CN105022922A - Evaluation method of unsaturated zone soil water consumption characteristics based on overall process of water circulation - Google Patents
Evaluation method of unsaturated zone soil water consumption characteristics based on overall process of water circulation Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to an unsaturated zone soil water consumption characteristics based on overall process of water circulation. The method comprises the following steps of: building a dynamic conversion model of an unsaturated zone soil water subsystem; simulating circulation of regional unsaturated zone soil water; performing data assimilation of a hydrological model and a remote sensing retrieval of soil water evapotranspiration; determining an evapotranspiration structure; and performing quantitative evaluation on soil water consumption characteristics. According to the invention, an unsaturated zone soil water dynamic conversion model based on sub-watershed spatial dispersion and coupled with a surface and ground water circulation model is used, and the evaluation method of soil water consumption characteristics provided on the basis of the unsaturated zone soil water dynamic conversion model can realize quantitative simulation of soil water in a large spatial scale watershed or region, and quantitative evaluation on consumption characteristics. The method is combined with consumption characteristics evaluation theory of land utilization, and is beneficial for guiding rational utilization of soil water. The technical method provided by the invention is universal and easy to be popularized and applied.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of evaluation method of unsatalation zone soil moisture consumption characteristics, being a kind of evaluation method of eco-environment resource, is a kind of method being modeled as the evaluation theory of macroscopical large scale soil moisture consumption characteristics of support by building unsatalation zone water circulation perfect information.
Background technology
Traditionally, about the research of the consumption of soil moisture mainly concentrates on plough horizon, with evapotranspiration and deep percolation for object, it is only the explanation of quantity consumed, not only can not react the consumption characteristics of the evapotranspiration of soil moisture, and mainly concentrate on Field Scale, the dynamic conversion characteristic of whole unsatalation zone soil moisture can not be reflected comprehensively, edaphic deep percolation is also considered by as consumption item.In fact, at whole water resource system, deep percolation is supplementing underground water, inreal consumption.
Within the scope of current comparatively large regions, the research that relevant evapotranspiration consumes, also mainly concentrates on quantitative aspects, there is no the quantivative approach of consumption characteristics.Even if at quantitative evaluation methods, also differ greatly owing to adopting the difference of the tool method of reaction water dynamic conversion mechanism.At present at the quantity method for quantitatively evaluating consumed about unsatalation zone soil moisture, be mainly summarised as following two aspects: based on the soil hydrodynamic parameters equalization methods of maturity in field, and the quantitative simulation research method of regional soil water evapotranspiration.Wherein,
Equalization methods based on maturity in field soil water movement: its cardinal principle is based on water balance, under the space-time condition determined, with crop root layer depth for research object, the relation between the balanced each key element of research soil unsatalation zone system moisture.It is its important balance term that soil water evaporation transpiration consumes item.Wherein evaporation capacity utilizes the exponential relationship of depth of soil and soil moisture content to estimate; Transpiration amount is estimated by the nonlinear relationship of potential transpiration amount, leaf area index.For potential transpiration amount, normally with classical soil evaporation evaluation method for instrument, the significant quantivative approach of at present relevant potential evapotranspiration research is Penman formula, and based on the Penman-Moteith formula of this improvement.Penman-Monteith formula, and Hargreavcs method, Pricestley-Talyor method.These are all considering between energy equilibrium and dynamics after interactively, set up after introducing surface impedance again.Its basic characteristics have definite principle for single section holard converts analog, simple to operate.However, due to the root zone according that its research range is mainly concentrated, can not from the evapotranspiration consumption of complete section surface analysis unsatalation zone soil moisture.And the quantitative evaluation of correlative study result also mainly plough horizon soil moisture quantity, can not the consumption effectiveness of reactive evaporation transpiration.Meanwhile, these observations and computing method are all carried out in some ground station, due to the restriction of manpower and materials, are difficult to comparatively large regions, there is Points replacing surfaces, take a part for the whole, can not the problem such as time space variability in image study region completely.
The quantitative simulation model of regional soil water evapotranspiration: the research of quantitative evalution model all based on energy equilibrium of domain of dependence soil evaporation consumption at present.
The rising model of soil water evaporation of current associated energy balance, the quantitative model of remote-sensing inversion evapotranspiration, be consider that the driving force of evapotranspiration is energy, thus based on energy equilibrium, the basis considering net radiation flux Rn, soil heat flux G and sensible heat flux H realize.For face, land energy conversion model method: its ultimate principle is that the energy be subject to according to top equals Vegetation canopy and soil horizon energy budget sum determines evapotranspiration indirectly.Although in the quantification process of soil water evaporation transpiration, gradually soil unsatalation zone is divided into single-layer model, bilayer model and multilayered model, the consideration of soil characteristic in soil unsatalation zone is done deep consideration, but still adopt Land surface energy budget equation to calculate in the calculation, by below Vegetation canopy with its under soil horizon distinguish, and in processes according to mutual superposition, think that the energy of two systems connects each other, the release of Vegetation canopy or the total flux of acceptance are the balances that layering flux sum reaches system capacity.
In a word, regional soil evapotranspiration model, although face, land energy equilibrium model, overcome the understanding that the evapotranspiration of remote sensing direct inversion lacks mechanism, and make soil water movement conversion behavior obtain deep announcement from mechanism gradually, particularly deepen the understanding to the intrasystem evapotranspiration of SPAC, but it is all main based on energy system, be based upon on the basis of energy equilibrium, still there is the effect being difficult to combined reaction energy equilibrium and water balance, well can not reflect the Spatial-Temporal Variability of space large scale Soil Under Conditions moisture simultaneously.In addition, above numerous quantitative model, all can realize the quantitative evaluation of different spaces yardstick based on the soil moisture quantity consumed of energy equilibrium, can not provide the quantitative evaluation that unsatalation zone soil moisture consumes effectiveness characteristic completely.
But because unsatalation zone soil moisture is in the intermediate link of water cycle process, its dynamic conversion process, on the one hand, as the formation of water circulation, affects the revenue and expenditure of region moisture; On the other hand, because its dynamic conversion process is closely related with energy equilibrium again, direct relation the conversion and cycle of region energy.Therefore, total energy balance and water balance, carry out the evaluation of regional scale unsatalation zone soil moisture consumption characteristics, to carrying out water resources demand in a deep going way, maintains ecological relationship health and have great importance.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the problem of prior art, the present invention proposes a kind of evaluation method of unsatalation zone soil moisture consumption characteristics.Described method synthetic water and energy process, on large spatial scale basin/regional soil moisture Detailed simulation basis, the assessment technique method of whole unsatalation zone soil moisture consumption characteristics under comprehensive announcement Different land use condition.The method can comprehensive face, land water circulation overall process, and considers the energy drives effect of moisture evapotranspiration process in real time, on the basis ensureing simulation precision, can provide the evaluation achievement that precision is higher.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this: a kind of evaluation method of unsatalation zone soil moisture consumption characteristics, described method comprises the steps:
Build the step of " the dynamic conversion model of unsatalation zone soil moisture subsystem ": in the horizontal direction, holard subsystem hydrologic cycle components corresponding under determining unsatalation zone different underlying surface condition, the spatial spreading technology based on rectangular node of employing or the spatial spreading technology based on sub basin, in vertical direction, by the exchange of flux between surface water and groundwater subsystem, from top to underground reservoir, be divided into vegetation from top to bottom or buildings retains layer, layer is stayed in the storage of depression, earth's surface, upper soll layer, transition belt, shallow underground water layer and deeper subsurface water layer, comprehensive natural subprocess simulation different from artificial water circulation, the model of the unsatalation zone soil moisture Detailed simulation that realization is border with earth's surface and ground water circulation flux,
The step of region unsatalation zone holard circulating analog: simulate for using soil water movement equation:
Upper soll layer:
,
Soil middle level:
,
Soil bottom:
,
In formula:
qfor gravity drainage,
qDthe moisture diffusion caused for suction pressure,
esfor soil evaporation consume flux,
etrfor topsoil evaporation,
rfor edaphic interflow,
dfor soil horizon thickness,
θfor topsoil maximum water-storage,
jfor different soils layer, wherein
j=0 be depression storage layer,
j=1 be upper soll layer,
j=2 is soil middle level, the i.e. second layer,
j=3 is soil bottom, i.e. third layer;
The step of the data assimilation of hydrological model and the transpiration of remote-sensing inversion soil water evaporation: for adopting face, land energy equilibrium model, surface temperature is provided, albedo and vegetation attribute, to the evapotranspiration data of the additional space resolution soil moisture of its inverting, by the spatial statistics function of ArcGIS, spread is to the Hydrologic response units of the dynamic conversion model of unsatalation zone soil moisture subsystem, then, data assimilation is carried out for time and additional space observation data, the analog result combined with modeling with remote-sensing inversion and single model simulation results judge, determine the model result after assimilating,
Determine the step of evapotranspiration structure: for the transforming principle in conjunction with unsatalation zone soil moisture, in conjunction with land use change survey, the comprehensive soil water evaporation that the evapotranspiration obtained under Different land use by the dynamic conversion modeling of unsatalation zone soil moisture subsystem consumes subitem and last computing unit is rising, according to the difference of Land-Use, soil water resources consumption s tructure is mainly summarized as i.e. crops or vegetation territory transpiration, crops or vegetation region soil Evaporation among plants, agricultural industry system exposed soil evaporates, and difficulty utilizes soil exposed soil evaporation four major types, determine evapotranspiration structure,
Carry out the step of soil moisture consumption characteristics quantitative evaluation: for according to evapotranspiration structure, in conjunction with soil moisture, in evapotranspiration process, they are different with ecological effectiveness to human being's production, according to the difference of soil moisture service function, the consumption effectiveness of soil water resources is divided into productivity consumption and unproductive consumption, on this basis, soil moisture divides into efficient consumption and inefficient consumption further to the size of human social economy's effect in consumption process; Meanwhile, consider the Modulatory character that soil moisture consumes, for Land_use change, so that the efficiency utilization of soil water resources can be instructed in practice for cardinal rule, its Modulatory character is made defining further.
Further, described " determination of holard subsystem hydrologic cycle components corresponding under unsatalation zone different underlying surface condition " comprises following sub-step:
The determination of basic computational ele-ment, analyzes by full basin DEM and surveys based on water system polar plot, multiple sub basin that Universal Geographical Information System tool divides water circulation faults system;
The determination of the unsatalation zone soil water evaporation transpiration in basic computational ele-ment corresponding to Different land use, by the area that patterns of land use possible in computing unit is respectively corresponding, carry out Area-weighted and determine the evapotranspiration of different computing unit, the evaporation of different units Different land use, rising item and comprehensive evapotranspiration item;
，（N=1，nlanduse），
，（N=1，ncell），
（N
1=1，ncell； N
2= 1，nlanduse），
Calculate that the comprehensive soil water evaporation of computing unit is rising, the evapotranspiration of different computing unit and the tatol evapotranspiration in region in Land_use change situation of the same race.
Further, described the exchange of flux " and between surface water and groundwater subsystem " comprising: in a time step, in computing unit, water circulation faults system first completes surface water cycle process, with the exchanging and calculate every flux of water circulation in each sub basin of underground water and holard subsystem, wherein relevant with soil moisture vertical circulation flux comprises project scheming and river course, reservoir, wetland, the surface water body seepage increment of canal system, base flow excretion, and evaporation from phreatic water:
Region of no relief is without the computing unit of side direction interflow:
，
There is the unit of account of side direction interflow Mountain Area:
，
In formula:
s max for the maximum soil moisture content of the unit area soil body in the period,
w t1 for last period unit area soil body soil moisture content,
pfor quantity of precipitation flux,
i combined closure systemfor vegetation interception;
rsfor the flow path surface that precipitation is formed;
d fill out hollow amountfor filling out the hollow water yield;
p ooze under surface waterfor milliosmolarity under surface water,
e 2for evaporation from phreatic water flux, different from the difference of bury of groundwater, when diving technique is larger, can ignore;
rgfor deep percolation flux,
r horizontal side is to net inflow amountfor side direction interflow,
t 1,
t 2for the initial sum termination time of calculation interval, the unit of above variable is cm
3/ cm
2.
Further, the described spatial spreading technology based on sub basin, the water circulation faults system of the described spatial spreading technology based on sub basin is SWAT water circulation faults system or WEP water circulation faults system.
Further, described data assimilation method is the one in optimum interpolation method, the four-dimensional variational method, Kalman filter, EKF filter, ensemble Kalman filter.
The beneficial effect that the present invention produces is: the present invention utilizes the unsatalation zone soil moisture dynamic transformation model based on the coupling cienega circulation model of sub basin spatial spreading, the quantitative evaluating method of the consumption characteristics of the soil moisture provided based on this, can realize at large spatial scale basin or the quantitative simulation of regional soil moisture and the qualitative assessment of consumption characteristics.The present invention can also utilize grid cell and sub basin mode well to reflect the change of large regions underlying surface, adopt the data assimilation method of remote sensing evapotranspiration, be conducive to fully demonstrating water balance and energy equilibrium to the driving of soil water evaporation transpiration and restricting relation.In conjunction with the consumption characteristics evaluation theory of Land_use change, be conducive to instructing soil moisture Appropriate application.The method of the invention technical method is general, is easy to apply.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the invention will be further described.
Fig. 1 is the schematic flow sheet of the method described in embodiments of the invention one;
Fig. 2 is the spatial spreading technology schematic diagram based on grid described in embodiments of the invention one;
Fig. 3 is the spatial spreading technology schematic diagram based on sub basin described in embodiments of the invention one;
Fig. 4 is the computing unit vertical structure schematic diagram described in embodiments of the invention one;
Fig. 5 is the rising data assimilation process flow diagram with hydrological model analog result of remote sensing soil water evaporation described in embodiments of the invention one;
Fig. 6 is the loop structure schematic diagram of the regional scale unsatalation zone soil moisture described in embodiments of the invention one;
Fig. 7 is soil water resources consumption s tructure described in embodiments of the invention one and the graph of a relation consuming effectiveness.
Embodiment
Embodiment one:
The present embodiment is a kind of evaluation method of unsatalation zone soil moisture consumption characteristics, and flow process as shown in Figure 1.The present embodiment consumes on effectiveness confining method basis in structure large scale unsatalation zone soil moisture, by building unsatalation zone soil water cycle analogy model, realize a kind of method for quantitatively evaluating of the unsatalation zone soil moisture consumption characteristics based on water circulation and energy circulation process.
Due in natural water circulation process, whole unsatalation zone soil moisture is a supply and drains the process variable simultaneously carried out.Its supply item comprises precipitation infiltration to soil and the water yield remained in unsatalation zone, and evaporation from phreatic water item, can be expressed as formula:
S =
P input +
E Q =
W t1 +
P –
Rg – Rs – I – D - R lr +
E Q ，
Wherein, symbol S is certain period soil moisture flux in unsatalation zone;
p input for precipitation stores the supply flux in holard system;
w t1 for last period t1 unit area soil body soil moisture content;
pfor precipitation flux;
rgfor deep percolation flux (precipitation is to the supply of underground water);
rsfor the rainwash flux that precipitation is formed;
ifor canopy retains flux;
dfor depression storage circulation;
r lr for side direction interflow amount;
e q for evaporation from phreatic water amount.The unit of above variable is: cm
3/ cm
2.
Also in consumption while accepting supply.Thus, at certain phase, unsatalation zone certain period soil moisture flux is also consumption and non-consumption sum, can be expressed as formula (2):
S =
T +
Es +
ΔW =
ET +
ΔW，
Wherein,
esfor soil evaporation consumes flux (comprising bare area soil evaporation and vegetation soil evaporation among plant),
tfor transpiration consume flux, the two forms the consumption flux of soil moisture jointly, namely tatol evapotranspiration (
eT);
Δ Wfor the period holard stores variable, the soil moisture amount of not being consumed can be thought; On average dimension for many years, the holard stores variable
Δ W→ 0.Therefore, on average dimension for many years, soil moisture equals evapotranspiration consumption.The unit of above variable is: cm
3/ cm
2.
From the dynamic conversion process of soil moisture
,in natural water circulation process, the soil moisture that precipitation infiltration recharge is formed finally all is consumed with the form of evapotranspiration completely.Improve its utilization ratio, depend on regional evapotranspiration amount completely; And the structure of evapotranspiration and consumption characteristics depend on land use pattern.For this reason, in conjunction with Land_use change, according to the difference of resource service function, the consumption effectiveness of soil moisture is divided into productivity consumption and unproductive consumption, divides into efficient consumption and inefficient consumption further according to the size acted on human social economy.Also often effective consumption is called as unproductive consumption; For the Modulatory character of soil water utilization, be defined as: Modulatory character consumption and can not consumption be regulated and controled.Specific as follows:
Be difficult to the evaporation consumption utilizing soil: be the unproductive consumption that can not regulate and control.Reason: although this part consumption can play certain effect to the ecologic environment of surrounding, the mankind's activity on its Land_use change is less, and the possibility be utilized is very micro-.Thus be decided to be unproductive consumption, then can be thought effective consumption amount relative to Economical service life.The investment that needs due to regulation and control of this part consumption is huge and be considered to regulate and control consumption again.
Evaporation consumption between vegetation: it is relevant with the canopy density of vegetation that this part consumes effectiveness.When vegetation overlay degree is larger, although this part water yield does not participate in the generation of plant dry directly, affecting the generation of biomass by regulating the microclimate in farmland and vegetation area, thus thinking the effective consumption of productivity.But relative to vegetation dry formation its utilize effectiveness lower, this part evaporation capacity can think inefficient consumption amount again.When vegetation overlay degree is less, because the regulating action of a large amount of Evaporation among plants for farmland vegetation weather reduces, its major function is ecological effectiveness, and the direct effect in economic society is very micro-, thus thinks that the overwhelming majority in this part consumption is unproductive consumption.
The rising consumption of vegetation: think that productivity efficiently consumes.Because this part soil water resources participates in the formation of plant dry directly, for this reason, think that this part consumption is productivity consumption, and belong to efficient consumption.
Meanwhile, consider again the available characteristic of soil moisture, define its Modulatory character further for the degree manually can intervened.Wherein for by manual intervention, can conveniently change its utilization ratio and mode, soil moisture consumption can be thought regulatable; Other are difficult to manual intervention or are difficult to regulate and control reality owing to paying a price comparatively large, think to regulate and control.In conjunction with Land_use change characteristic, the consumption of controlled soil moisture mainly comprises Soil Water consumption and the ground soil moisture consumption of artificial forest fruit.Other difficulties utilize the consumption on soil all can think uncontrollable consumption.
On the basis of above confining method, the quantitative evaluation utilizing above unsatalation zone soil moisture quantitative simulation model can realize the consumption of whole saturated zone soil moisture calculates.
Method described in the present embodiment comprises the steps:
Build the step of " the dynamic conversion model of unsatalation zone soil moisture subsystem ": in the horizontal direction, holard subsystem hydrologic cycle components corresponding under determining unsatalation zone different underlying surface condition, the spatial spreading technology based on rectangular node of employing or the spatial spreading technology based on sub basin, in vertical direction, by the exchange of flux between surface water and groundwater subsystem, from top to underground reservoir, be divided into vegetation from top to bottom or buildings retains layer, layer is stayed in the storage of depression, earth's surface, upper soll layer, transition belt, shallow underground water layer and deeper subsurface water layer, comprehensive natural subprocess simulation different from artificial water circulation, the model of the unsatalation zone soil moisture Detailed simulation that realization is border with earth's surface and ground water circulation flux.
Region unsatalation zone Dynamic Simulation on Soil Moisture model: soil water cycle is the pilot process of water circulation, with atmospheric precipitation, earth's surface produce conflux and dynamic process of groundwater closely related, simultaneously closely related with Land_use change, vegetation growth feature.For this reason, build region unsatalation zone Dynamic Simulation on Soil Moisture model, first, in the horizontal direction, adopting based on grid or the contour band of subflow nested domain is basic computational ele-ment, to have examined the difference of landform in basin/region; In vertical direction, be divided into that vegetation or buildings retain layer, layer, upper soll layer, transition belt, shallow underground water layer and deeper subsurface water layer etc. are stayed in the storage of depression, earth's surface from top to bottom.In addition, for considering the unevenness of Land_use change in computing unit, can have employed, for computing unit, several class be returned in soil.Usual Land_use change, according to the current mode classification generally adopted, is classified as the large class in land vegetation territory, irrigated farmland, non-irrigated farmland, waters and waterproof territory 5.Land vegetation territory can be divided into again bare area, meadow and forest land 3 class, waterproof territory is divided into urban ground and Urban Architecture thing 2 class, calculate the surface water thermoflux of all kinds of land type so respectively, get the ground surface thermoflux that its area method of average can calculate computing unit.In addition, the edaphic different hierarchy number of unsatalation zone, difference according to demand can be divided into different layers.The change of water percentage with the degree of depth of topsoil can be reflected so well, and the variation characteristic of the different depth soil moisture that soil evaporation, grass or crop root absorb water, tree root absorbs water can be described more easily.
Based on the structure of the unsatalation zone Dynamic Simulation on Soil Moisture model of water cycle process, realize the Detailed simulation of the unsatalation zone soil water transformation structure based on water cycle process.This step, by establishment unsatalation zone soil moisture dynamic model, under Detailed simulation Different land use condition, the dynamic conversion of different soils layer moisture, and then realizes the quantitative evaluation that consumes unsatalation zone soil moisture.
Adopt the water circulation faults based on the spatial spreading model of sub basin/gridding technique, to determine the spatial and temporal distributions of water circulation flux within the scope of Large-scale areas, thus producing the means ofquantity evaluation of unsatalation zone soil moisture dynamic conversion, its analog computation result provides the data message of demand for carrying out the evaluation of soil moisture consumption characteristics.
Water circulation faults system can based on grid or sub basin spatial spreading technology.Wherein based on grid cell, as shown in Figure 2.In fig. 2, mark 21 represents overland flow, and mark 22 represents the concentration of channel, and mark 23 represents a fluid stream channel, and mark 24 represents main stem.For sub basin spatial spreading technology, as shown in Figure 3.In figure 3, mark 31 represents basin outlet, and mark mark 32 represents the river course in sub basin, and mark 33 represents sub basin, and mark 34 represents slope concentration in sub basin unit.In vertical direction, the i.e. vertical structure of computing unit, for two kinds of spatial spreading methods, all from top to underground reservoir, be divided into that vegetation or buildings retain layer, layer, upper soll layer, transition belt, shallow underground water layer and deeper subsurface water layer etc. are stayed in the storage of depression, earth's surface from top to bottom, see Fig. 4, comprehensive different water circulation subprocess simulation, can realize with the Detailed simulation of earth's surface and the ground water circulation flux native unsatalation zone soil moisture that is border.
The step of region unsatalation zone holard circulating analog: simulate for using soil water movement equation:
Upper soll layer:
,
Soil middle level:
,
Soil bottom:
,
In formula:
qfor gravity drainage,
qD j, j+1 for suction pressure causes
jlayer with
jmoisture diffusion between+1 layer of soil; ,
etr ij for vegetation evaporation;
r 2j for
jedaphic interflow; ,
dfor soil horizon thickness,
θfor the maximum water-storage of topsoil,
jfor different soils layer, wherein
j=0 be depression storage layer,
j=1 be upper soll layer,
j=2 is soil middle level, the i.e. second layer,
j=3 is soil bottom, i.e. third layer.
Above-mentioned formula is the Richards soil water movement equation of principle of simulation based on following integrated form of soil moisture dynamic conversion.Being calculated as follows of different subitem:
，
In formula:
q 0for the gravitational displacement of depression storage layer;
q 0
max for gravitational displacement maximum in depression storage layer;
qD j, j+1 for suction pressure causes
jlayer with
jmoisture diffusion between+1 layer of soil;
q 1for the gravitational displacement of topsoil;
k j (
θ j ) be volumetric water content
θ j corresponding soil hydraulic coefficient;
φ j (
θ j ) be volumetric water content
θ j corresponding soil suction pressure;
d j be
jlayer soil horizon thickness;
wfor soil pondage (
w=θ d);
w 10for the first filling amount of topsoil;
w 1
max for the maximum water-storage of topsoil.
jfor different soils layer, wherein
j=0 be depression storage layer,
j=1 be upper soll layer,
j=2 is soil middle level, the i.e. second layer,
j=3 is soil bottom, i.e. third layer.
By analyzing contrast above, primary goal and the large scale unsatalation zone Dynamic Simulation on Soil Moisture of the present embodiment can be realized, the structure that can comparatively clearly provide unsatalation zone soil moisture dynamic to transform and process.
The step of the data assimilation of hydrological model and the transpiration of remote-sensing inversion soil water evaporation: for adopting face, land energy equilibrium model, surface temperature is provided, albedo and vegetation attribute, to the evapotranspiration data of the additional space resolution soil moisture of its inverting, by the spatial statistics function of ArcGIS, spread is to the Hydrologic response units of the dynamic conversion model of unsatalation zone soil moisture subsystem, then, data assimilation is carried out for time and additional space observation data, the analog result combined with modeling with remote-sensing inversion and single model simulation results judge, determine the model result after assimilating.
The Remote Sensing Model such as SEBS/SEBAL are adopted to provide Data Source; Utilize the SEBS inversion result of 1 × 1 km by the spatial statistics function calculating of ArcGIS obtain basic computational ele-ment satellite pass by evapotranspiration consume remote-sensing inversion result; Then, then select adoptable method, comprise optimum interpolation method, the four-dimensional variational method, Kalman filter, EKF filter, ensemble Kalman filter, annealing algorithm etc.; To be upgraded by the time with the basic computational ele-ment in hydrological model and calculate the assimilation that renewal two steps carry out evapotranspiration data, with the ratio of remote-sensing inversion variance and modeling variance for basis for estimation, finally determining the model result after assimilating.Data assimilation flow process is shown in Fig. 5.Concrete assimilation step is: using model simulation results as initial value, comparing calculation model of element analog result and corresponding period, corresponding remote-sensing inversion result, by selecting different judgment criterion, as root-mean-square error (RMSE), both contrasts effect, if RMSE is too little, assimilation program is by inoperative; If it is too large, remote-sensing inversion result replaces the model simulation results in corresponding period and region completely, and carry out space level weighing apparatus and analyze, Renewal model initial value, starts the modeling of a new round; When the some steps of modeling, new analog result and remote-sensing inversion are contrasted, and then upgrades this stage initial value, start new round simulation.Repeat above step, can data assimilation be realized, obtain assimilating rear result.During the course, the degree of assimilating the Renewal model analogue value depends on the ratio of remote-sensing inversion variance and modeling variance.
By above analysis, the data assimilation of the present embodiment remote sensing tatol evapotranspiration can be realized, the accuracy considering tatol evapotranspiration in the large scale unsatalation zone Dynamic Simulation on Soil Moisture result of water balance and energy equilibrium of the present embodiment can be realized.
Determine the step of evapotranspiration structure: for the transforming principle in conjunction with unsatalation zone soil moisture, in conjunction with land use change survey, the comprehensive soil water evaporation that the evapotranspiration obtained under Different land use by the dynamic conversion modeling of unsatalation zone soil moisture subsystem consumes subitem and last computing unit is rising, according to the difference of Land-Use, soil water resources consumption s tructure is mainly summarized as i.e. crops or vegetation territory transpiration, crops or vegetation region soil Evaporation among plants, agricultural industry system exposed soil evaporates, and difficulty utilizes soil exposed soil evaporation four major types, determine evapotranspiration structure.
The different evapotranspiration processes of the holard, Land_use change variability problem in computing unit is considered by have employed " mosaic " structure, by calculating the evapotranspiration of each computing unit respectively all according to the difference of Land_use change, dividing into and comprising the different subitem such as vegetation interception water, soil evaporation, evaporation from water surface and transpiration; Then, comprehensively carry out Area-weighted, the evapotranspiration consumption of the soil moisture of computing unit can be drawn.For being specifically calculated as follows of Different land use Soil Under Conditions water consumption:
1) bare area-vegetation region soil moisture tatol evapotranspiration
esvcalculated by following formula:
Esv = Etr
1
+Etr
2
+E
S
E
ir
= Ttr
3
+Es
E
ni
= Ttr
4
+Es
In formula:
ttrtranspiration (coming self-desiccation blade face), subscript 1 is high vegetation (forest, city trees), and subscript 2 is low vegetation (grass, shrub), subscript 3 irrigate crops, and subscript 4 is non-irrigate crops;
esfor bare area soil evaporation.
Transpiration wherein on the basis taking into full account vegetational type's area and impedance and solar radiation energy, by Penman-Monteith formulae discovery:
In formula,
vegfor the tree and grass coverage rate in bare area-vegetation territory;
dfor the area occupation ratio on moistening blade face;
rNfor net radiation amount;
gfor importing the thermoflux in vegetation body into;
r c for plant community impedance.Transpiration belongs to a part for soil, plant, atmosphere Continuum SPAC water cycle process, by the restriction that photosynthesis, atmospheric humidity, the holard grade.
Transpiration is supplied by soil horizon by root water uptake.Assuming that root absorption vitality accounts for 70% of root system total suction with the water absorbing capacity of degree of depth linear decrease, the root zone first half, then can obtain
In formula,
ttrfor transpiration;
lrfor the thickness of root zone;
zfor the degree of depth on liftoff surface;
s r (z)for the degree of depth
zthe root water uptake intensity at place;
ttr (z)for from ground surface to the degree of depth
zthe root water uptake amount at place.
According to above formula, according to the root system of plant thickness provided, its water yield (transpiration rate) from the absorption of each layer of soil can be calculated.
Distribution in conjunction with vegetation root system is thought, the Root Distribution of the low plant such as meadow and crops is in edaphic 1st, 2 layer, and the Root Distribution of the contour plant of trees had three layers in edaphic.
2) for irrigated farmland (
e iR ) and non-irrigated farmland (
e nI ) Crop transpirstion calculate, its calculate with bare area-vegetation territory similar.In conjunction with the moisture mobility model of each layer of soil, the transpiration rate of each layer can be calculated.
3) bare area soil evaporation is by following correction Penman formulae discovery:
In formula,
bfor ground moistening function or evaporation efficiency;
qfor the volumetric water content of top layer (one deck) soil;
q fc for the field capacity of topsoil;
q m for the volumetric soil water content that unimolecule suction (being 1000 ~ 10000 atmospheric pressure) is corresponding.
The soil moisture consumption in comprehensive above different soil, can draw the final consumption of unsatalation zone soil moisture after weighting, formula specific as follows calculates:
In formula,
f sv ,
f ir ,
f ni be respectively the area occupation ratio (%) of exposed soil vegetation territory in computing unit, irrigated farmland and non-irrigated farmland;
e sv ,
e ir ,
e ni be respectively the tatol evapotranspiration of exposed soil vegetation territory in computing unit, irrigated farmland and non-irrigated farmland.In computation process, Noilhan-Planton model and Penman-Monteith formula is adopted to carry out detailed calculating respectively for soil evaporation and transpiration.
With the combination of remote-sensing inversion evapotranspiration data in simulation process: for improving the precision that the consumption of unsatalation zone soil moisture is simulated, take into full account the driving of energy, while above analog computation, the data assimilation methods such as Kalman filtering can be adopted, by evapotranspiration in the corresponding period different soils layer of remote-sensing inversion and model simulation results further combined with, then according to based on data after assimilation, be coupled to model system further, carry out the evapotranspiration of next calculation interval soil moisture further.
Carry out the step of soil moisture consumption characteristics quantitative evaluation: for according to evapotranspiration structure, in conjunction with soil moisture, in evapotranspiration process, they are different with ecological effectiveness to human being's production, according to the difference of soil moisture service function, the consumption effectiveness of soil water resources is divided into productivity consumption and unproductive consumption, on this basis, soil moisture divides into efficient consumption and inefficient consumption further to the size of human social economy's effect in consumption process; Meanwhile, consider the Modulatory character that soil moisture consumes, for Land_use change, so that the efficiency utilization of soil water resources can be instructed in practice for cardinal rule, its Modulatory character is made defining further.
In conjunction with unsatalation zone soil moisture consumption s tructure (see Fig. 6, the loop structure of regional scale unsatalation zone soil moisture), the consumption feature defined with soil moisture consumption in unsatalation zone system under Different land use condition is (see Fig. 7, the relation of soil water resources consumption s tructure and consumption effectiveness), namely can according to different with ecological effectiveness to human being's production for soil moisture consumption, according to the difference of resource service function, the consumption effectiveness of soil moisture is divided into productivity consumption and unproductive consumption, wherein productivity consumption mainly refers to the part that soil moisture plays a role in Economical service life, unproductive consumption mainly refers to the part of the natural, ecological action function of soil moisture, is for the output of economic society.On this basis, efficient consumption and inefficient consumption is divided into further according to human social economy's effect size again for the different function that consumes of performance.Also often effective consumption is called as unproductive consumption.In addition, consider that soil moisture is difficult to the reality regulated and controled, in conjunction with Land_use change, divide into controllable consumption and difficult regulation and control consumption further.
By above analysis, can realize the present embodiment ideal, namely large regions is based on the quantitative evaluation of the unsatalation zone soil moisture consumption characteristics of water circulation and energy circulation process.
Embodiment two:
The present embodiment is the improvement of embodiment one, is that embodiment one is with the refinement about " determination of holard subsystem hydrologic cycle components corresponding under unsatalation zone different underlying surface condition "." determination of holard subsystem hydrologic cycle components corresponding under unsatalation zone different underlying surface condition " described in the present embodiment comprises following sub-step:
1) determination of basic computational ele-ment, analyzes by full basin DEM and surveys based on water system polar plot, multiple sub basin that Universal Geographical Information System tool divides water circulation faults system;
2) determination of the unsatalation zone soil water evaporation transpiration in basic computational ele-ment corresponding to Different land use, by the area that patterns of land use possible in computing unit is respectively corresponding, carry out Area-weighted and determine the evapotranspiration of different computing unit, the evaporation of different units Different land use, rising item and comprehensive evapotranspiration item;
，（N=1，nlanduse） （1）
，（N=1，ncell） （2）
，（N
1=1，ncell；N
2= 1，nlanduse）（3）
Calculate that the comprehensive soil water evaporation of basic computational ele-ment is rising, the evapotranspiration of different computing unit and the tatol evapotranspiration in region in Land_use change situation of the same race.
Embodiment three:
The present embodiment is the improvement of embodiment one, is embodiment two about the refinement of the exchange of flux " and between surface water and groundwater subsystem ".The exchange of flux " and between surface water and groundwater subsystem " described in the present embodiment comprising: in a time step, in computing unit, water circulation faults system first completes surface water cycle process, with the exchanging and calculate every flux of water circulation in each sub basin of underground water and holard subsystem, wherein relevant with soil moisture vertical circulation flux comprises surface water body seepage increment, the base flow excretion of project scheming and river course, reservoir, wetland, canal system etc., and evaporation from phreatic water etc.:
(1) region of no relief is without the computing unit of side direction interflow
（4）
(2) there is the unit of account of side direction interflow Mountain Area
（5）
In formula:
s max for the maximum soil moisture content of the unit area soil body in the period,
w t1 for last period unit area soil body soil moisture content,
pfor quantity of precipitation flux,
i combined closure systemfor vegetation interception;
rsfor the flow path surface that precipitation is formed;
d fill out hollow amountfor filling out the hollow water yield;
p ooze under surface waterfor milliosmolarity under surface water,
e 2for evaporation from phreatic water flux, different from the difference of bury of groundwater, when diving technique is larger, can ignore;
rgfor deep percolation flux,
r horizontal side is to net inflow amountfor side direction interflow,
t 1,
t 2for the initial sum termination time of calculation interval, the unit of above variable is cm
3/ cm
2.
Embodiment four:
The present embodiment is the improvement of embodiment one, is the refinement of embodiment one about the spatial spreading technology based on sub basin.The water circulation faults system of the spatial spreading technology based on sub basin described in the present embodiment is SWAT water circulation faults system or WEP water circulation faults system.
Wherein SWAT water circulation model system: be that the agricultural research center of United States Department of Agriculture was in exploitation in 1994, its initial object is that under soil types, Land-Use and the control measures condition that prediction large watershed is complicated and changeable, land management is on the long-term impact of moisture, silt and chemical substance.Have passed through the development of nearly 20 years, the physical processes such as the circulation of moisture movement, silt conveying, plant growth and nutritional labeling can well reflect in a model by this model, can the dynamic conversion form of unsatalation zone soil moisture in the consideration natural water circulation process of relative system, comprising plant model be conducive to analyzing vegetation to the utilization of soil moisture.
WEP water circulation model system: be a kind of Distributed Hydrological Model based on water and energy conversion process.This model starts from nineteen ninety-five, and through the development of nearly 20 years, WEP model obtained updating perfect, has the basic functions such as river flow forecast, river network flood routing, Prediction of Groundwater Level, the prediction of mountain area distribution of Snow Cover Over, Prediction of Soil Water Content; And in simulation to unsatalation zone soil water movement, enhance the simulation of Plant Water Consumption and hot course of conveying.Of paramount importance, be that this model can also develop Water Resources Allocation module, macroeconomic model and its interface, can the concentrated expression effect of human activity, therefore, this model can provide detailed simulation to the dynamic conversion of the unsatalation zone soil moisture under natural and artificial acting in conjunction, well can support the consumption characteristics analysis of soil moisture.
Embodiment five:
The present embodiment is the improvement of embodiment one, is the refinement of embodiment one about data assimilation method.Data assimilation method described in the present embodiment is optimum interpolation method, the four-dimensional variational method, Kalman filter and develop on Kalman filter basis as set kalman filtering, wait the one of multiple filtering method.
Optimum interpolation method is, its ultimate principle is the covariance matrix of hypothesis ambient field error is permanent number, covariance matrix model, normally along with the function that distance is exponentially successively decreased, namely for each pattern variable, only has minority in its vicinity to observe the increment that could determine analysis.Be under certain assumed condition, best interpolation makes assay value be the optimal estimation algorithm of true value in minimum variance meaning.In optimum interpolation method, the assay value of net point is the preliminary valuation of net point or is called that model prediction value adds modified value to determine.Modified value is wherein obtained by the observed reading of corresponding point and the deviation weighting of first guess, the determination of weight decides according to assay value error is minimum, namely, on the basis of clear and definite prediction error conariance matrix and observational error covariance matrix, obtain by solving weight coefficient matrix.
The four-dimensional variational method: the simple popularization being the three-dimensional variational method, the method is the observational data utilized in space and regular hour window, Binding number binarization mode and prior imformation, in certain functional meaning, optimum determines the control variable such as initial value, boundary values and mode parameter, the process that the distance between thus obtained forecast and observation is minimum.
Kalman filter: be that one utilizes linear system state equation, revised by the predicted estimate of observation data to state variable and then obtain the optimal estimation of state variable.The error covariance square of its hypothesis ambient field is very fixed, usually adopts square error minimum principle, utilizes covariance matrix prognostic equation to calculate.Ensemble Kalman filter, kalman filtering basis is developed, and its error in judgement is the forecast utilizing monte carlo method to provide ambient field error statistics feature.
Finally it should be noted that, below only in order to technical scheme of the present invention to be described and unrestricted, can be and apply in water resource and ecologic environment field, also can be on this basis, revise in zones of different and within the scope of different soils layer and use, but do not depart from the spirit and scope of technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. an evaluation method for unsatalation zone soil moisture consumption characteristics, is characterized in that, described method comprises the steps:
Build the step of " the dynamic conversion model of unsatalation zone soil moisture subsystem ": in the horizontal direction, holard subsystem hydrologic cycle components corresponding under determining unsatalation zone different underlying surface condition, the spatial spreading technology based on rectangular node of employing or the spatial spreading technology based on sub basin, in vertical direction, by the exchange of flux between surface water and groundwater subsystem, from top to underground reservoir, be divided into vegetation from top to bottom or buildings retains layer, layer is stayed in the storage of depression, earth's surface, upper soll layer, transition belt, shallow underground water layer and deeper subsurface water layer, comprehensive natural subprocess simulation different from artificial water circulation, the model of the unsatalation zone soil moisture Detailed simulation that realization is border with earth's surface and ground water circulation flux,
The step of region unsatalation zone holard circulating analog: simulate for using soil water movement equation:
Upper soll layer:
,
Soil middle level:
,
Soil bottom:
,
In formula:
qfor gravity drainage,
qD j, j+1 for suction pressure causes
jlayer with
jmoisture diffusion between+1 layer of soil; ,
etr ij for vegetation evaporation;
r 2j for
jedaphic interflow;
esfor soil evaporation consume flux,
r 2j for
jedaphic interflow; ,
dfor soil horizon thickness,
θfor the maximum water-storage of topsoil,
jfor different soils layer, wherein
j=0 be depression storage layer,
j=1 be upper soll layer,
j=2 is soil middle level, the i.e. second layer,
j=3 is soil bottom, i.e. third layer;
The step of the data assimilation of hydrological model and the transpiration of remote-sensing inversion soil water evaporation: for adopting face, land energy equilibrium model, surface temperature is provided, albedo and vegetation attribute, to the evapotranspiration data of the additional space distributive law soil moisture of its inverting, by the spatial statistics function of ArcGIS, spread is to the Hydrologic response units of the dynamic conversion model of unsatalation zone soil moisture subsystem, then, data assimilation is carried out for time and additional space observation data, the analog result combined with modeling with remote-sensing inversion and single model simulation results judge, determine the model result after assimilating,
Determine the step of evapotranspiration structure: for the transforming principle in conjunction with unsatalation zone soil moisture, in conjunction with land use change survey, the comprehensive soil water evaporation that the evapotranspiration obtained under Different land use by the dynamic conversion modeling of unsatalation zone soil moisture subsystem consumes subitem and last computing unit is rising, according to the difference of Land-Use, soil water resources consumption s tructure is mainly summarized as i.e. crops or vegetation territory transpiration, crops or vegetation region soil Evaporation among plants, agricultural industry system exposed soil evaporates, and difficulty utilizes soil exposed soil evaporation four major types, determine evapotranspiration structure,
Carry out the step of soil moisture consumption characteristics quantitative evaluation: for according under evapotranspiration structure, in conjunction with soil moisture, in evapotranspiration process, they are different with ecological effectiveness to human being's production, according to the difference of soil moisture service function, the consumption effectiveness of soil water resources is divided into productivity consumption and unproductive consumption, on this basis, soil moisture divides into efficient consumption and inefficient consumption further to the size of human social economy's effect in consumption process; Meanwhile, consider the Modulatory character that soil moisture consumes, for Land_use change, so that the efficiency utilization of soil water resources can be instructed in practice for cardinal rule, its Modulatory character is made defining further.
2. method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described " determination of holard subsystem hydrologic cycle components corresponding under unsatalation zone different underlying surface condition " comprises following sub-step:
The determination of basic computational ele-ment, analyzes by full basin DEM and surveys based on water system polar plot, multiple sub basin that Universal Geographical Information System tool divides water circulation faults system;
The determination of the unsatalation zone soil water evaporation transpiration in basic computational ele-ment corresponding to Different land use, by the area that patterns of land use possible in computing unit is respectively corresponding, carry out Area-weighted and determine the evapotranspiration of different computing unit, the evaporation of different units Different land use, rising item and comprehensive evapotranspiration item;
，（N=1，nlanduse）,
，（N=1，ncell）,
，（N
1=1，ncell； N
2= 1，nlanduse）,
Calculate that the comprehensive soil water evaporation of computing unit is rising, the evapotranspiration of different computing unit and the tatol evapotranspiration in region in Land_use change situation of the same race.
3. method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described the exchange of flux " and between surface water and groundwater subsystem " comprising: in a time step, in computing unit, water circulation faults system first completes surface water cycle process, with the exchanging and calculate every flux of water circulation in each sub basin of underground water and holard subsystem, wherein relevant with soil moisture vertical circulation flux comprises project scheming and river course, reservoir, wetland, the surface water body seepage increment of canal system, base flow excretion, and evaporation from phreatic water:
Region of no relief is without the computing unit of side direction interflow:
,
There is the unit of account of side direction interflow Mountain Area:
,
In formula:
s max for the maximum soil moisture content of the unit area soil body in the period,
w t1 for last period unit area soil body soil moisture content,
pfor quantity of precipitation flux,
i combined closure systemfor vegetation interception;
rsfor the flow path surface that precipitation is formed;
d fill out hollow amountfor filling out the hollow water yield;
p ooze under surface waterfor milliosmolarity under surface water,
e 2for evaporation from phreatic water flux, different from the difference of bury of groundwater, when diving technique is larger, can ignore;
rgfor deep percolation flux,
r horizontal side is to net inflow amountfor side direction interflow,
t 1,
t 2for the initial sum termination time of calculation interval, the unit of above variable is cm
3/ cm
2.
4. method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the described spatial spreading technology based on sub basin, and the water circulation faults system of the described spatial spreading technology based on sub basin is SWAT water circulation faults system or WEP water circulation faults system.
5. method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described data assimilation method is the one in optimum interpolation method, the four-dimensional variational method, Kalman filter, EKF filter, ensemble Kalman filter.
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