CN104852099A - 在排气时具有电流中断的电池单池 - Google Patents
在排气时具有电流中断的电池单池 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种电池单池,具有在电池单池的内部中的超压的情况下用于从电池单池的内部逸出气体的单池排气口,其中,电池单池连接到一个电流引取通路上,该电流引取通路被设置用于来自电池单池的电流流动,和在该电流引取通路中布置中断装置,它借助于控制输入端可以以电的方式操作并且借助于该中断装置可以中断来自电池单池的电流流动,其中,在单池排气口里面或之处设置一个电操纵装置的至少一个温度敏感的部件,其中,该操纵装置的一个控制输入端与中断装置的一个操作输入端电连接并且被设置用于,当操纵装置的对温度敏感的部件遭受升高的温度时,借助于中断装置的电操作中断电流流动。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种电池单池,具有在电池单池的内部中的超压的情况下用于从电池单池的内部逸出气体的单池排气口,其中,电池单池连接到一个电流引取通路上,该电流引取通路被设置用于来自电池单池的电流流动,和在该电流引取通路中布置中断装置,它借助于控制输入端可以以电的方式操作并且借助于该中断装置可以中断来自电池单池的电流流动。此外本发明涉及一种对电池单池通过单池排气口的排气产生反应的方法,其中,电池单池具有电流引取通路和布置在该电流引取通路中的可电操作的中断装置。
背景技术
在用于电动机动车的锂离子电池中通常将多个单独电池串联,用以实现高电压,通常是一种所谓的高伏电压。如果电池单池由于故障被损坏,那么它的内压会升高。故障例如是内部短路、过载和由于过高电流产生的负荷。如果内压升高过多,那么单池外壳可能打开并且大多数为有毒的气体与依据单池化学物而不同的成分一起从单池中逸出。通过当前的诊断方法不能够可靠地识别单池外壳的打开。如果单池外壳由于内压在单池排气口处已经打开,如果单池继续承受电流引取时,则存在电池被继续损坏或破坏或烧毁的危险,因为这使得电池的温度继续升高。根据现有技术,目前的具有棱柱形状的电池具有排气口,通过该排气口在电池中形成的气体在一定的超压下被放出。术语“电池”在此处也指二次电池或蓄电池。
在现有技术中已知US2002/0004160,按照它,为了控制电流限制元件使用一个NTC电阻。电流限制元件按照该文献的教导包括一个保险丝。但是由此不是电池而是NTC电阻被保护。
在现有技术中还已知US2010/079002,它也具有NTC电阻和电流中断装置。NTC电阻用于监控电池在运行中的温度,因此电池可以通过改变负荷比或多或少强度地被卸载。
发明内容
本发明的主题在于一种电池单池,在其电池排气口处设置电的操纵装置的至少一个对温度敏感的部件,它对温度升高产生反应,由此可切换控制输出端。该控制输出端与中断装置的操作输入端连接,中断装置在操作时中断来自或者进入电池单池的电流流动。尤其地,该温度敏感的部件是温度传感器,优选是NTC温度传感器(热导体/热敏电阻)。备选地,例如也可以利用其它的部件的与温度相关的特性,这些部件此外还具有其它的功能。操纵装置的温度敏感的部件除了传感器以外还附加地具有再处理电子装置,它处理/准备传感器信号。操纵装置的温度敏感的部件最好具有特别是温度传感器、小的热容量,由此来自电池单池内部的热的或高温的气体能够快速加热该温度传感器。从打开电池排气口直到触发中断装置的反应时间最好为小于5秒钟,特别优选地小于1秒钟。这种快速的反应减少电池单池被继续的电流流动的进一步加热。优选地,中断装置布置在整个电池的高压通路中,被过热的电池单池形成该整个电池的一部分。在断开高压通路情况下,最好不再从该整个电池中引取电流。因此使用者必须调整运行。周围的电池单池此时也不再加热已经被过热的电池单池,由此进一步降低电池单池被进一步损坏或燃烧的危险。特别优选地,NTC电阻,尤其是具有陡斜的特征曲线的NTC电阻被用于可直接地操作中断装置。优选地,作为中断装置附加地使用烟火制造术的开关。此时本发明的一个特别的优点是,高压通路的中断可以完全被动地进行并且不需要用于电路中断的附加的硬件或控制软件。
从属权利要求示出本发明的优选的扩展方案。
在电池单池的一个实施方式中,操纵装置可以被供给来自电池单池的电流,在该电池单池的电池排气口上设置其对温度敏感的部件。由此得到一种具有短的电缆长度的自给自足的单元的优点,因此例如在电动机动车事故时例如电缆被损坏并且由此操纵装置失效的概率很小。这提高了安全性。
在电池单池的另一个实施方式中,操纵装置是对温度敏感的电阻,尤其是NTC电阻。在一个实施例中,仅仅使用一个这种NTC电阻作为操纵装置就足够了,但是在另一个实施例中,由于通常持续地随着温度升高的特性曲线,在该NTC电阻之后还连接一个装置,该装置实现一种开关阈值函数。这意味着,当温度敏感电阻得到一个确定的电阻值时,在操纵装置的输出端上发生突变的状态变化。NTC电阻此外具有成本有利的优点。
在另一个实施方式中,温度敏感的电阻连接到一个开关阈值装置上。该开关阈值装置是操纵装置的一部分并且使得当温度敏感的电阻高于一个电阻阈值时,在操纵装置的控制输出端上施加一个很小的电压或者没有电压,这在NTC电阻情况下对应于一个低于阈值温度的温度。此外,当温度敏感的电阻小于该阈值电阻时,在操纵装置的控制输出端上施加一个高的电压,这在NTC电阻情况下对应于一个高于阈值温度的温度。因此,开关阈值装置导致操纵装置的控制输出端的数字式特性,因此中断装置的控制(致动)明确地存在或者明确地不存在。该开关阈值装置尤其可以是二极管或者压敏电阻(可调电阻),其二极管电压可以相应地产生在一个低电压和一个高电压之间的转换。高电压尤其足以操作中断装置,而低电压或无电压则不能够操作中断装置。备选地,中断装置也可以通过中断来自电池单池的电流流动对在其操作输入端上的低电压或无电压产生反应。此时开关阈值装置的逻辑电路被反向地设计。这与对温度敏感的电阻是热敏电阻(热导体)或是正温度系数半导体元件(冷导体)无关,并且操纵装置匹配于中断装置的操作电平。在另一个变型方案中,与上面描述的相反,控制输入端的电平可以在一种电阻情况下高于电阻阈值1和低于阈值0。当使用例如具有非常陡的特征曲线斜率的NTC电阻时,可以取消开关阈值装置。
在电池单池的另一个实施方式中,该电池单池是一个由多个电池单池组成的电池的一部分。通过串联,该电池在高伏电压通路上提供高伏电压,通过该通路可以将来自电池的电流引出或者储存在该电池中。高伏电压通路可以通过中断装置中断。
在电池单池的另一个实施方式中,中断装置被设置用于,它在一个电操作之后,即在一个功能上相关的时间上,使来自电池单池的电流流动中断。尤其地,所述电操作可以是不可逆的,因此操纵装置例如必须被更换,以便重新建立原始状态。特别优选地,中断装置是可电触发的烟火制造术开关。这种开关包括一种化学剂,它可以以电的方式产生反应并且借助于该化学剂可以中断来自电池单池的电流流动。一种典型的烟火制造术开关具有两个主触头和两个控制触头。来自电池单池的电流经由主触头流动,而控制触头被设置用于连接到操纵装置的控制输出端上。
在电池单池的另一个实施方式中,电池单池的温度可以用操纵装置的对温度敏感的部件来测量。这尤其适用于温度低于一个开关阈值装置上的开关阈值时。测量的温度可以传输给上位的单元,例如电池控制装置或发动机控制装置。
在本发明的另一个方面,建议一种用于对电池单池通过电池排气口的排气产生反应的方法。电池单池具有电流引取通路和在电流引取通路中的中断装置,因此经由电流引取通路流向电池单池或从电池单池流出的电流可以被中断。在电池排气口处设置用于中断装置的操纵装置的对温度敏感的部件。该对温度敏感的部件依据温度改变物理特性,尤其是电阻。操纵装置如此地利用这一点,即它在一个控制输出端处将一个信号发送到一个中断装置上,该中断装置随后中断来自电池的电流流动。中断装置被以电的方式操作并且当操纵装置的温度敏感部件上的温度升高时发生中断。在一个优选实施例中,可以借助于合适的温度传感器,例如NTC电阻,尤其是其具有陡的特征曲线,在没有进一步再处理该NTC电阻的信号下,操作该中断装置。也可以设想,为了确定升高的温度,将温度敏感部件的信号以电的或电子的方式与一个比较温度进行比较,其例如在安全距离下高于典型的最大的工作温度,或者将温度敏感部件的信号的变化与一个阈值-温度梯度比较并且相应地控制一个控制输出端。作为该方法的优点,具有也适用于前述的电池单池的相同的优点。
在该方法的一个实施方式中,中断装置产生来自电池单池的电流流动的持久的尤其是不可逆的中断。优选该中断装置实施成烟火制造术开关。
以下参照附图详细说明本发明的实施例。
附图说明
在附图中示出:
图1是按照本发明的一个电池单池的示意透视图,带有单池排气口和温度传感器,
图2是单池排气口的一个实施方式详细的剖视图,
图3是一个通气元件的视图,
图4是按照本发明的具有棱柱形状的电池单池的分解图,和
图5是一个电池的示意图,其包括按照本发明的电池单池。
具体实施方式
图1示出电池单池1的示意图,具有外壳2,两个连接极(接线柱)3和4,单池排气口5,在其中布置安全通气元件6。安全通气元件6处于一种打开的状态下,在该状态下气体可以从电池单池1的外壳2的内部向外渗透。安全通气元件6具有比通气口5更大的尺寸,如作为安全通气元件6的尺寸标记的虚线6a所示。此外在通气口5中布置具有连接导线7a的温度传感器7。通过它的定位,温度传感器7被通过安全通气元件6进出的气体加热。这可以由连接导线7a中的信号来确定。
图2在剖视图中详细示出电池单池的单池排气口5和包围电池单池的部件。单池排气口5位于电池单池的盖板8中并且由通气元件6封闭。通气元件6在电池单池内部中的超压情况下打开,其方式是它裂开。在单池排气口中布置具有连接导线7a的温度传感器7,它可以被从电池单池中出来的热气体9加热。经由盖板8中的单池排放口5,在最大间距M为2至10毫米,优选3至7毫米,特别优选5毫米下,可以布置另一个部件,例如单池外壳的壳壁或者另一个电池单池。气体9此时可以不阻碍地并且不损害其它的部件地通过单池排气口5从电池单池1中逸出,由此加热温度传感器7。
图3示出在打开状态下的通气元件6。通气元件6最好用薄膜、例如一种金属或者塑料薄膜制造。为了实现预先限定的打开,可以在通气元件6中压印撕裂线。这是有利的,用于将流出的气流可靠地转向到温度传感器上。
图4示出袋式结构形状的电池单池的分解图。但是本发明也可以应用于棱柱形或圆柱形的结构形状。外壳15可以盖板8封闭,该盖板具有多个开口。其中的两个开口被设置用于向外穿引电接头。盖板8与外壳15气密地连接;用于电接头的穿引通道也是气密地实施的。盖板8还具有单池排气口5,该单池排气口在正常运行状态下用通气元件6气密地封闭。盖板8在其外表面上覆盖有膜16。借助于该膜16可以将通气元件6粘接在盖板8的表面上。为此绝缘膜16包括缺口,它与单池排气口5搭接。通气元件6具有比单池排气口5更大的面积和比膜16中的开口更大的面积,该开口与单池排气口5相配置。图4示出了其它的没有详细标注的元件,其用于固定和密封电池单池1的电接头。
图5示出具有多个相互串联地电连接起来的电池单池1的(蓄)电池100。在此,由串联的电池单池1构成各个组可以并联起来。为了从电池100中获取高伏电压,电池100具有至少两个连接极101和102。在电池极101和102上连接高伏电流通路(电路)110,111,借此可以从电池100中取出高伏电流。通过中断其中一个高伏电流通路110,111,由于串联电路的原因,各单个电池单池的没有示出的电流取出电路也被中断。电池100包括电池监控开关电路104。在所示的实施方式中,该电池监控开关电路104包括NTC电阻103作为操纵装置109的温度敏感的部件。NTC电阻103可以通过从其中一个电池单池1中流出的气体加热。电池100还包括中断装置105,借此可以中断电池100的至少其中一个高伏电压通路110,111。由此可以借助于中断装置阻止电流输出或对电池充电。中断装置105是一种不可逆转地工作的并且可以电触发的开关装置。中断装置105具有两个控制输入端,控制电流可以在它们之间流动。其中一个控制输入端与电池100的极101或102中的一个连接,而另一个控制输入端经由NTC电阻103与电池100的极102或101中的另一个连接。由于NTC电阻在加热时减小其电阻(热导体),因此将NTC电阻103加热到超过一个阈值温度导致一个如此高的电流流动通过触发装置105的控制输入端,即该触发装置触发并且阻止电流经由高伏电流通路110,111继续流向电池100或从电池100流出。NTC电阻103在该实施例中与配属的导线一起形成用于中断装置105的操纵装置109。控制导线106形成操纵装置的控制输出(端)。当NTC电阻103的导致很小并且因此NTC电阻103的温度高时,在该输出端上的电压是高的。相应地,当NTC电阻103上的温度很小(低)上时,电压很小。
附加地,电池监控开关电路104与NTC电阻103连接,因此借此可以测量NTC电阻103的位置上的温度。由于常规的电池监控开关电路104通常本来就具有温度测量装置,因此为了有利于NTC电阻103可以取消该温度测量装置。替代NTC电阻,也可以设想其它的温度传感器。尤其地,对传感器元件如NTC电阻103或其它的传感器类型的信号的再处理可以是该单池监控开关电路104的功能范围的一部分。
在单池监控开关电路104中,尤其是在其印刷电路板中,可以安置控制电流通路108,该控制电流通路包括NTC温度传感器103并且与电池100的极101,102中的一个连接。控制电流通路108适用于能够持久地传导用于中断装置105的触发电流。控制电流通路108与通向中断装置105的控制输入端的控制导线106,107中的一个连接。控制导线106,107中的另一个与电池100的极101或102中的一个连接。中断装置105最好是一种烟火制造术的开关。也可以在没有触发中断装置105下使电流通过电流回路从极101经由包括温度传感器103的控制电流通路108、控制导线106、中断装置105的控制输入端、控制导线107流动到电池极102。电流强度决定性地由温度传感器103确定并且因此可以用作温度传感器102的温度的尺度。例如可以测量在温度传感器102上的电压降,尤其是由电池监控开关电路。在NTC电阻之后可以连接一个压敏电阻(可调电阻)或二极管,例如稳压二极管(齐纳二极管),它们没有示出。它们产生在中断装置105的非控制(非致动)和中断装置105的控制(致动)之间的快速过渡。这些后续连接的元件甚至可以在其阻塞范围中允许很小的电流流动并且由此实现前述的基于控制电流的温度测量。
Claims (10)
1.电池单池(1),具有在电池单池(1)的内部中的超压的情况下用于从电池单池(1)的内部逸出气体(9)的单池排气口(5),
-其中,电池单池(1)连接到一个电流引取通路上,该电流引取通路被设置用于来自电池单池(1)的电流流动,和
-在该电流引取通路中布置中断装置(105),它借助于控制输入端可以以电的方式操作并且借助于该中断装置可以中断来自电池单池(1)的电流流动,
其特征在于,
-在单池排气口(5)里面或之处设置一个电操纵装置(109)的至少一个温度敏感的部件(7),其中,该操纵装置(109)的一个控制输入端与中断装置(105)的一个操作输入端电连接并且被设置用于,当操纵装置(109)的对温度敏感的部件(7)遭受升高的温度时,借助于对中断装置(105)的电操作中断电流流动。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电池单池(1),其特征在于,为了对操纵装置(109)供给能量,可以利用来自电池单池(1)的能量。
3.根据权利要求1或2中任一项所述的电池单池(1),其特征在于,操纵装置(109)包括对温度敏感的电阻(103),尤其是NTC电阻,作为对温度敏感的部件(7)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电池单池(1),其特征在于,一个开关阈值装置与该温度敏感的电阻(103)连接,该开关阈值装置形成操纵装置(109)的一部分,借此可以实现,当在温度敏感的电阻(103)上的温度低于一个阈值温度时,在操纵装置(109)的控制输出端上施加一个很小的电压或者不施加电压, 并且当在温度敏感的电阻(103)上的温度高于该阈值温度时,在操纵装置(109)的控制输出端上施加一个高的电压。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电池单池(1),其特征在于,电池单池(1)是一个电池(100)的一部分,该电池包括多个电池单池(1),并且该电池(100)具有用于引取来自电池(100)的电流的高伏电压通路(110,111),该高伏电压通路可以通过中断装置(105)中断。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电池单池(1),其特征在于,借助于中断装置(105)在一个电操作之后可以持久地,尤其是不可逆转地,使电流流动的中断并且该中断装置(105)尤其是一种可电触发的烟火制造术式的开关。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电池单池(1),其特征在于,操纵装置(109)的温度敏感的部件被设置用于测量电池单池(1)上的温度。
8.对电池单池(1)通过单池排气口(5)的排气产生反应的方法,
-其中,电池单池(1)具有电流引取通路和布置在该电流引取通路中的可电操作的中断装置(105),
其特征在于,
-在单池排气口(5)里面或附近设置用于中断装置(105)的操纵装置(109)的对温度敏感的部件(7),借助于该操纵装置可以电操作中断装置(105)并且当操纵装置(109)的温度敏感的部件(7)上的温度升高时,电流引取通路被中断。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,中断装置(105)在一个电操作之后持久地,尤其是不可逆转地产生电流流动的中断。
10.根据权利要求8或9中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,当操纵装置(109)的温度敏感的部件(7)的温度超过一个预先确定的阈值温度时,使电流流动中断。
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CN101652896A (zh) * | 2007-04-04 | 2010-02-17 | Sk能源株式会社 | 用于电动车辆的使用热电半导体的电池温度控制器 |
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CN109411669B (zh) * | 2017-08-16 | 2023-02-17 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | 电池模块和具有电池模块的车辆 |
CN114600311A (zh) * | 2019-08-27 | 2022-06-07 | 伯恩斯公司 | 具有用于电池组的集成热切断装置的连接器 |
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