CN104934723A - Broadband satellite navigation antenna array - Google Patents
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a broadband satellite navigation antenna array. The maximum beam pointing of the array is that: theta is equal to 30 degrees, and psi is equal to 30 degrees. The parameters of the array are that: an array radius is equal to 0.22 m, the number of the array elements is 16, and each unit is in equiamplitude excitation. When the array works at a center frequency f equal to 1361.5 MHz, a pitch plane half-power beam width BW theta of the array is equal to 22.65 deg, and a sidelobe level SILL theta is equal to -7.90 dB; when the array works at a center frequency f equal to 1164 MHz, the pitch plane half-power beam width BW theta of the array is equal to 25.25 deg, and the sidelobe level SILL theta is equal to -7.90 dB; when the array works at the center frequency f equal to 1361.5 MHz, an azimuth plane half-power beam width BW psi of the array is equal to 41.10 deg, and the sidelobe level SILL psi is equal to -7.90 dB; and when the array works at the center frequency f equal to 1164 MHz, the azimuth plane half-power beam width BW psi of the array is equal to 46.16 deg, and the sidelobe level SILL psi is equal to -7.90 dB. The working frequency band of the antenna of the present invention satisfies the bandwidth requirement of 1164-1559 MHz (the center frequency is equal to 1361.5 MHz), and a relative bandwidth is 29%. Even the array works at a low frequency, the system performances of the whole array still can satisfy the design requirements after degradation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of antenna arrays, in particular to a broadband satellite navigation antenna array.
Background
Gnss (global Navigation Satellite system) refers generally to the global Navigation Satellite system. The satellite navigation has been integrated into various application fields of national economic construction, national defense construction and social development due to the advantages of wide coverage, large communication capacity, good transmission quality and the like. The current global navigation satellite system includes the GPS system in the United states, the GLONASS system in Russia, the GALILEO system in Europe and the Beidou satellite navigation system in China.
The Beidou I satellite navigation positioning system is a first-generation satellite navigation positioning system independently developed in China, is a novel, all-weather, high-precision and regional satellite navigation positioning system in China, and has three functions of rapid positioning navigation, bidirectional short message communication and timing. Currently, the method is put into operation formally. The frequency band used for navigation and positioning is 1610-1626.5MHz (L frequency band, uplink); 2483.5-2500MHz (S band, downlink). The second generation of Beidou is a new generation satellite navigation system in China following the Beidou I system. The system consists of 25 static satellites and two mobile satellite networks, and the navigation positioning use frequency band is 1164 + 1215MHz (downlink); 1260 + 1300MHz (downstream); 1300 + 1350MHz (upstream).
Since the distribution of various satellite navigation systems in space is limited, and the security, accuracy, reliability, etc. of providing satellite positioning service cannot be guaranteed, the research on the multimode navigation receiving system composed of various satellite navigation systems is widely regarded.
The uniform circular array is a broadband array which can meet the multi-mode requirement of the satellite navigation antenna.
The uniform circular array is composed of array units uniformly distributed on a circle or a plurality of concentric circles. By its own structure, the uniform circular array antenna has many unique superior properties compared to other arrays. In many fields such as radar and wireless communication, an antenna array is required to have a capability of scanning 360 ° in an azimuth plane. Due to the circumferential rotational symmetry of the uniform circular array, the beam can be uniformly scanned in a plane only by converting the weighting vector of each unit; the non-directional pattern can be formed on the azimuth plane, the ideal directional characteristic is also provided on the elevation plane, the beam shape and the antenna gain of the antenna can be basically maintained, the uniform circular array has the characteristic that the beam zero point can be steered in all directions, and therefore the interference suppression method mainly comprises the directional pattern zero point synthesis and digital beam forming technology. Compared with other planar arrays, the uniform circular array needs fewer array units and occupies a small space, so that the uniform circular array is convenient to miniaturize, conformal with a mobile carrier and wider in application range. The array units are mutually coupled and balanced, and wide-angle scanning matching is easy to realize.
However, the uniform circular array also has some inherent disadvantages, such as higher side lobe level, shallower depth of zero, etc. Because the satellite navigation receiver receives extremely small navigation signal power, the carrier power of effective GPS navigation received by the GPS receiver is only-161.45 dBW. Therefore, anti-interference studies for GBS receivers are very necessary.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention provides a wideband satellite navigation antenna array with low sidelobe level to solve the problems in the background art.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a broadband satellite navigation antenna array is provided, wherein the maximum beam pointing direction of the array is theta =30 degrees, psi =30 degrees, and the array parameters are as follows: the array radius is 0.22m, the number of array elements is 16, and each unit is excited at the same amplitude; when the array is operated at the central frequency f =1361.5MHz, the array pitch half-power beam width BW theta =22.65deg and the side lobe level SILL theta = -7.90dB, and when the array is operated at the low frequency f =1164MHz, the array pitch half-power beam width BW theta =25.25deg and the side lobe level SILL theta = -7.90 dB; when the array is operated at the central frequency f =1361.5MHz, the array azimuth plane half-power beam width BW ψ =41.10deg, and the side-lobe level SILL ψ = -7.90 dB; when the array is operated at low frequency f =1164MHz, the array azimuth plane half power beam width BW ψ =46.16deg, and the side lobe level SILL ψ = -7.90 dB.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the working frequency band of the antenna meets the bandwidth requirements of 1164-1559MHz (central frequency 1361.5MHz), and the relative bandwidth is 29%. Even when the array works at low frequency, the system performance of the whole array can still meet the design requirement after being reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an antenna in spherical coordinates;
FIG. 2 is an N-ary annular array;
fig. 3 is an array pitch plane pattern for a =0.7 λ, a = λ, a =1.3 λ;
fig. 4 is an array azimuth plane pattern for a =0.7 λ, a = λ, a =1.3 λ;
FIG. 5 is a pitch plane pattern of the array for low, center and high frequency operation
FIG. 6 is a directional plane pattern of the array when the array is operating at low, center and high frequencies.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
1.1 radiation Pattern
The radiation pattern of an antenna is a graphical representation of the variation of the radiation parameters of the antenna with spatial direction. The radiation parameters include the power flux density, field strength, phase and polarization of the radiation, and in the usual case the radiation pattern is measured in the far zone and expressed as a function of the spatial orientation coordinates. In practice, the spatial distribution of the radiated energy of an antenna, unless otherwise specified, is generally referred to as the spatial distribution of power flux density, and sometimes field strength.
Taking the coordinate system as shown in fig. 1, the antenna is located at the origin of coordinates. On a spherical surface equidistant from the antenna (r = constant), the power flux density or the field strength (electric field or magnetic field) produced by the antenna at each point varies with the spatial direction, and is called a power directional pattern or a field strength directional pattern, and the mathematical expression of the power directional pattern or the field strength directional pattern is called a power directional function or a field strength directional function.
The magnitude of the electric field intensity E (theta, psi) radiated by the antenna in the (theta, psi) direction can be written as
(1-1)
Where A0-a constant independent of direction; f (θ, ψ) -the direction function of field strength. By the formula (1-1),
（1-2）
in practice normalized values of power flux density or field strength are often used to represent a pattern, referred to as a normalized pattern.
Assuming that S (theta, psi) and E (theta, psi) are power flux density and electric field strength in the (theta, psi) direction, the normalized power pattern p (theta, psi) and the normalized field strength pattern F (theta, psi) are
(1-3)
(1-4)
Where SM and EM are the maximum values of power flux density and field strength, respectively. It is obvious that
（1-5）
1.2 Direction factor
The directivity factor of the antenna is a parameter that numerically and quantitatively expresses the degree of beam concentration of the radiated electromagnetic energy to describe the directivity characteristic, and is also called directivity factor or directivity gain.
Defined by the antenna radiation pattern, the radiation intensity can be expressed as
（1-6）
UM — the radiation intensity of the antenna in the maximum direction;
f (θ, ψ) -normalized field strength directional function of the antenna.
Total radiated power of the entire antenna:
（1-7）
the directional coefficients D (theta, psi) of the antenna in a certain direction are the radiation intensity U (theta, psi) and the average radiation intensity
In a ratio of degrees, the average radiation intensity isI.e. by
（1-8）
Substituting the formula (1-6) and the formula (1-7) into the formula (1-8) to obtain
（1-9）
In the maximum radiation direction, F (θ, ψ) =1, the directional coefficient of the maximum radiation direction:
（1-10）
1.3 lobe Width
The pattern shape can also be simply quantified in terms of pattern parameters. If the pattern has only one main beam, the concentration of the radiated power can be characterized by the width of the lobe in both main planes. Maximum main lobeThe angle between the two first zero radiation directions on either side of the value is called the zero power lobe width and is notedAndthe subscripts E and H denote the E-plane and H-plane, respectively. On both sides of the main lobe maximum, the angle between the two directions at which the power flux density drops to half of the maximum (or the field strength drops to 0.707 of the maximum), i.e. 3 db, is called the half-power lobe width, and is recorded asAnd。
1.4 side lobe level
The side lobe level generally refers to the number of decibels that the maximum of the first side lobe (usually the maximum side lobe maximum) next to the main lobe is less than the maximum of the main lobe, and is reported as. The front-to-back radiation ratio is the decibel number of the ratio of the maximum value of the main lobe to the maximum value of the second half, and is recorded as. By definition:
（2-11）
（2-12）
in the formulaAnd-power flux density and electric field strength corresponding to the maximum sidelobe maximum;
sb and Eb-Power flux density and electric field strength in the opposite direction to the main lobe maximum direction.
2 theorem of directional diagram product
By usingRepresenting the field intensity amplitude direction function of the antenna array
（1-13）
In the formula
（1-14）
LiThe directional function of an antenna element, which is only related to the form and size of the antenna element, is called a cell factor;the number n of elements in the element current distribution Ii, the spatial distribution di of the antenna array, and not the type and size of the antenna elements, is referred to as the array factor. As can be seen from the equations (1-13), the directional function of the antenna array is the product of the element factor and the array factor under the condition that the antenna elements are the same element. This is the antenna array direction function or pattern product theorem.
In general, in a spherical coordinate system, the element factor and the array factor are not only functions of theta but also functions of azimuth angle psi, so the general form of the antenna array pattern theorem is
Li（1-15）
Direction function of 3 circular array
A planar array formed by a plurality of radiating elements arranged along a circular ring is called a circular ring array. Circular ring arrays are used in radio direction finding, radar, navigation, subsurface exploration, and other systems. The circular ring array can not only generate an omnidirectional directional pattern, but also generate a single beam directional pattern with the maximum value pointing to the normal direction of the array surface.
N isotropic radiating elements are arranged along a circumference with a radius of a to form a circular ring array as shown in figure 2.
The circular array is located on the xoy plane. The contribution of each unit to the far field point is superposed to obtain the far field directional diagram function of the circular array:
（1-16）
whereinIs located atThe excitation current of the nth cell of (a),is the corresponding excitation phase (referenced to the array center). If the main lobe beam maximum is pointed toThen the excitation phase of the nth cell should be selected as(1-17)
To convert the above equation to a simpler form, two new variables are definedAnd：
（1-18）
（1-19）
the equations (1-16) can then be rewritten to a compact form:
（1-20）
given onlyThe directional diagram of the single circular ring array can be calculated by using the three formulas. If each unit in the circular array is excited in equal amplitude and arranged equidistantly along the circumference to form angular symmetry, that is to say，Then the terms of equation (1-16) can be developed into a series of Bessel functions, i.e.
（1-21）
Exchanging the summation order in the above equation, taking into account
（1-22）
The formula (1-21) is changed into（1-23）
In the formulaRefers to the product of the order of Bessel function, i.e. the ordinal number m, and the total number of cells N, and contains zero-order Bessel
Root of Kerr functionThe term(s) of (2) is called a main term, and the remainder is called a remainder. Several special cases were investigated below:
the main lobe maxima lie in the array plane:
at this time. Let the main lobe maximum point in the x-direction, i.e.Then, it is obtained by the formulae (1-17), (1-18) and (1-19):
（1-24）
（1-25）
（1-26）
then the formula (1-23) becomes
（1-27）
In the formula,is the total current of the circular array.
The main lobe maximum points in the z-axis direction: at this timeThus obtaining
（1-28）
（1-29）
（1-30）
（1-31）
Since the value of the higher order Bessel function in its visible region is small, i.e. it is very smallTime of flightSo that when N is large, of the formula (1-27)And of formulae (1-31)It can be approximated by taking only its main term. At this timeAndcan be represented in a mathematical form:
（1-32）
the above formula is as followsGet when，Get when. When in useEquation (1-32) is then a strict expression for the continuous current distribution loop antenna pattern function. When N is finite, the approximation accuracy of this equation depends on N and ka. Given ka, the value of N, which achieves good accuracy, can be determined from a table of bezier function values. When N is large enough to apply the formula (1-32), both vertical and horizontal plane patterns can be usedTo show that no grating lobes appear as ka increases.
The directional coefficient of a single circular array of isotropic radiating elements can still be expressed as
(1-33)
4.1.1 Effect of array radius on array characteristics
When the maximum value of the main lobe is positioned at the pitching surface, the maximum beam direction is set as. formula (1-17). Array model: array elements are located on xoy plane, and array working frequencyThe number of array elements N =16,each element is fed with constant amplitude for the operating wavelength. When the array radius a is taken respectivelyThe pitch (yoz) pattern of the array is shown in FIG. 3:
As can be seen initially from fig. 3, as the radius of the array increases, the array pitch surface main lobe width gradually decreases while the side lobe level does not change much. To study these changes more accurately and in depth, more values were taken in the 0.5 λ -2 λ interval, and the half-power beamwidth and side lobe levels of the array pitch were calculated. As shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 influence of array radius on array Pitch plane Pattern characteristics
As can be seen from Table 1, as the radius of the array increases, the pitch half-power beamwidth gradually decreases and the magnitude of the decrease gradually decreases as the radius of the array increasesThe sidelobe levels do not change with array radius, being-7.90 dB.
When the main lobe maximum is located at the azimuth plane, the maximum beam pointing direction is set asI.e. in the formulae (1-17). Array model: the array elements are located on the xoy plane, the array working frequency f =1.35GHz, the number of the array elements N =16, lambda is the working wavelength, and all the elements feed in a constant amplitude mode. When the array radius a is taken respectively，The array azimuth (xoy plane) pattern is shown in figure 4.
As can be seen from fig. 4, the array azimuth plane main lobe width is gradually reduced with the increase of the array radius, and the first minor lobe level is not substantially changed, but when the array azimuth plane main lobe width is increased with the increase of the array radius, the first minor lobe level is not changedAt the far end of the main lobe beam, a side lobe with a higher side lobe level appears. To study these changes more deeply and accurately, we find thatAnd taking more values in the interval, calculating the half-power beam width and the side lobe level of the array pitching surface, and introducing a parameter of the first side lobe level. As shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 influence of array radius on array azimuth plane Pattern characteristics
As can be seen from table 2, as the radius of the array increases, the half-power beamwidth of the azimuth plane of the array gradually decreases, and the magnitude of the decrease also gradually decreases. The first minor lobe level does not vary with the radius of the array, but rather with the radius of the arrayThen, the array has a side lobe with a higher side lobe level in a far region from the main lobe, and the side lobe level shows an irregular variation with the variation of the array radius, which is a point to be noted in the design of an actual uniform circular array.
4.1.2 Effect of array element number on array characteristics
When the maximum value of the main lobe is located at the pitching surface, the maximum beam direction is set asI.e. in the formulae (1-17). Array model: array elements are located on xoy plane, and array working frequencyλ is the operating wavelength, array radiusAnd each array element is excited in equal amplitude. In thatAndand (4) interval value taking, and calculating the half-power beam width and side lobe level of the array pitching surface. The results are as followsShown in table 3.
TABLE 3 influence of the number of array elements on the array pitch surface pattern characteristics
From Table 3, the number of array elements can be seenThereafter, the pitch characteristics of the array are unchanged, and at N =5 and N =7, the array characteristics are the same asThe same applies to the case.
In thatAndand (4) interval value taking, and calculating the half-power beam width and side lobe level of the array azimuth plane. The results are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 influence of the number of array elements on the characteristics of the azimuth pattern of the array
As can be seen from Table 4, the number of array elements has no effect on the azimuth plane half-power beam width, and is 20.70deg, and when the number of array elements is less than the azimuth plane half-power beam widthThe sidelobe levels are all-7.90 dB. In addition, theThe sidelobe level exhibits irregular variations.
4.2 Beam scanning characteristics of a Uniform circular array
4.2.1 realizing azimuthal plane scanning by uniform circular array
If the uniform circular array beam is scanned in azimuth, then. The formula (1-17) becomes:
（4-1）
wherein,。
by changing the excitation phase of each unit, the array beam can realize beam scanning between 0 degrees and 360 degrees in an azimuth plane (xoy plane).
To be provided withFor example, the scanning characteristics of the uniform circular array in the azimuth plane are described. Array unit is located on xoy plane, and array working frequency
When azimuth plane beam scanning is realized by the uniform circular array, the main lobe change is not large as long as the proper array radius a and the proper array element number N are selected, and the beam shape of the antenna array can be basically maintained. Table 5 gives the excitation phases of the array elements during scanning.
TABLE 5 excitation phase unit/deg of each array element during azimuth scanning of the array
4.2.2 Uniform circular array implementation of Pitch plane scanning
If the uniform circular array scans in the elevation plane (yoz plane), then. The formula (1-17) becomes:（4-2）
wherein,。
by changing the excitation phase of each unit, the array beam can realize beam scanning between 0DEG and 90 DEG in a pitching plane (yoz plane). The following areFor example, the scanning characteristics of the uniform circular array at the pitch plane will be described. The array unit is located on the xoy plane, the array working frequency f =1.35GHz, the array radius a =2 lambda, the number of array elements N =12, and each array element is excited in a constant amplitude mode.
Although theoretically, the uniform circular array can realize 0-90 ° beam scanning, when the scanning angle is too large, the beam characteristics can not meet the application requirements. Table 6 gives the excitation phases of the elements during the scan.
TABLE 6 excitation phase units/deg for each array element during pitch scan of the array
4.3 broadband characteristics of Uniform circular arrays
The operating band of the antenna should meet the bandwidth requirements of 1164-1559MHz (central frequency 1361.5MHz), and the relative bandwidth is 29%. When the array operates at a low frequency, the antenna aperture becomes smaller relative to the center frequency, which results in a reduced system performance of the entire array. Therefore, the key of the design is to determine each parameter of the array when the center frequency is determined, so that the design requirement can still be met after the system performance is reduced when the array works at a low frequency. Maximum wave of arrayThe beam is directed toAfter balancing and optimization, the finally determined array parameters are as follows: radius of arrayNumber of array elementsThe units are excited with equal amplitude. Fig. 5 and 6 are elevation and azimuth patterns of the array for low, center and high frequency operation, respectively.
When the array is operated at the central frequency f =1361.5MHz, the array pitch half power beam width BW θ =22.65deg and the side lobe level SILL θ = -7.90dB, and when the array is operated at the low frequency f =1164MHz, the array pitch half power beam width BW θ =25.25deg and the side lobe level SILL θ = -7.90 dB. The sidelobe level is unchanged and the half-power beamwidth is increased by 11.5%.
When the array is operated at the central frequency f =1361.5MHz, the array azimuth plane half-power beam width BW ψ =41.10deg, and the side-lobe level SILL ψ = -7.90 dB; when the array works at low frequency f =1164MHz, the array azimuth plane half-power beam width BW ψ =46.16deg, and the side lobe level SILL ψ = -7.90 dB; the sidelobe level is unchanged and the half-power beamwidth is increased by 12.3%.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. A broadband satellite navigation antenna array, wherein if the array maximum beam pointing is θ =30 °, ψ =30 °, then the array parameters are: the array radius is 0.22m, the number of array elements is 16, and each unit is excited at the same amplitude; array pitch face half power beamwidth BW when the array is operating at center frequency f =1361.5MHzθ=22.65deg, side-lobe level SILLθ= 7.90dB, array pitch face half power beamwidth BW when the array is operating at low frequency f =1164MHzθ=25.25deg, side-lobe level SILLθ= 7.90 dB; when the array is operated at a center frequency f =1361.5MHz,array azimuth plane half-power beam width BWψ=41.10deg, side-lobe level SILLψ= 7.90 dB; array azimuth plane half-power beam width BW when the array is operated at low frequency f =1164MHzψ=46.16deg, side-lobe level SILLψ=-7.90dB。
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| CN107203663A (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2017-09-26 | 北京空间飞行器总体设计部 | Compliant member points to acquisition methods under a kind of motor-driven effect of rail control |
| CN110515101A (en) * | 2019-06-21 | 2019-11-29 | 成都天锐星通科技有限公司 | A kind of satellite quick capturing method and phased array antenna system |
| CN110896677A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2020-03-20 | 上海飞来信息科技有限公司 | Omnidirectional antenna system and unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring equipment |
| CN111967118A (en) * | 2019-12-12 | 2020-11-20 | 熊军 | Device and method for constructing circular antenna array |
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| CN103972662A (en) * | 2014-05-07 | 2014-08-06 | 深圳市华信天线技术有限公司 | Anti-interference antenna array with array element separation distances adjustable |
| CN203883133U (en) * | 2014-03-25 | 2014-10-15 | 西安希德电子信息技术有限公司 | Beidou seven-unit satellite navigation anti-interference antenna |
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| CN103020363A (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2013-04-03 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Method for designing antenna by improving side lobe characteristics of array wave beam directivity diagram |
| CN203883133U (en) * | 2014-03-25 | 2014-10-15 | 西安希德电子信息技术有限公司 | Beidou seven-unit satellite navigation anti-interference antenna |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107203663A (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2017-09-26 | 北京空间飞行器总体设计部 | Compliant member points to acquisition methods under a kind of motor-driven effect of rail control |
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| CN110896677A (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2020-03-20 | 上海飞来信息科技有限公司 | Omnidirectional antenna system and unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring equipment |
| CN110515101A (en) * | 2019-06-21 | 2019-11-29 | 成都天锐星通科技有限公司 | A kind of satellite quick capturing method and phased array antenna system |
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| CN111967118A (en) * | 2019-12-12 | 2020-11-20 | 熊军 | Device and method for constructing circular antenna array |
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Application publication date: 20150923 |