CN105001416A - Solid lubrication negative ion reaction nylon and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Solid lubrication negative ion reaction nylon and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN105001416A CN105001416A CN201510328684.2A CN201510328684A CN105001416A CN 105001416 A CN105001416 A CN 105001416A CN 201510328684 A CN201510328684 A CN 201510328684A CN 105001416 A CN105001416 A CN 105001416A
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Abstract
The invention provides solid lubrication negative ion reaction nylon and a preparation method thereof. The negative ion reaction nylon is prepared by polymerization reaction of compounds containing with reaction nylon synthesizing monomer and solid lubricant, wherein in the compounds, the weight content of the reaction nylon synthesizing monomer is 92% to 98 %, and the weight content of the solid lubricant is 2% to 8%. The invention provides the reaction nylon which has good combination property and balance through a simple method.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of polymer materials, be specifically related to a kind of solid lubrication anionic reactive nylon and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Anionic reactive nylon (general name of monomer cast nylon, reaction injection nylon and reactive extrursion nylon) owing to adopting the method for anionoid polymerization, speed of response quickly, so be called for short rapid polymerization nylon.This kind of nylon is a kind of engineering plastics of excellent property, compared with common nylon 6, and molecular weight is higher, degree of crystallinity is high, mechanical property, self-lubricating property are good and the size of moulded products is unrestricted etc. feature that it has.Therefore, anionic reactive nylon in mine, metallurgy, machinery, light industry, chemical industry, weaving, papermaking, the field such as video have and generally apply.
At present, anionic reactive nylon is widely used in engineering machinery as wearing piece, but the development of technology thereupon, and simple anionic reactive nylon can not meet the demands.But, many performances of anionic reactive nylon, such as mechanical property, processing characteristics, frictional behaviour and fusing point, degree of crystallinity etc., often can not improve simultaneously, even usually produce shifting effect, be thus unfavorable for the raising of anionic reactive nylon over-all properties.According to adding multiple properties-correcting agent or producing anionic reactive nylon by multiple modification procedure, then need to improve material cost and equipment cost, increase the complicacy of production technique.Therefore, the anionic reactive nylon that the performance balance that can produce with the step of simple raw material, condition and simplification of exploitation is good has obvious industrial production meaning.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide the anionic reactive nylon that a kind of performance balance is good, it is prepared by simple step with simple material formula, and by adding suitable solid lubricant, it is made not only to have superior frictional behaviour, can also keep excellent mechanical property, the balance realizing anionic reactive properties of nylons is improved simultaneously.
The present invention also aims to the preparation method providing above-mentioned anionic reactive nylon, it is simple and easy to do.
According to the present invention, provide a kind of solid lubrication anionic reactive nylon, it is prepared through polyreaction by the composition comprising reaction nylon synthon and solid lubricant; Wherein, in the composition, the content of described reaction nylon synthon is 92-98 % by weight, and the content of described solid lubricant is 2-8 % by weight.
According to the present invention, described reaction nylon synthon is the monomer being usually used in preparing anionic reactive nylon in this area, as hexanolactam and/or laurolactam.
Add in the preparation process of anionic reactive nylon the frictional coefficient that lubricant can reduce product, improve its wear resistance.In the art, lubricant mainly contains solid lubricant and liquid lubricant.The Mechanism of Friction Reduction of solid lubricant is: solid lubricant forms transfer film on anionic reactive nylon surface, thus reduces friction.The Mechanism of Friction Reduction of liquid lubricant is: oil droplet evenly, is stably distributed in nylon body, can not separate out voluntarily as " being freezed ", and the oil droplet being only in top layer can be exuded to surperficial lubricate.
In the present invention, select solid lubricant as additive, to improve the wear resistance of anionic reactive nylon, and can not significantly affect its mechanical property etc.
According to the present invention, solid lubricant can be selected from least one in graphite, molybdenumdisulphide, tetrafluoroethylene, wollastonite, rare earth, carbon fiber and grease, is preferably molybdenumdisulphide and/or tetrafluoroethylene.
In a preferred embodiment, solid lubricant is molybdenumdisulphide is by weight 1:50-9:1 than tetrafluoroethylene, and the blended solid lubricant of preferred 1:25-2:1.
According to the preferred embodiments of the invention, in the composition, the content of described reaction nylon synthon is 94-98 % by weight, preferred 95-97 % by weight.
According to the preferred embodiments of the invention, in the composition, the content of described solid lubricant is 2-6 % by weight, is preferably 3-5 % by weight, most preferably 4 % by weight.As mentioned before, in the modification of anionic reactive nylon, the improvement of performance often causes the decline of other performances in a certain respect, even loses more than gain.This is the difficult point usually faced in this area, and the thinking solving this difficult point normally offsets the decline of the performance of certain aspect by increasing various respective additive, or by multiple procedure of processing, modification is carried out to intermediate or product, thus expend more manpower and materials.But in the present invention, the present inventor finds, by selecting suitable additive and suitable consumption thereof, the various aspects of performance of product can be made to be balanced well.Particularly, in the present invention, as long as select suitable solid lubricant, and its consumption is controlled proper, then while the frictional behaviour improving anionic reactive nylon, do not need other additives or modification procedure, other key propertys such as mechanical property also can be made to remain on good or acceptable level.
In some embodiments, anionic reactive nylon according to the present invention is prepared by polyreaction by the composition be made up of reaction nylon synthon and solid lubricant.That is, reaction raw materials only comprises reaction nylon synthon and solid lubricant, and does not need to add other properties-correcting agent and react.According to the present invention, the anionic reactive nylon with good performance balance (the well balanced property as frictional behaviour and mechanical property) also can be obtained in this case.
According to the present invention, additionally provide a kind of preparation method according to anionic reactive nylon as above provided by the invention, comprise reaction nylon synthon and solid lubricant to add in reactor and form composition, and add catalyzer and activator, thermal dehydration, then by the logistics mixing in reactor, pour polymerization forming in the mould of preheating into, take out cooling.
In an embodiment, divided by reaction nylon synthon two portions (preferred 1:1) to be respectively charged in reactor A and B, in reactor A, add solid lubricant, reactor A and B vacuumizes dehydration respectively; Then add catalyzer to reactor A, add activator to reactor B, reactor A and B continue to vacuumize dehydration; Mixing of materials in reactor A and B is even, pour the die for molding of preheating into.
According to method provided by the invention, the temperature vacuumizing dehydration is 110-140 DEG C, is preferably 130-140 DEG C; The time vacuumizing dehydration is 5-30min.
According to method provided by the invention, mold preheating temperature is 140-180 DEG C, preferred 160-170 DEG C; Molding time is in a mold 5-30min.
In the present invention, preferably vacuumize dehydration, vacuum tightness < 0.1MPa.
According to anionic reactive nylon prepared by method provided by the invention, take out cooling from mould after, can process further as required, as being processed into the sample of various needs.
According to method of the present invention, described catalyzer can be selected from least one in sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methylate, sodium ethylate, hexanolactam salt and Grignard reagent, preferred sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide.
According to the present invention, described activator can be selected from least one in isocyanic ester, sulphonate, carboxylicesters and acyl lactam.The acting as of described activator increases the active and catalyst activity of reactant reaction and makes polyreaction more complete.
The invention has the advantages that, by using suitable lubricant, especially the solid lubricant of certain content and nylon monomer one is used to react, achieve and prepare with simple and appropriate reactant formula the wear resistance having and obviously improve, possesses good mechanical property, the anionic reactive nylon of suitable degree of crystallinity and fusing point simultaneously.The present invention has significant explained hereafter value and significance.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 shows the DSC curve of the solid lubrication anionic reactive nylon of embodiment 1-4 and comparative example 1;
Fig. 2 shows the lubricant content of embodiment 1-4 and comparative example 1 to the impact of material friction performance;
Fig. 3 shows the load of embodiment 1-4 and comparative example 1 to the impact of solid lubrication nylon frictional coefficient;
Fig. 4 shows the solid lubrication agent content of embodiment 1-4 and comparative example 1 to the impact of reaction nylon frictional coefficient.
In above-mentioned accompanying drawing, mark " content 0% " refers to comparative example 1; " content 2% " reference embodiment 1; " content 4% " reference embodiment 2; " content 6% " reference embodiment 3; " content 8% " reference embodiment 4.
Embodiment
Below by specific embodiment, the present invention is further explained, but should be understood that scope of the present invention is not limited to these specific embodiments.
Partial reaction raw material:
Hexanolactam: top grade product, Yueyang petrochemical industry;
NaOH: catalyzer, analytical pure, Tianjin chemical reagent work;
C20P: activator, German Brueggemann Chemical Co., Ltd..
Performance test:
Tensile strength and elongation at break are pressed GB/T1040-2008 and are tested, room temperature, and rate of extension is 50mm/min;
Flexural strength presses GB/T9341-2008 test, and speed is 2mm/min;
Shock strength presses GB/T1043.1-2006 test;
Compressive strength (25% strain) is tested by GB/T1041-2008;
Face coefficient of contact friction, abrasion loss are pressed fortune loading truck No. 158 files and are performed;
Linear contact lay frictional coefficient, wear scar width, abrasion loss perform according to GB/T3960.
Embodiment 1
The solid lubricant (self-control solid lubricant: molybdenumdisulphide and teflon mixture weight ratio are 1:20) of the hexanolactam of 49 weight parts and 2 weight parts is added A reactor, the hexanolactam of 49 weight parts is added B reactor, A, B two still heat simultaneously, when hexanolactam melting, vacuumize dehydration (vacuum tightness 0.1MPa), stop after 10min vacuumizing.
Add catalyst n aOH to A still, add activator C20P to B still, A, B two still vacuumize dehydration simultaneously, temperature controls at 135 ± 5 DEG C, after 15min stop vacuumize.
By the material mixing of A, B two in still, pour in the mould being preheated to 165 DEG C, the demoulding after 10 minutes.Be cooled to room temperature, be processed into sample.
The performance of sample is tested, the results are shown in Table 1-3 and Fig. 1-4.
Embodiment 2
The solid lubricant (self-control solid lubricant: molybdenumdisulphide and teflon mixture weight ratio are 1:20) of the hexanolactam of 48 weight parts and 4 weight parts is added A reactor, the hexanolactam of 48 weight parts is added B reactor, A, B two still heat simultaneously, when hexanolactam melting, vacuumize dehydration (vacuum tightness 0.1MPa), stop after 10min vacuumizing.
Add catalyst n aOH to A still, add activator C20P to B still, A, B two still vacuumize dehydration simultaneously, temperature controls at 135 ± 5 DEG C, after 15min stop vacuumize.
By the material mixing of A, B two in still, pour in the mould being preheated to 165 DEG C, the demoulding after 10 minutes.Be cooled to room temperature, be processed into sample.
The performance of sample is tested, the results are shown in Table 1-3 and Fig. 1-4.
Embodiment 3
The solid lubricant (self-control solid lubricant: molybdenumdisulphide and teflon mixture weight ratio are 1:20) of the hexanolactam of 47 weight parts and 6 weight parts is added A reactor, the hexanolactam of 47 weight parts is added B reactor, A, B two still heat simultaneously, when hexanolactam melting, vacuumize dehydration (vacuum tightness 0.1MPa), stop after 10min vacuumizing.
Add catalyst n aOH to A still, add activator C20P to B still, A, B two still vacuumize dehydration simultaneously, temperature controls at 135 ± 5 DEG C, after 15min stop vacuumize.
By the material mixing of A, B two in still, pour in the mould being preheated to 165 DEG C, the demoulding after 10 minutes.Be cooled to room temperature, be processed into sample.
The performance of sample is tested, the results are shown in Table 1-3 and Fig. 1-4.
Embodiment 4
The solid lubricant (self-control solid lubricant: molybdenumdisulphide and teflon mixture weight ratio are 1:20) of the hexanolactam of 46 weight parts and 8 weight parts is added A reactor, the hexanolactam of 46 weight parts is added B reactor, A, B two still heat simultaneously, when hexanolactam melting, vacuumize dehydration (vacuum tightness 0.1MPa), stop after 10min vacuumizing.
Add catalyst n aOH to A still, add activator C20P to B still, A, B two still vacuumize dehydration simultaneously, temperature controls at 135 ± 5 DEG C, after 15min stop vacuumize.
By the material mixing of A, B two in still, pour in the mould being preheated to 165 DEG C, the demoulding after 10 minutes.Be cooled to room temperature, be processed into sample.
The performance of sample is tested, the results are shown in Table 1-3 and Fig. 1-4.
Embodiment 5
The solid lubricant (self-control solid lubricant: molybdenumdisulphide and teflon mixture weight ratio are 1:40) of the hexanolactam of 48 weight parts and 4 weight parts is added A reactor, the hexanolactam of 48 weight parts is added B reactor, A, B two still heat simultaneously, when hexanolactam melting, vacuumize dehydration (vacuum tightness 0.05MPa), stop after 15min vacuumizing.
Add catalyst sodium methoxide to A still, add activator C20P to B still, A, B two still vacuumize dehydration simultaneously, temperature controls at 130 ± 5 DEG C, after 10min stop vacuumize.
By the material mixing of A, B two in still, pour in the mould being preheated to 170 DEG C, the demoulding after 10 minutes.Be cooled to room temperature, be processed into sample.The performance of sample is tested.
Embodiment 6
The solid lubricant (self-control solid lubricant: molybdenumdisulphide and teflon mixture weight ratio are 9:1) of the hexanolactam of 48 weight parts and 4 weight parts is added A reactor, the hexanolactam of 48 weight parts is added B reactor, A, B two still heat simultaneously, when hexanolactam melting, vacuumize dehydration (vacuum tightness 0.1MPa), stop after 20min vacuumizing.
Add catalyst sodium methoxide to A still, add activator C20P to B still, A, B two still vacuumize dehydration simultaneously, temperature controls at 120 ± 5 DEG C, after 15min stop vacuumize.
By the material mixing of A, B two in still, pour in the mould being preheated to 160 DEG C, the demoulding after 20 minutes.Be cooled to room temperature, be processed into sample.The performance of sample is tested.
Comparative example 1
Experimental procedure is identical with embodiment 1, does not just add solid lubricant.
The performance of sample is tested, the results are shown in Table 1-3 and Fig. 1-4.
Result and discussion
The mechanical property of solid lubrication anionic reactive nylon
Table 1 is the mechanical property reflection of the anionic reactive nylon of embodiment 1-4 and comparative example 1.As known to the skilled person, the decline substantially that lubricant can cause nylon mechanical property is added.In the present invention, find (see table 1) through overtesting, along with the increase of solid lubrication agent content, the tensile strength of material, elongation at break, flexural strength, compressive strength are in reduction gradually.But as can be seen from Table 1, the fall of the tensile strength of embodiment 1-3, elongation at break, flexural strength and compressive strength is also little, and especially embodiment 2 and 3, tensile strength, elongation at break and flexural strength are almost constant.In addition, can also find, shock strength presents the trend first raising and reduce afterwards, and the shock strength of embodiment 1-4 is all greater than comparative example 1; When solid lubrication agent content is the content left and right of embodiment 2, the shock strength of material is the highest.Its major cause may be the interpolation of solid lubricant, have impact on the crystallization of reaction nylon, causes the decline of the degree of crystallinity of nylon.
In general, the mechanical property of the anionic reactive nylon of embodiment 1-3 has good balance.
The mechanical property of table 1 solid lubrication anionic reactive nylon
Parameter | Comparative example 1 | Embodiment 1 | Embodiment 2 | Embodiment 3 | Embodiment 4 |
Solid lubrication agent content, % | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 |
Tensile strength, MPa | 73.0 | 67.1 | 62.5 | 62.5 | 54.8 |
Elongation at break, % | 29.0 | 28.3 | 25.6 | 25 | 21.0 |
Flexural strength, MPa | 96.9 | 95 | 94.4 | 94.0 | 75.3 |
Compressive strength, MPa | 120.0 | 111.3 | 107 | 100.5 | 97 |
Shock strength, KJ/m 2 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 6.0 | 4.8 | 4.6 |
Solid lubricant is on the impact of anionic reactive nylon fusing point and degree of crystallinity
Table 2 shows fusing point and the degree of crystallinity of the anionic reactive nylon of embodiment 1-4 and comparative example 1.By introducing solid lubricant, reducing the fusing point of anionic reactive nylon, reducing the degree of crystallinity of anionic reactive nylon simultaneously.Cause the major cause of this result to be adding of solid lubricant, hinder the crystallization of anionic reactive nylon.
Table 2 solid lubricant is on the impact of anionic reactive nylon fusing point, degree of crystallinity
The face contact friction performance of solid lubrication anionic reactive nylon
Friction-motion speed is on the impact of frictional behaviour
Fig. 2 provides, and load is 5MPa, the comparison of the frictional behaviour of exemplar under different travelling speed of embodiment 1-4 and comparative example 1.(with reference to figure 2a) is found by test of the present invention, compared to comparative example 1, for each travelling speed, the frictional coefficient of the exemplar of embodiment 1-4 is along with the increase of solid lubricant content is in the trend risen afterwards that first declines, when solid lubrication agent content is about 4% (embodiment 2), the frictional coefficient of anionic reactive nylon is minimum.For same anionic reactive nylon exemplar, the increase of its friction coefficient exemplar travelling speed and reducing.From Fig. 2 b, under identical travelling speed, the abrasion loss of exemplar first reduces rear increase along with the content of solid lubricant, between the content that solid lubrication agent content is embodiment 1-3, the content left and right of especially embodiment 2 time, the abrasion loss of reaction nylon also presents minimum.
Comprehensive above analysis, the frictional behaviour of the anionic reactive nylon of embodiment 1-3 behaves oneself best.
Different loads is on the impact of frictional coefficient
Fig. 3 provides, and is 0.08m/s to mill body travelling speed, under different loads condition, and the comparison of the frictional behaviour of the anionic reactive nylon of embodiment 1-4 and comparative example 1.Find (with reference to figure 3a) by test of the present invention, compared to comparative example 1, for each load-up condition, the frictional coefficient of the exemplar of embodiment 1-4 presents the trend first declining and raise afterwards; The frictional coefficient of the anionic reactive nylon performance of embodiment 2 is minimum, and when applied load is 7-9MPa, the frictional coefficient of material is about 0.13.In addition, solid anion reaction nylon frictional coefficient reduces along with the increase of load.Its major cause is, along with the increasing of load, friction temperature raises, and is conducive to the generation of transfer film, thus frictional coefficient is reduced.Equally, can find out from Fig. 3 b, along with the increase of load, the abrasion loss of material also presents the trend first declining and rise afterwards, and the polishing machine of the material of embodiment 1-3 behaves oneself best.Especially the polishing machine of the material of embodiment 2 is optimum, and when load is 9MPa, abrasion loss is 0.98mg.
The linear contact lay tribological property of solid lubrication anionic reactive nylon
Table 3 has reacted the comparison of the frictional coefficient of the anionic reactive nylon of embodiment 1-4 and comparative example 1, wear scar width and abrasion loss.As shown in Table 3, along with the increase of solid lubrication agent content, frictional coefficient, wear scar width and abrasion loss present the trend first reducing to rise afterwards.Better, especially embodiment 2, the frictional coefficient of its reaction nylon is 0.16, wear scar width 2.26mm, abrasion loss 0.1mg, and the frictional behaviour of its performance behaves oneself best in the frictional behaviour performance of embodiment 1-3.Fig. 4 shows the tribology curve of the anionic reactive nylon of embodiment 1-4 and comparative example 1.Be surprised to find (with reference to figure 4) from the present invention's test, especially embodiment 2-3, its reaction nylon friction coefficient curve presents very stable state, and other friction coefficient curve all presents the trend increased progressively gradually, and especially the frictional coefficient of comparative example 1 rises obviously in time.
The addition of table 3 solid lubricant is on the impact of reaction nylon frictional behaviour
Parameter | Comparative example 1 | Embodiment 1 | Embodiment 2 | Embodiment 3 | Embodiment 4 |
Solid lubrication agent content, % | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 |
Frictional coefficient | 0.97 | 0.50 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.59 |
Wear scar width (mm) | 4.79 | 3.16 | 2.26 | 2.28 | 3.19 |
Abrasion loss (mg) | 1.43 | 1.08 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.93 |
Conclusion
Solid lubrication anionic reactive nylon is obtained by in-situ polymerization, and the interpolation of solid lubricant can affect the mechanical property of material, also can reduce degree of crystallinity and the fusing point of anionic reactive nylon simultaneously.The interpolation of solid lubricant can effectively reduce frictional coefficient and the abrasion loss of material.When addition manner is proper, the interpolation of lubricant not only can not reduce the mechanical property of negatively charged ion nylon too much, can also significantly improve wear resisting property.Such as, according to negatively charged ion nylon prepared by embodiment of the present invention 1-3, under face contact friction condition and linear contact lay friction condition, its frictional behaviour behaves oneself best, and mechanical property and frictional behaviour have best balance.
Above embodiment 1-4 gives using graphite and tetrafluoroethylene as the exemplary tests data of solid lubricant, also similar negatively charged ion properties of nylons trend is shown when using other solid lubricants as defined herein, the negatively charged ion properties of nylons of embodiment 5-6 is similar to Example 2, does not all repeat at this.
The present invention, not by the restriction of conventional thinking, by simply adding solid lubricant and selecting suitable addition, obtains the negatively charged ion nylon that performance balance is good, has significant progress.
Although the present invention is described in detail, for a person skilled in the art, the amendment in spirit and scope of the invention will be apparent.In addition, should be understood that, each side that the present invention records, each several part of different embodiment and the various features enumerated can be combined or all or part of exchange.In each above-mentioned embodiment, those embodiments with reference to another embodiment can suitably combine with other embodiment, and this is by understand by those skilled in the art.In addition, the description that it will be understood to those of skill in the art that above is only the mode of example, is not intended to limit the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a solid lubrication anionic reactive nylon, it is prepared through polyreaction by the composition comprising reaction nylon synthon and solid lubricant; Wherein, in the composition, the content of described reaction nylon synthon is 92-98 % by weight, and the content of described solid lubricant is 2-8 % by weight.
2. anionic reactive nylon according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described reaction nylon synthon is hexanolactam and/or laurolactam.
3. anionic reactive nylon according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterized in that, described solid lubricant is selected from least one in graphite, molybdenumdisulphide, tetrafluoroethylene, wollastonite, rare earth, carbon fiber and grease, be preferably molybdenumdisulphide and/or tetrafluoroethylene, more preferably molybdenumdisulphide is by weight the blended solid lubricant of 1:50-9:1 than tetrafluoroethylene.
4. the anionic reactive nylon according to any one of claim 1-3, is characterized in that, in the composition, the content of described reaction nylon synthon is 94-98 % by weight, preferred 95-97 % by weight; The content of described solid lubricant is 2-6 % by weight, is preferably 3-5 % by weight, most preferably 4 % by weight.
5. the anionic reactive nylon according to any one of claim 1-4, is characterized in that, described anionic reactive nylon is prepared by the composition be made up of reaction nylon synthon and solid lubricant.
6. the preparation method as the anionic reactive nylon in claim 1-5 as described in any one, comprise reaction nylon synthon and solid lubricant to add in reactor and form composition, and add catalyzer and activator, vacuum hydro-extraction, then by the logistics mixing in reactor, pour polymerization forming in the mould of preheating into, take out cooling.
7. method according to claim 6, is characterized in that, the temperature of described vacuum hydro-extraction is 1110-140 DEG C; Dewatering time is 5-30min.
8. the method according to claim 6 or 7, is characterized in that, the temperature of described mould is 140-180 DEG C; The polymerization forming time is in a mold 5-30min.
9. the method according to any one of claim 6-8, is characterized in that, described catalyzer is selected from least one in sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methylate, sodium ethylate, hexanolactam salt and Grignard reagent.
10. the method according to any one of claim 6-9, is characterized in that, described activator is selected from least one in isocyanic ester, sulphonate, carboxylicesters and acyl lactam.
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CN106977915A (en) * | 2017-04-21 | 2017-07-25 | 河南省金航工程塑料有限公司 | It is a kind of for nylon monomer-cast nylon material of skates and preparation method thereof |
CN114015171A (en) * | 2021-12-15 | 2022-02-08 | 中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所 | Core-shell structure lubricant and application thereof in MC nylon |
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Application publication date: 20151028 |