CN104948325B - A kind of gasoline engine and its method for testing octane number - Google Patents
A kind of gasoline engine and its method for testing octane number Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A kind of gasoline engine and its method for testing octane number.The gasoline engine gasoline unknown using any octane number, can detect the octane number of the Fuel Petroleum, and according to the octane number of the gasoline, automatically select corresponding method for controlling combustion automatically.One of method for controlling combustion is the burning of homogeneous lean ignited fuel, air-fuel ratio can be made to reach 40 or more, specific fuel consumption is lower than 200kWh/g.Any gasoline of octane number range -30~120 can be used as fuel in this gasoline engine, and the octane number without fuel is known in advance, is a kind of intelligentized internal combustion engine.
Description
Technical field
The internal combustion engine and automotive field of mechanical industry.
Background technique
Internal combustion engine is a mature technology, and the basic structure and principle of internal combustion engine are known to insider.
The gasoline that gasoline engine generally uses label fixed, i.e. a gasoline engine can only generally use a kind of octane number label
Otherwise gasoline cannot obtain stable power output, can not even operate normally.
The method of test octane number is generally divided into organon and motor method.Organon is connected using a single cylinder piston
Bar crankshaft system adjusts cylinder compression ratio under normal environment conditions, the gasoline for being 1 with different compression ratio compression equivalent proportions
Mix with air oil gas.When fuel-air mixture is compression-ignited, the use that inquiry and control can be compression-ignited under the same conditions is just
The isooctane proportion of heptane and the normal benzine of isooctane configuration, this isooctane proportion numerical value are exactly tested
The octane number index of gasoline.
The combustion mode (method for controlling combustion) of internal combustion engine is generally divided into spark ignition type and two kinds compression-ignited.Spark ignition type burning
The advantages of mode is that work is soft, and HP, hp/litre is big, the disadvantage is that heat to power output low efficiency.The advantages of compression-ignited combustion mode
It can be achieved on lean burn, engine thermal power conversion efficiency is high, the disadvantage is that rough running, power per liter is low.
Homogeneous oil gas lean burn has the advantages that work is soft and heat to power output is high-efficient, is internal combustion engine industry research
The dream of personnel.But since homogeneous lean fuel (gasoline) is difficult with plug ignition, this dream fails always
It realizes.
Summary of the invention
1, the main composition of gasoline engine of the present invention and component include cylinder, piston, connecting rod-crankshaft mechanism, spark plug, valve
Gentle fitting of door, oil pump, atomizer, controller, etc..Controller is also commonly referred to as computer or car running computer (ECU).It is this
The fuel of the unknown gasoline of octane number or similar gasoline can be used in gasoline engine, can automatically detect the octane number of gasoline, and
According to any octane number of the octane number detected in -30~120 ranges, corresponding best Combustion System is selected
Method is a kind of intelligentized internal combustion engine.This gasoline engine can also realize the homogeneous lean ignited fuel combustion mode of gasoline
(control method).
2, a kind of method of gasoline engine test octane number of the present invention, using a petrol engine, simulation-search technique
The method for testing octane number, detects output torque, revolving speed, distributive value, oil spout number, the oil spout phase, air-fuel of engine
Than, plug ignition phase, water tank temperature, oil temperature, environment temperature, exhaust temperature (above-mentioned parameters, hereinafter referred to as
" cylinder combustion element "), plug ignition phase (or main injection oil spout phase of compression-ignited gasoline engine) slowly is adjusted, generally
In compression travel, so that ignition phase is mobile towards the position far from top dead centre, until there is pinking, spark when detection pinking occurs
Ignition phase, and the value of every cylinder combustion element are filled in, database data is searched, finds octane number numerical value under the same conditions
Be how many gasoline can with and also pinking should occur, then tentatively judge the octane number of engine fuel-in-use (gasoline).When
When detecting pinking, plug ignition phase is postponed, rapidly to avoid pinking.Detection of the automobile industry to combustion knock, with
And the postponement in order to avoid pinking to ignition phase, it is the prior art.Generally, continuously there are 6 pinkings, can determine that pinking produces
It is raw.The case where for detection data between two groups of data (for example, octane number is between 55 and 56), the octane number of detection
Index proportionally calculates, and data are accurate to one decimal place (for example, octane number is 55.3).
After engine operating load or other state changes, when running relatively steady, aforesaid operations are repeated, further really
Recognize the octane number of gasoline.This be detected and confirmed process be it is dynamic, even with the fuel that a certain octane number is fixed, this
It is a be detected and confirmed process be also it is beneficial, can be according to fuel with the variation of environmental change after-combustion performance, optimization burning control
Method processed increases the power output of engine, reduces fuel consumption, optimizes discharge index.Therefore, using control method of the present invention
Internal combustion engine be intelligentized internal combustion engine.This internal combustion engine (or gasoline engine) can be according to the octane number of fuel (gasoline), really
Be scheduled on different loads (revolving speed and torque output and other cylinder combustion elements) state, using light combustion mode or
Compression ignition combustion mode, and using the homogeneous lean combustion mode for lighting combustion mode.
Database data source, by bench test test octane number range from be divided between -30~120 octane numbers 1 it is each
Kind gasoline generates the condition data of pinking at different conditions, this mass data is then combined into database, and be stored in
Inside engine controller, control is inquired at any time for controller.Bench test and test data are combined into database and data
Library storage to engine controller and controller to the management of database, inquiry, compare, compare, be the prior art.Data
Library data can also be fabricated to MAP chart spectrum, and 151 kinds of gasoline of octane number range -30~120 have 151 MAP chart spectrums.Map
Production, store and transfer and the prior art.General follow-on test 6 times, and octane number detection data is opposite when restraining,
Take the average value of 4 mediants as the testing result of octane number.If detection data is diverging, or is weighed in map
The phenomenon that conjunction, then supplements the number for increasing test data, and takes into account historical data, whether taking into account the unlatching of fuel tank cap,
Then judged.
This Fuel Petroleum can be the product of petroleum refining, be also possible to biomass fuel, or from coal etc.
The synthetic fuel of other raw materials.According to this method, detectable octane number range may also be below -30, or be higher than
120。
3, a kind of lean burn control method of internal combustion engine of the present invention, technical characteristic is: using gasoline or similar vapour
The fuel of oil, gasoline and air pre-mixing are closed, and using plug ignition, air-fuel ratio is sustainedly and stably more than or equal to 45 or air-fuel
Than being sustainedly and stably more than or equal to 40, less than 45, perhaps air-fuel ratio is sustainedly and stably more than or equal to 35 less than 40 or air-fuel ratio
Sustainedly and stably being more than or equal to 30, less than 35, perhaps air-fuel ratio is sustainedly and stably greater than 25.5 less than 30 or air-fuel ratio continues
Steadily be more than or equal to 20 be less than or equal to 25.5 perhaps air-fuel ratio be sustainedly and stably more than or equal to 18 less than 20 or air-fuel ratio
Sustainedly and stably more than or equal to 16 less than 18 or air-fuel ratio is sustainedly and stably more than or equal to 15 less than 16.This air-fuel ratio " is held
Continue steadily " it is maintained at a range, the not instead of short time reaches, and engine can be steadily with the operation of such air-fuel ratio
Even a few houres a few minutes.
Air-fuel ratio is limited within 25.5 by present automotive engine control, but can not sustainedly and stably be kept
Engine is run near 25 with air-fuel ratio.Because in the lower situation of admission pressure, improving air-fuel ratio can make in underload
Engine ignition reliability reduces, or even can not light a fire.Engine cannot be introduced into the homogeneous lean ignited fuel combustion of high air-fuel ratio
Burning state.This is a technology barrier for perplexing internal combustion engine researcher decades.For example, the gasoline engine of compression ratio 10.5
Machine, when admission pressure is 40kpa, using air and fuel ratio 18, cannot use spark plug normal using 93# gasoline
Igniting.But under similarity condition, the gasoline that octane number is 40 is used to replace 93# gasoline as fuel, so that it may use spark plug
Normal ignition.Or under similarity condition, the compression ratio of cylinder is increased to 17, so that it may use spark plug normal ignition.
The present invention realizes that the key technical feature of above-mentioned technical characteristic is: lighting burning into high air-fuel ratio mixed oil and gas
The control method of state, there are four specific methods, they are:
(1), using the method for increasing cylinder compression ratio, the temperature of compression travel end fuel-air mixture is improved, is increased dilute
Thin fuel-air mixture uses the igniting reliability of plug ignition.Compression ratio can be increased to 12-15 by petrol engine, or
15-17 or 17-19 uses No. 93 gasoline or No. 97 gasoline.
(2), fuel concentration when using equivalent proportion for 1 fuel-air mixture as underrun, with mentioning for load
It rises, that is, as the increase of air inlet pressure, temperature of the fuel-air mixture in compression travel end increase, is improving air-fuel
Than it can guarantee igniting reliability under the premise of, it is stepped up air-fuel ratio.Bench test can be determined to guarantee that igniting is reliable
The air-fuel ratio of property.
(3), increase the upper limit amount of admission pressure.For the ease of improving air-fuel ratio, and it is constant in peak power output
Under the premise of, save fuel.
(4), when admission pressure is in high-order, especially full throttle when, be to improve or increase the advantageous of air-fuel ratio
Opportunity；
These four specific methods are used alone, or are applied in combination.
When equivalent proportion is 1, standard air-fuel ratio is generally 14.7 or 14.6.
After admission pressure reaches maximum value, maintenance admission pressure as far as possible is in a high position, when needing to reduce load, only controls
System increases air-fuel ratio, reduces fuel injection amount.Control air-fuel ratio as far as possible is in a high position.Under the conditions of various, plug ignition can
By property, or the upper data for allowing air-fuel ratio reach, it can be obtained by bench test.In other words, specifically
With octane number, corresponding with various cylinder combustion elements can need to lead to the air-fuel ratio and admission pressure of reliable ignition
Bench test is crossed to determine.This Bench test methods are the prior arts.
Homogeneous lean ignited fuel combustion mode, the method that can also use multiple oil spout, increases homogeneous fuel-air mixture
Opposite inhomogeneities, improve burning velocity.
Under the premise of meeting power and torque output requires, under the premise of guaranteeing to light a fire reliability, improve as far as possible empty
The mixed proportion of gas and fuel reduces the discharge amount of oxynitrides in tail gas to improve engine thermal power conversion efficiency.Equally
Power output, fuel consumption reduce.Once making plug ignition reliability reduce (existing automobile hair because improving air-fuel ratio
Motivation has the technical measures of detection plug ignition reliability, and commonly referred to as failing normal ignition is " catching fire "), or cannot be just
Often igniting then reduces immediately air-fuel ratio (increasing distributive value), until restoring normal ignition.
Using the method for partial tail gas reuse, oxygen content in fuel-air mixture is reduced, to reduce the nitrogen oxygen of emission
Compounds content.An air throttle can be set, for adjusting the ratio of recycling tail gas.With the increase of air-fuel ratio, increase tail
The aperture of throttle valve increases the ratio of recycling tail gas.
Equivalent proportion is greater than after 1, raising air-fuel ratio, and in the fuel-air mixture of phase homogenous quantities, the ratio of air increases, oil gas
The difficulty that gaseous mixture is ignited increases, and in flame combustion and diffusion process, the mass of medium that unit of fuel needs to heat increases, because
This flame temperature is lower, and flame spread speed is slower, that is, burning velocity is slower, is equivalent to the octane number for improving gasoline
(opposite octane number), is equivalent to the burning point for improving gasoline.Therefore, Combustion System skill is lighted using homogeneous lean fuel (gasoline)
Art can use higher compression ratio, without there is pinking.
Using regular price gasoline can not underload promoted air-fuel ratio (such as: admission pressure 40kpa, compression ratio 10, air-fuel ratio
18 or 17 can not be reached, because not being available spark plug reliable ignition under the conditions of such air-fuel ratio), this is internal combustion
Machine industrial development was not able to achieve the key obstacle of homogeneous lean ignited fuel combustion control technology and application over 100 years.
The component of combustion of cylinder includes but is not limited to: admission pressure (air inflow), intake air temperature, environment temperature, water
Box temperature degree, oil temperature, revolving speed, plug ignition phase angle (duration of ignition), distributive value (each time), injection pressure, oil spout
Number, oil spout phase angle, compression ratio, torque export, the octane number of gasoline, whether pinking, etc. occur.Some parameters are can be with
Control, some be equipment it is intrinsic be unable to control and change, but to the selection of control parameter with important influence.
" gas supply " described in this specification indicates supply air.Air-fuel ratio refers to the ratio of air and fuel.With phase of the present invention
The structure of the internal combustion engine of pass, basic functional principle, etc., are those skilled in the art it is well known that the prior art, this specification do not have
It is described in detail.
Specific implementation method
Embodiment 1, the internal combustion engine of 4 cylinder, 4 stroke, cylinder bore are 76 millimeters, and compression ratio 10 is using octane number
93 gasoline (organon RON).In the suction stroke of internal combustion engine, (or sprays and fire to admission line to in-cylinder injection fuel
Material), air and fuel mixture ratio are in the basicly stable equivalent proportion 1 of low-load region, or slightly enriching (prior art), higher
Load area starts slowly to reduce fuel increment (increasing with load, air-fuel ratio increases, and fuel delivery also increases), increases air-fuel ratio,
Into after high load region, air-fuel ratio can be increased quickly.Table 1 is a kind of control method that air-fuel ratio changes with admission pressure
Citing:
1 air-fuel ratio of table increases and one of increased control program with admission pressure
| Admission pressure (kpa) | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 |
| Air-fuel ratio | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.7 | 14.8 | 15 | 15.3 | 15.6 |
| Admission pressure (kpa) | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 | 170 | 180 |
| Air-fuel ratio | 16 | 16.4 | 16.8 | 17.2 | 17.6 | 18 | 18.4 | 18.8 |
| Admission pressure (kpa) | 190 | 200 | 210 | 220 | 230 | 240 | ||
| Air-fuel ratio | 19.2 | 19.7 | 20.2 | 20.7 | 21.2 | 21.7 |
Engine startup air-fuel ratio does not change with admission pressure, according to equivalent proportion 1 execute or fuel concentration slightly
Increase, this is the prior art.
When equivalent proportion is 1, air-fuel ratio is 14.6 or 14.7.Different motor corporations is to air-fuel corresponding to equivalent proportion 1
The different selection than having.
When contrasting data listed by table 1 is engine from low load condition increasing productivity, it is ensured that the control for reliability of lighting a fire is joined
Number.From high load capacity to when underload transition, can be executed according to higher air-fuel ratio.Such as: admission pressure 180kpa is corresponding
Air-fuel ratio is 18.8, and when reducing load, can maintain admission pressure not reduces or reduce less, and air-fuel ratio promotion is arrived
19 perhaps 20 or higher.When this reduction load, various different octane gasoline are directed to corresponding to various admission pressures
Maximum air-fuel ratio data, can be obtained by bench test.
Equally, Tables 1 and 2 institute column data, can be optimized according to bench test, and according to each engine or
Automaker is different to the standard of igniting reliability, makes corresponding compensation or correction.
The selection of optimal air-fuel ratio under various working conditions, it is also contemplated that environment temperature, water tank temperature, machine oil temperature
The factors such as degree, and make corresponding compensation or correction.
It is obtained above by bench test, and the method for air-fuel ratio corresponding to compensation or correction admission pressure, is
The prior art.
The internal combustion engine of 2: one 4 cylinder, 4 strokes of embodiment, cylinder bore are 76 millimeters, and compression ratio 17 is using octane number
93 gasoline (organon RON).The hardware components different from embodiment 1 of embodiment 2, only mention the compression ratio of cylinder from 10
Height is to 17, then when operating normally (except startup stage), air-fuel ratio increases with admission pressure and increased rate can be higher, such as
Shown in table 2.
2 air-fuel ratio of table with admission pressure increase and the two of increased control program
| Admission pressure (kpa) | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 |
| Air-fuel ratio | 14.6 | 14.7 | 14.9 | 15.2 | 15.6 | 16.1 | 16.6 | 17.1 |
| Admission pressure (kpa) | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 | 170 | 180 |
| Air-fuel ratio | 17.7 | 18.3 | 18.9 | 19.5 | 20.2 | 20.9 | 21.6 | 22.3 |
| Admission pressure (kpa) | 190 | 200 | 210 | 220 | 230 | 240 | 250 | 260 |
| Air-fuel ratio | 23.1 | 23.9 | 24.7 | 25.5 | 26.3 | 27.2 | 28.1 | 29 |
Embodiment 3, engine enters after heavy-duty service, needs to reduce load operation, or enters cruising speed and transport
It, can be using maintaining admission pressure constant when row, the method for only reducing fuel injection amount improves air-fuel ratio, to realize
Save the purpose of fuel.
When engine is in compared with underload, and when the higher operating status of air-fuel ratio, if necessary to increasing productivity, only
Method by increasing throttle opening, or the method by increasing air inflow (maintaining air-fuel ratio constant) increase fuel supply
Amount, engine response speed can be very slow.While the present invention is using maintaining air inflow constant or increasing air inflow, air-fuel is reduced
Than fuel duty can be quicklyd increase by the method for reducing air-fuel ratio, and the power performance of engine can show especially to go out
Color, the i.e. accelerating ability of automobile can be very outstanding.Even with the method for reducing air-fuel ratio, it is negative that the short time promotes engine
Lotus, air-fuel ratio at this time still can be higher than equivalent proportion 1, to save fuel.
Embodiment 4, the internal combustion engine of 4 cylinder, 4 stroke, cylinder bore are 76 millimeters, and compression ratio 17.0 uses octane number
For 55 low octane value gasoline (organon RON).Internal combustion engine is run in compression ignition state first, and revolving speed is at 2000 revs/min, oil spout
Phase is 26 degree, admission pressure 106kpa before compression piston reaches top dead centre, air-fuel ratio 40.6, and 88 DEG C of water tank temperature, machine
90 DEG C of oil temperature, torque output is 18NM.On the basis of this steady operational status, conversion method for controlling combustion enters this
The homogeneous lean ignited fuel combustion state of invention, specific control parameter are as follows: fuel injection phase is passed through in suction stroke piston
60 degree, admission pressure 106kpa after top dead centre, air-fuel ratio 40.6, plug ignition phase is that compression piston reaches top dead centre
First 10 degree, in the case where revolving speed is similarly 2000 revs/min, 80 DEG C of water tank temperature, 90 DEG C of oil temperature, torque, which exports, is
25NM, specific fuel consumption 205kWh/g.In operational process, without pinking.It can be seen that in the identical situation of air-fuel ratio,
Homogeneous lights method for controlling combustion compared with spreading compression ignition combustion control method, and engine thermal power conversion efficiency is higher, and power is defeated
It is bigger out.Since the flame temperature of homogeneous lean ignited fuel combustion system is lower, it is contemplated that oxynitrides in motor exhaust
Content is lower.
Embodiment 5, the internal combustion engine of 4 cylinder, 4 stroke, cylinder bore are 76 millimeters, and compression ratio 10, turbocharging makes
The low octane value gasoline (organon RON) for being 40 with octane number.The factory-designed admission pressure upper limit of the internal combustion engine genuine is
180kpa, peak torque output are 240NM.The admission pressure upper limit is adjusted to 240kpa by verification test of the invention, corresponding
The air-fuel ratio of 240kpa admission pressure is 25, and test result shows that in revolving speed be 2000 revs/min identical with maximum output torque
Under the premise of, save fuel 18.1%.
When embodiment 6, gasoline machine testing octane number, one of the method for slow advanced ignition phase: item is currently run
Under conditions of part, especially admission pressure and distributive value determine, engine can generally correspond to a relatively narrow torque range (data
Library data), since the lower edge close to this torque range, gradually early spark plug ignition phase, until there is pinking.
At 2000 revs/min of revolving speed, with 60 milliseconds for chronomere, every 0.1 degree of 60 milliseconds of advanced ignition phases (engine rotation one week
It is 360 degree), under normal circumstances, an engine acting pinking of one-time detection.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of method of gasoline engine test octane number, technical characteristic is: using a petrol engine, detection is started
The parameter of machine: output torque, distributive value, oil spout number, oil spout phase, injection pressure, air-fuel ratio, plug ignition phase, into
Atmospheric pressure, intake air temperature, water tank temperature, oil temperature, environment temperature, revolving speed；Slowly adjustment plug ignition phase, until going out
Existing pinking, the value of the phase of plug ignition and above-mentioned parameters when being occurred according to pinking search database data, really
When being scheduled on pinking with the value of above-mentioned parameters under the same conditions octane number numerical value be how many gasoline can occur pinking and
And pinking should occur, then tentatively judge the octane number of engine fuel-in-use；
When knock is detected, plug ignition phase is postponed, rapidly to avoid pinking；
After engine operating load, state change, when running relatively steady, aforesaid operations is repeated, further confirm that the pungent of gasoline
Alkane value；
In the controller installation database of petrol engine, control is inquired at any time for controller；
It is divided into the octane number of storage octane number from -30 to 120 in the database all or part of in 1 151 kinds of gasoline
Gasoline kind generates the condition data of pinking under different working conditions.
2. a kind of control method of gasoline engine, using a kind of method of gasoline engine test octane number described in claim 1,
Its technical characteristic is: storing a variety of octane rating gasolines in controller and pinking occurs under the conditions of various operating conditions and cylinder component of combustion
Database；Storage is directed to the database of best method for controlling combustion of the different octane gasoline under various working conditions；
Occur various cylinder combustion elements corresponding when pinking in gasoline engine operational process by continuously detecting, judges vapour in fuel tank
The octane number of oil；According to the judgement of Fuel Petroleum octane number and the current data of various cylinder combustion elements, determine which is used
A kind of or which kind method for controlling combustion and control strategy；
The method for controlling combustion includes but is not limited to that the homogeneous of gasoline lights method for controlling combustion, and the homogeneous of gasoline is lighted
Lean burn control method, the diffusion compression ignition combustion control method of gasoline.
3. a kind of control method of gasoline engine according to claim 2, technical characteristic includes: using gasoline or nonstandard
Quasi- petrol-fueled, fuel and air pre-mixing are closed, using plug ignition, in the premise for meeting power and torque output requirement
Under, guarantee light a fire reliability under the premise of, as far as possible raising air and fuel mixed proportion and following technical characteristic one
Or several:
When fuel is supplied as in-cylinder direct-jet, using the method for primary or multiple oil spout, increase the opposite of homogeneous fuel-air mixture
Inhomogeneities improves burning velocity；
Using the method for increasing cylinder compression ratio, the temperature of compression travel end fuel-air mixture is improved, it is mixed to increase thin oil gas
Close the igniting reliability that gas uses plug ignition；
Increase the upper limit amount of admission pressure；
Fuel concentration when using equivalent proportion for 1 fuel-air mixture as underrun；
As the promotion of load is stepped up air-fuel ratio under the premise of guaranteeing to light a fire reliability；
When reducing engine load, while maintaining admission pressure constant or reducing air inflow, air-fuel ratio control system is improved
Number, it is synchronous to reduce fuel injection amount；
When promoting engine load, while maintaining air inflow constant or increasing air inflow, by the side for reducing air-fuel ratio
Method quicklys increase fuel duty, quicklys increase the power output ability of engine；
Using the method for partial tail gas reuse, the oxynitrides content of emission is reduced；
With the increase of air-fuel ratio, increase the ratio of recycling tail gas.
4. a kind of internal combustion engine, technical characteristic are: using a kind of side of gasoline engine test octane number described in claim 1
Method, or the control method using any one gasoline engine described in claim 2 and 3.
5. a kind of internal combustion engine according to claim 4, technical characteristic is: can automatically detect the octane of fuel in fuel tank
Value；It is able to use the petrol-fueled of octane number -30~120；
The all or part of gasoline kind of 151 kinds of gasoline of octane number range -30~120 is stored in controller in various works
There is the database of pinking under the conditions of condition and cylinder component of combustion；It stores for above-mentioned gasoline kind under various working conditions
Best method for controlling combustion database；Occur in gasoline engine operational process by continuously detecting corresponding each when pinking
Kind cylinder combustion element, judges the octane number of gasoline in fuel tank；According to Fuel Petroleum octane number judgement and various cylinders
The current data of component of combustion are determined using any or which kind method for controlling combustion and control strategy；
When being less than or equal to 69 low octane value gasoline using octane number, compression ignition combustion control method, and its and homogeneous may be implemented
It lights lean burn control method and homogeneous lights the method for controlling combustion of method for controlling combustion combination；
As alternative technology scheme, using the method for partial tail gas reuse, and with the increase of air-fuel ratio, increase tail
The ratio of gas reuse.
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