2) between the metal plates (1) and (3), so that the electrons injected into the metal plate (1) cannot interact with the metal The positive ions in the plate (3) recombine, the free electrons in the metal plate (1) are exported by the electrode (6) to form a negative electrode, and the positive ions in the multiple metal plates (3) are collected by the metal wires (9) connected to each other to the metal plate (11), and derived from the electrode (10) to form a positive electrode.

The principle of radioactive source selection is to emit as single type of radiation as possible. For example, only α particles are emitted in the decay diagram of the α source, and only β particles are emitted in the decay diagram of the β source, or other rays are generated but the branch ratio is small and the intensity is weak. Shielding, the half-life of radioactive substances should not be too short, at least a few years or more. The α radiation source can be selected from americium-241, plutonium-239, uranium-238, or curium-244, etc. The β radiation source can be selected from carbon-14, strontium-90, Nickel-63, thallium-204 or promethium-147, etc.

The selection principle of the metal plate is that it can ionize a large number of electron ion pairs, has a good shielding effect on the outgoing electrons, and has a strong conductivity. Aluminum or copper materials can be selected.

The strong magnet (5) used adopts NdFeB magnets, and NdFeB magnets are currently known permanent magnets with the strongest magnetic induction.

The material of the hollow cylindrical insulating layer (2) is plexiglass, paper film, ceramics, etc., and the thickness is extremely thin so that as many deflected electrons as possible enter the metal plate (1) from the metal plate (3).

The function of the battery casing (7) is to shield secondary X-rays and γ-rays generated inside the battery as an insulating shielding layer, and the material is heavy metal or polymer plastic, which can be doped with heavy metals to increase the γ-ray shielding ability.

According to the output voltage and current requirements in practical applications, the dose of the radioactive source, the number of charge collection units, the size of the magnetic field, and the shape of the radioactive source can be adjusted to meet specific parameter requirements.

Claims (7)

1. Magnetic separation electronic type nuclear battery, it is characterized in that, radioactive source (4) is oblate cylindrical shape, and upper and lower two are embedded in the center surface of metal plate (3), and metal plate (3) is covered with hollow cylindrical insulating layer (2) ) isolation, a plurality of such structures are embedded in the metal plate (1) to form a charge collection array, a strong magnet (5) is placed on each side of the metal plate (1), and the metal electrode (6) is connected to the metal plate (1) to form a Negative electrode, metal lead (9) is drawn out respectively in each metal plate (3), and the other end of metal lead (9) connects metal plate (11), arranges metal electrode (10) on the metal plate (11) as positive electrode , the battery casing (7) wraps the inside of the battery, and supports and fixes the metal plate (1), the strong magnet (5), the metal plate (11) and the electrodes (6), (10). 2. The magnetic separation electronic nuclear battery according to claim 1 is characterized in that the radioactive source (4) is alpha radioactive source americium-241, plutonium-239, uranium-238, curium-244 etc. or beta radioactive source carbon- 14. Strontium-90, Nickel-63, Thallium-204, Promethium-147, etc. 3. The magnetic separation electronic nuclear battery according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal plate (1) (3) is an aluminum plate or a copper plate, and the metal wire (9) is an aluminum wire or a copper wire. 4. The magnetic separation electronic nuclear battery according to claim 1, characterized in that the hollow cylindrical insulating layer (2) is made of organic glass, paper film or ceramics. 5. The magnetic separation electronic nuclear battery according to claim 1, characterized in that the insulating shielding layer (7) is heavy metal or polymer plastic doped with heavy metal. 6. The magnetic separation electronic nuclear battery according to claim 1, characterized in that the strong magnet (5) is an NdFeB magnet. 7. according to the described magnetic separation electronic type nuclear battery of claim 1, it is characterized in that described by metal plate (1), hollow cylindrical insulating layer (2), metal plate (3), radioactive source (4), strong magnet ( 5) The number of charge collection units can be increased or decreased according to actual needs to meet the needs of different application environments.