CN104987526A - Polypropylene series resin composite foam particle, and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Polypropylene series resin composite foam particle, and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a polypropylene series resin composite foam particle, and a preparation method and an application thereof, and belongs to the technical filed of foam materials. Technical problems of high molding pressure in a polypropylene series resin composite foam particle die, high preparation cost and long molding cycle in the prior art are solved. The foam particle is prepared through a dispersion medium release technology of blended resin particles, the cell diameters of the foam particle sequentially increase from inside to outside, and the average cell diameter Rs of a skin layer and the average cell diameter R0 of a core layer meet the following relationship: Rs/R0 is not smaller than 1 and not greater than 5; and the blended resin particles contain matrix resin and an inorganic separant, the mass fraction of the inorganic separant is 1-20%, the matrix resin is polypropylene series resin, and the inorganic separant is a layered inorganic substance. When the foam particle is used to prepare a foam body, the steam consumption is greatly reduced, the forming cycle is shortened, and the preparation cost is reduced; and the foam body obtained in the invention has smooth surface and excellent compliance.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to foam material technical field, be specifically related to composite foamed particle of a kind of polypropylene-based resin and preparation method thereof and application.
Background technology
The expanded bead molding that polypropylene-based resin is formed is owing to having good cushioning ability and thermotolerance, in recent years, more and more extensive in the application in automotive field, electronic product packaging field.But the fusing point of polypropylene-based resin is higher, in order at in-molded polypropylene resin foam particle, need the water vapor pressure of at least 0.4Mpa, the steam vapour amount of 10-40kg.Along with environmental requirement is more and more higher, the use of coal firing boiler is subject to increasing restriction, and the production cost of the expanded bead molding that the consumption of water vapour also causes polypropylene-based resin to form is more and more higher, in addition, the shaping cycle of in-molded polypropylene resin foam particle is longer.So need the polypropylene composite material expanded beads that a kind of in-molded time is short, forming pressure is little badly.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to solve the in-molded pressure of polypropylene composite material expanded beads in prior art high, the technical problem that preparation cost is high, shaping cycle is long, provides composite foamed particle of a kind of polypropylene-based resin and preparation method thereof and application.
The technical scheme that the present invention solves the problems of the technologies described above employing is as follows.
The composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin, is prepared from through dispersion medium method for releasing by blending resin particle;
The cell diameter of described expanded beads increases from the inside to the outside successively, cortex mean cell diameter Rs and sandwich layer mean cell diameter R
0meet following relational expression: 1≤Rs/R
0≤ 5;
Described blending resin particle is cylindrical structural, and diameter is 0.5-2mm, is highly 1-2 times of diameter, containing matrix resin and inorganic separant in blending resin particle, matrix resin is polypropylene-based resin, and inorganic separant is laminated inorganic matter, and the mass percent of inorganic separant is 1-20%.
Preferably, described polypropylene-based resin is one or more the mixing in ethylene-propylene random copolymer, propene-1-butene-1 random copolymers, ene-propylene-butene-1 random copolymers.
Preferably, also containing additive in described blending resin particle, described additive is one or more the mixing in toughner, oxidation inhibitor, ultraviolet screener, static inhibitor, fire retardant, metal passivator, pigment, dyestuff, nucleator, bladder regulator, and the mass ratio of matrix resin and additive is 100:(0.1-30).
Preferably, described toughner is one or more the mixing in PP-g-MA, POE-g-MA, PE-g-MA, and described bladder regulator is one or more the mixing in zinc borate, talcum powder, calcium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide.
Preferably, described inorganic separant is one or more the mixing in polynite, mica, kaolin, Graphene, lamellar graphite.
Preferably, described cortex mean cell diameter Rs and sandwich layer mean cell diameter R
0meet following relational expression: 1.2≤Rs/R
0≤ 3.
The preparation method of the composite foamed particle of above-mentioned polypropylene-based resin, comprises the following steps:
Step one, matrix resin and inorganic separant are mixed after, add in forcing machine, with wire melting coextrusion, cooling, pelletizing, obtain blending resin particle;
When also containing additive in blending resin particle, after additive, matrix resin and inorganic separant being mixed, add in forcing machine, with wire melting coextrusion, cooling, pelletizing, obtain blending resin particle;
Step 2, blending resin particle, whipping agent, tensio-active agent, dispersion agent and dispersion medium are added in encloses container, the temperature than low 5-10 DEG C of blowing temperature is heated under stirring, insulation 10-60min, be warming up to blowing temperature, continue insulation 15-60min at a constant temperature, open encloses container, under blending resin particle, whipping agent, tensio-active agent, dispersion agent and dispersion medium are discharged into the environment lower than the pressure in encloses container, foaming, obtains the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin;
Described blowing temperature is the blowing temperature of matrix resin in blending resin particle;
The weight part ratio of described blending resin particle, tensio-active agent, dispersion agent and dispersion medium is 100:(0.0001-0.5): (0.1-15): (100-500);
In described encloses container, the pressure of whipping agent is 0.6-6MPa.
Preferably, described whipping agent is propane, butane, hexane, heptane, tetramethylene, hexanaphthene, chlorofluoromethane, trifluoromethane, 1,2-C2H4F2 C2H4F2,1,1, one or more mixing in 1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, monochloro methane, monochloroethane, methylene dichloride, nitrogen, oxygen, air, carbonic acid gas.
The application of the composite foamed particle of above-mentioned polypropylene-based resin, that composite foamed for polypropylene-based resin particle is placed in mould, in-molded, obtain expanded moldings, the described in-molded pressure pressure in-molded with the expanded beads of corresponding matrix resin is identical, in-molded water vapour consumption is less than the in-molded water vapour consumption of the expanded beads of corresponding matrix resin, and the in-molded cycle is shorter than expanded beads in-molded cycle of corresponding matrix resin.
Preferably, the in-molded pressure of the composite foamed particle of described polypropylene-based resin is 0.28-0.46MPa (G), and the in-molded cycle is 100-140s, and the consumption of in-molded water vapour is 20-35kg/kg.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1, the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin of the present invention, by the blending resin particle containing polypropylene-based resin and inorganic separant, foam under the effect of whipping agent and form, existence due to inorganic separant have impact on the perviousness of whipping agent, whipping agent is caused to there is radial distribution in blending resin particle, namely whipping agent in blending resin particle surface concentration higher than blending resin granular center, the penetration time of blending resin particle and whipping agent is controlled by controlling foaming condition, the blending resin particle with density of foaming agent Gradient distribution can be obtained, then by release whipping agent and blending resin particle under normal pressure, thus obtain expanded beads of the present invention, there is between expanded beads of the present invention excellent amalgamation,
2, the preparation method of the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin of the present invention is simple, easily operates;
3, the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin of the present invention, general forming machine can be adopted shaping, when in-molded, because the outer field cell diameter of expanded beads is large, cell wall is thin, the steam of the bonding needs of expanded beads is reduced, shaping cycle shortens, so obtain polypropylene resin foam formed body by this expanded beads can greatly reduce steam consumption, steam consumption is 20-35kg/kg, shorten shaping cycle, shaping cycle is 100-140s, reduce the cost of preparation, the expanded moldings smooth surface obtained, pliability is excellent, be suitable for various wrapping material, cushioning material etc.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the electron scanning micrograph of the blending resin particle section of the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Embodiment
In order to understand the present invention further, below in conjunction with embodiment, the preferred embodiments of the invention are described, but should be appreciated that these describe just as further illustrating the features and advantages of the present invention instead of the restriction to patent requirements of the present invention.
The composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin, is prepared from through dispersion medium method for releasing by blending resin particle, and the cell diameter of this composite foamed particle increases from the inside to the outside successively, cortex mean cell diameter Rs and sandwich layer mean cell diameter R
0meet following relational expression: 1≤Rs/R
0≤ 5, as 1≤Rs/R
0during <1.2, due to expanded beads cortical vesicle bore dia and the direct difference of sandwich layer abscess less, it is not fairly obvious for shortening shaping cycle and reducing the effect of steam consumption, works as 3<Rs/R
0when≤5, skin expanded beads cortical vesicle bore dia is excessive, and cell wall is excessively thin, and easily subsiding in water vapour hot briquetting process causes expanded moldings size deviation excessive, so preferred 1.2≤Rs/R
0≤ 3, by industrial general requirement, the particle diameter of composite foamed particle is generally 2-5mm.Wherein, blending resin particle is cylindrical structural, and diameter is 0.5-2mm, be highly 1-2 times of diameter, blending resin particle mainly containing matrix resin and inorganic separant, also may contain additive, the quality of inorganic separant accounts for the 1-20% of blending resin particle total mass, preferred 2-5%.This composite foamed particle can matrix resin in blending resin particle expanded beads in-molded pressure under carry out in-molded, do not need to improve pressure, shorten shaping cycle, reduce steam consumption, general in-molded pressure is 0.28-0.46MPa (G), steam consumption is 20-35kg/kg, and shaping cycle is 100-140s.
In above-mentioned matrix resin, polypropylene-based resin is those skilled in the art's common used material, ethylene-propylene random copolymer, propene-1-butene-1 random copolymers, ene-propylene-butene-1 random copolymers etc., can adopt a kind of also can be multiple mixing in any proportion.Additive can be toughner, oxidation inhibitor, ultraviolet screener, static inhibitor, fire retardant, metal passivator, pigment, dyestuff, nucleator, bladder regulator etc.Wherein, toughner can be PP-g-MA, POE-g-MA, PE-g-MA etc.; Bladder regulator can be the inorganic powders such as zinc borate, talcum powder, calcium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide.Concrete additive and consumption thereof are polypropylene-based resin modification typical additives and consumption, and the mass ratio of general matrix resin and additive is 100:(0.1-30).
Above-mentioned inorganic separant is laminated inorganic matter, and can adopt a kind of also can be multiple mixing in any proportion, as polynite, mica, kaolin, Graphene, lamellar graphite etc.
The preparation method of the composite foamed particle of above-mentioned polypropylene-based resin comprises the following steps:
Step one, matrix resin and inorganic separant are mixed after, add in forcing machine, with wire melting coextrusion, cooling, pelletizing, obtains blending resin particle;
Wherein, the hybrid mode of matrix resin and inorganic separant does not limit, as long as mix, mixes or original position mixing as adopted solution; When in blending resin particle also containing additive time, additive, matrix resin and inorganic separant are mixed in the lump, or matrix resin is replaced with additive agent modified after matrix resin, other operations are constant;
Forcing machine can be twin screw extruder or single screw extrusion machine, and extrusion temperature is more than matrix resin fusing point;
Step 2, by blending resin particle, whipping agent, tensio-active agent, dispersion agent and dispersion medium add in autoclave, the temperature than low 5-10 DEG C of the blowing temperature of the matrix resin in blending resin particle is heated under stirring, insulation 10-60min, soaking time is lower than 10min, whipping agent infiltration is poor, be difficult to obtain powerful expanded beads, soaking time is greater than 60min, whipping agent obtains osmotic equilibrium in resin particle, expanded beads sandwich layer is identical with cortical vesicle bore dia, can not get effect of the present invention, be warming up to blowing temperature, after continuing insulation 15-60min at a constant temperature, whipping agent infiltrates blending resin particle, open autoclave, while more than the vapour pressure keeping the pressure in autoclave at whipping agent, by blending resin particle, whipping agent, tensio-active agent, under dispersion agent and dispersion medium are discharged into the environment lower than the pressure in autoclave, generally be discharged in atmospheric pressure environment, foaming, obtain the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin.Wherein, dispersion medium is water or alcohols, considers, preferably water from work angle.Tensio-active agent is Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate.Dispersion agent is kaolin, talcum powder, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, alkali calcium phosphate etc.Whipping agent can be organic system pneumatogen, as aliphatics alkanes such as propane, butane, hexane, heptane, chlorofluoromethane, trifluoromethane, 1,2-C2H4F2 C2H4F2,1,1, the halo alkanes such as 1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, monochloro methane, monochloroethane, methylene dichloride, the annular aliphatic such as tetramethylene, hexanaphthene alkanes; Also can be inorganic system pneumatogen, as nitrogen, oxygen, air, carbonic acid gas etc.; Organic system pneumatogen and inorganic system pneumatogen can also be combined; Be easy to get calmly low bulk density expanded beads angle consider, one or more the inorganic system pneumatogen in preferred nitrogen, oxygen, air, carbonic acid gas.Usually, the mass ratio of blending resin particle, tensio-active agent, dispersion agent and dispersion medium is 100:(0.0001-0.5): (0.1-15): (100-500), the loading level of the whipping agent in autoclave is suitably selected according to the apparent density of the kind of whipping agent used, blowing temperature and target expanded beads, general under blowing temperature, ensure that the pressure of whipping agent in autoclave is 0.6-6MPa.It should be noted that, usually require that the apparent density of expanded beads is less, the pressure in above-mentioned autoclave is higher, and wish that the apparent density of target expanded beads is larger, the pressure in above-mentioned autoclave is lower.
The application of the composite foamed particle of above-mentioned polypropylene-based resin, that composite foamed for polypropylene-based resin particle is placed in mould, in-molded, water-cooled, until the face pressure of formed body in mould reaches 0.030-0.039MPa (G), formed body is taken out from mould, 8-24h is maintained at 50-80 DEG C, be cooled to room temperature, obtain expanded moldings, wherein, the in-molded pressure pressure in-molded with the expanded beads of the matrix resin in blended resin particle is identical, be generally 0.28-0.46MPa (G), the water vapour consumption that the expanded beads of the matrix resin that in-molded water vapour consumption is more corresponding is in-molded reduces 5%-30%, consumption is generally only 20-35kg/kg, the in-molded cycle time 5%-30% of expanded beads of the matrix resin that the in-molded cycle is more corresponding, the in-molded cycle is generally 100-140s, the expanded beads of definition matrix resin discharges foaming by matrix resin body (polypropylene-based resin body) through dispersion medium and is prepared from, compared with the present invention, namely inorganic separant is not added, other conditions are all identical.
Polypropylene-based resin of the present invention composite foamed particle cortex mean cell diameter Rs and sandwich layer mean cell diameter R
0measuring method as follows: first being divided equally by an expanded beads is two parts, amplifies its section afterwards under the microscope and section is entered completely, take its section, as shown in Figure 1.According to its photo, photo draws straight line and section is roughly divided equally be two parts, do great circle by the length of straight line as diameter, the quantity of all abscesses of great circle circumference process is divided by the cortex mean cell diameter of great circle circumference income value as an expanded beads.With the center of circle of great circle for the center of circle, with 1/4th of axis of great circle for diameter makes roundlet, the quantity of all abscesses of roundlet circumference process is divided by the sandwich layer mean cell diameter of roundlet circumference income value as an expanded beads.Carry out identical operation to 20 expanded beads, mean value of doing sums respectively is as cortex mean cell diameter Rs and sandwich layer mean cell diameter R
0.
The present invention is further illustrated below in conjunction with embodiment and comparative example.
Embodiment 1-15
The preparation of the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin:
Step one, by the composition of table 1 and table 2 and proportioning, in forcing machine, add the matrix resin of 100 weight parts and inorganic separant, melt extrude, cooling, pelletizing, obtaining diameter is 1mm, and length is 1.8mm, and weight in average is the blending resin particle of 1.8mg;
Step 2, the above-mentioned blending resin particle of 100 weight parts (1000g) is added in the autoclave of 5L, 300 weight parts waters, 0.05 weight part Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, 0.3 parts by weight kaolin clay and carbonic acid gas (pressure under the carbonic acid gas guarantee blowing temperature be filled with in autoclave is 6MPa), warming while stirring is to the temperature than the table 1 of correspondence and low 5 DEG C of the blowing temperature of table 2, insulation 15min, then the blowing temperature in table 1 and table 2 and foamed time is adopted respectively, whipping agent is made to infiltrate blending resin particle, open autoclave, carbonic acid gas is supplied in autoclave, while keeping pressure in autoclave more than the vapour pressure of whipping agent, release blending resin particle, water, Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, kaolin and carbonic acid gas are under atmospheric pressure environment, foaming, obtain composite foamed particle.
The composite foamed particle obtained by embodiment 1-15 is washed respectively, centrifugal, and after under atmospheric pressure placement 24h maintains, measure the apparent density of expanded beads, result as shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
The application of above-mentioned composite foamed particle:
Forming machine uses the small-scale forming machine that can tolerate the saturated vapour pressure of 0.48MPa (G), and mould adopts the metal pattern with 100mm × 100mm × 50mm molding space.Under the state that metal pattern leaves gap (about 5mm), by composite foamed particles filled in metal pattern, matched moulds, after discharging the air in metal pattern, the composite foamed particle of embodiment 1-15 is applied respectively to the vapor pressure of table 1 and table 2, after in-molded, water-cooled, until the face pressure of formed body in metal pattern reaches 0.039MPa (G), formed body is taken out from metal pattern, at 80 DEG C, maintain 24h, be cooled to room temperature, obtain expanded moldings.
Embodiment 1-15 shaping cycle and water vapour amounts specified and table 1 and table 2, measure the compressive strength of the expanded moldings that embodiment 1-15 obtains, outward appearance respectively, result as shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
Comparative example 1-3
The preparation of the expanded beads of matrix resin:
Step one, composition by table 2, add matrix resin, melt extrude in forcing machine, cooling, pelletizing, and obtaining diameter is 1mm, and length is 1.8mm, and weight in average is the matrix resin particles of 1.8mg;
Step 2, identical with the step 2 of embodiment 1-15, obtain the expanded beads of matrix resin.
The expanded beads of the matrix resin obtained by comparative example 1-3 is washed respectively, centrifugal, and after under atmospheric pressure placement 24h maintains, measure the apparent density of expanded beads, result is as shown in table 2.
The application of above-mentioned composite foamed particle: identical with embodiment 1-15.
Comparative example 1-3 shaping cycle and water vapour amounts specified and table 2, measure the compressive strength of the expanded moldings that comparative example 1-3 obtains, outward appearance respectively, result is as shown in table 2.
Table 1 is the proportioning of embodiment 1-9, condition of molding and detected result
Table 2 is the proportioning of embodiment 10-15 and comparative example 1-3, condition of molding and detected result
In table 1 and table 2, A represents ethylene-propylene random copolymer (fusing point 140 DEG C), and B represents propene-1-butene-1 random copolymers (fusing point 135 DEG C), and C represents ene-propylene-butene-1 random copolymers (146 DEG C).Shaping cycle represents the time required for shaping every mould product, and steam consumption represents the steam by weight required for every kilogram of expanded beads, and expanded bead molding outward appearance is characterized by the hollow number between the expanded beads in 100 expanded beads areas.Hollow between expanded beads is denoted as X more than 50 places, is denoted as O less than 50 places.
As can be seen from Table 1 and Table 2, the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin of embodiment 1-15 consumes water vapor amount and compares with corresponding comparative example 1-3, and reduce 5%-30%, shaping cycle shortens 5%-30%.The steam vapour amount particularly consumed in embodiment 8 to compare with comparative example 1 and reduces 37%.The steam vapour amount that embodiment 15 consumes compares with comparative example 3 and reduces 20%.Expanded beads of the present invention is described, significantly can reduces water vapour consumption in moulding process, shorten shaping cycle.Wherein, the expanded beads of embodiment 9 due to expanded beads cortical vesicle bore dia excessive, cause end article degraded appearance, so the present invention preferably 1.2≤Rs/R
0≤ 3.
Obviously, the explanation of above embodiment just understands method of the present invention and core concept thereof for helping.It should be pointed out that the those of ordinary skill for described technical field, under the premise without departing from the principles of the invention, can also carry out some improvement and modification to the present invention, these improve and modify and also fall in the protection domain of the claims in the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin, is characterized in that, is prepared from through dispersion medium method for releasing by blending resin particle;
The cell diameter of described expanded beads increases from the inside to the outside successively, cortex mean cell diameter Rs and sandwich layer mean cell diameter R
0meet following relational expression: 1≤Rs/R
0≤ 5;
Described blending resin particle is cylindrical structural, and diameter is 0.5-2mm, is highly 1-2 times of diameter, containing matrix resin and inorganic separant in blending resin particle, matrix resin is polypropylene-based resin, and inorganic separant is laminated inorganic matter, and the mass percent of inorganic separant is 1-20%.
2. the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described polypropylene-based resin is one or more the mixing in ethylene-propylene random copolymer, propene-1-butene-1 random copolymers, ene-propylene-butene-1 random copolymers.
3. the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, also containing additive in described blending resin particle, described additive is one or more the mixing in toughner, oxidation inhibitor, ultraviolet screener, static inhibitor, fire retardant, metal passivator, pigment, dyestuff, nucleator, bladder regulator, and the mass ratio of matrix resin and additive is 100:(0.1-30).
4. the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin according to claim 3, it is characterized in that, described toughner is one or more the mixing in PP-g-MA, POE-g-MA, PE-g-MA, and described bladder regulator is one or more the mixing in zinc borate, talcum powder, calcium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide.
5. the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described inorganic separant is one or more the mixing in polynite, mica, kaolin, Graphene, lamellar graphite.
6. the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described cortex mean cell diameter Rs and sandwich layer mean cell diameter R
0meet following relational expression: 1.2≤Rs/R
0≤ 3.
7. the preparation method of the polypropylene-based resin composite foamed particle of claim 1-6 described in any one, is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
Step one, matrix resin and inorganic separant are mixed after, add in forcing machine, with wire melting coextrusion, cooling, pelletizing, obtain blending resin particle;
When also containing additive in blending resin particle, after additive, matrix resin and inorganic separant being mixed, add in forcing machine, with wire melting coextrusion, cooling, pelletizing, obtain blending resin particle;
Step 2, blending resin particle, whipping agent, tensio-active agent, dispersion agent and dispersion medium are added in encloses container, the temperature than low 5-10 DEG C of blowing temperature is heated under stirring, insulation 10-60min, be warming up to blowing temperature, continue insulation 15-60min at a constant temperature, open encloses container, under blending resin particle, whipping agent, tensio-active agent, dispersion agent and dispersion medium are discharged into the environment lower than the pressure in encloses container, foaming, obtains the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin;
Described blowing temperature is the blowing temperature of matrix resin in blending resin particle;
The weight part ratio of described blending resin particle, tensio-active agent, dispersion agent and dispersion medium is 100:(0.0001-0.5): (0.1-15): (100-500);
In described encloses container, the pressure of whipping agent is 0.6-6MPa.
8. the preparation method of the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin according to claim 7, it is characterized in that, described whipping agent is propane, butane, hexane, heptane, tetramethylene, hexanaphthene, chlorofluoromethane, trifluoromethane, 1,2-C2H4F2 C2H4F2,1,1, one or more mixing in 1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, monochloro methane, monochloroethane, methylene dichloride, nitrogen, oxygen, air, carbonic acid gas.
9. the application of the polypropylene-based resin composite foamed particle of claim 1-6 described in any one, that composite foamed for polypropylene-based resin particle is placed in mould, in-molded, obtain expanded moldings, it is characterized in that, the described in-molded pressure pressure in-molded with the expanded beads of corresponding matrix resin is identical, in-molded water vapour consumption is less than the in-molded water vapour consumption of the expanded beads of corresponding matrix resin, and the in-molded cycle is shorter than expanded beads in-molded cycle of corresponding matrix resin.
10. the application of the composite foamed particle of polypropylene-based resin according to claim 9, it is characterized in that, the in-molded pressure of the composite foamed particle of described polypropylene-based resin is 0.28-0.46MPa (G), the in-molded cycle is 100-140s, and the consumption of in-molded water vapour is 20-35kg/kg.
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| 孔庆友主编: "《地矿知识大系 上册》", 31 December 2014 * |
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