CN104845663A - Efficient oil dechlorinating agent and oil dechlorinating method - Google Patents
Efficient oil dechlorinating agent and oil dechlorinating method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104845663A CN104845663A CN201510140849.3A CN201510140849A CN104845663A CN 104845663 A CN104845663 A CN 104845663A CN 201510140849 A CN201510140849 A CN 201510140849A CN 104845663 A CN104845663 A CN 104845663A
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- oil product
- oil
- dechlorinating
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- dechlorinating agent
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- 230000000382 dechlorinating effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000006298 dechlorination reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 potassium oxide compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 206010020843 Hyperthermia Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000036031 hyperthermia Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001942 caesium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001952 rubidium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 abstract 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical group N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011033 desalting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an efficient oil dechlorinating agent which mainly contains alkali metal simple substances, alkali oxides or mixtures of the alkali metal simple substances and the alkali oxides. The alkali metal simple substances are selected from one or more of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. The invention also discloses an oil dechlorinating method adopting the oil dechlorinating agent. According to the oil dechlorinating method, the mass content of chlorine in oil can be quickly reduced to about 1 ppm; the dechlorinating agent consumption is small and can be reused; and chlorine residues in the oil can be effectively reduced even a little of the dechlorinating agent is used. The oil dechlorinating agent is simple to prepare, operation conditions of the dechlorinating reaction are convenient, the application range of the oil is wide, and the oil can completely meet requirements of downstream sections as well as civil and military use.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to petrochemical complex oil product dechlorination field, be specifically related to a kind of oil product high performance dechloridizing agent and adopt this dechlorinating agent to make the method for oil product dechlorination.
Background technology
Chlorine is common catalyzer poison, has very high electron affinity and transport property, easily reacts with metal ion, and often with process fluid migrated downstream, cause the permanent poisoning of catalyzer, Quan and bed often.In recent years, each oil field is in order to improve crude oil yield, widely use various oil recovery auxiliary agent, as emulsion splitter, paraffin remover, souring agent etc., wherein much oil recovery auxiliary agent contains various types of organic chloride, and these organic chlorides are water insoluble, Heat stability is good, the method of very difficult electric desalting removes, and major part is present in the virgin naphtha cut of Atmospheric vacuum product.In the reformation course of processing, raw material is through pre-hydrotreating, organic chloride will be converted into hydrogenchloride, hydrogenchloride and water and ammonia form hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride respectively, serious corrosion is caused to equipment and blocks pipeline, device can be caused time serious to be forced to break-down maintenance, to cause huge financial loss to enterprise.Research for oil product dechlorination is many, as pointed out in Chinese patent 201410291700.0 1 kinds of oil product dechlorination methods, adopt alkaline matter and salt to add in deionized water to be formed containing solution hydroxy, then carry out reflux with this solution and oil product, be finally separated.Although do the cl content that can reduce in oil product like this, but give in crude oil virtually and brought a certain amount of moisture into, want the moisture brought into thoroughly to process hardly may, even if process all needs again to carry out certain operation within standard content, namely waste time and energy, virtually adding production cost again.
In addition, oil product dechlorination process mainly also has catalysis dechlorination, the techniques such as electrochemistry dechlorination and biological dechlorination.All there is catalyst preparing complexity in these techniques, operational condition is harsh, the defects such as narrow application range.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention: the object of the invention is to for the deficiencies in the prior art, provides a kind of oil product high performance dechloridizing agent.
Another object of the present invention is to provide and adopt this dechlorinating agent to make the method for oil product dechlorination.
Technical scheme: in order to reach foregoing invention object, the present invention is specifically achieved like this: a kind of oil product high performance dechloridizing agent, main component is the mixing of alkali metal simple substance, alkalimetal oxide or above-mentioned substance; Described alkali metal simple substance is one or more in lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium; Described alkalimetal oxide is one or more in oxidate for lithium, na oxide, potassium oxide compound, rubidium oxide compound, caesium oxide compound.
Reaction principle: for sodium, sodium oxide and chlorobenzene, reaction equation is as follows;
A kind of oil product dechlorination method, comprises the following steps:
(1) by hyperthermia drying, vacuum displacement operation, reaction unit is replaced, guarantee anhydrous and oxygen-free in reaction unit;
(2) in reaction unit, pass into rare gas element, control pressure is 0.05 ~ 1MPa and adds dechlorinating agent and oil product in reaction unit, encloses container subsequently, and the mass ratio of dechlorinating agent and oil product is 1:0.1 ~ 10;
(4) temperature is controlled in reaction unit at 25 ~ 180 DEG C, and Keep agitation 1 ~ 60min;
(5) stopped reaction, takes out a small amount of oil product and carries out cl content analysis.
Wherein, in described step (2), oil product is petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene, lubricating oil, cracking wax oil or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Wherein, described step (2) rare gas element is nitrogen, argon gas or helium.
Wherein, described step (2) dechlorinating agent is by sodium Metal 99.5 and sodium oxide 10:1 mixing in mass ratio.
Wherein, described step (2) dechlorinating agent is by potassium metal and potassium oxide 10:1 mixing in mass ratio.
Wherein, the mass ratio of described step (2) dechlorinating agent and oil product is 1:0.1 ~ 10, preferred 1:0.5 ~ 5, most preferably 1:0.8 ~ 2.
Wherein, described step (3) temperature of reaction is 25 ~ 180 DEG C, is preferably 50 ~ 150 DEG C, is more preferably 100 ~ 135 DEG C.
Wherein, described step (3) reaction times is 1 ~ 60min, preferably 1 ~ 20min, most preferably 5 ~ 10min.
Beneficial effect: the present invention is compared with conventional art, in oil product, the mass content of chlorine all can reduce to about 1ppm fast, and dechlorinating agent consumption is few, can reuse, even if also can remain by the chlorine effectively reduced in oil product when oil product dechlorinating agent consumption is less, the chlorine of oil product removes agent preparation process simply, and it is easy to operate that chlorine removes operation condition, the oil product scope of application is wide, can meet downstream section and civilian military requirements completely.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with petroleum naphtha specific embodiment, the present invention is further elaborated and illustrate, but do not form any limitation of the invention.
Embodiment 1:
1. the preparation of oil product dechlorinating agent
The potassium oxide getting the sodium Metal 99.5 of 50g, the sodium oxide of 5g, the potassium metal of 10g and 1g carries out being mixed to get oil product dechlorinating agent composition.
2. dechlorination reaction, specifically comprises the steps: that (1) is replaced 100mL reactor by the operation such as hyperthermia drying, vacuum displacement, guarantees anhydrous and oxygen-free in reaction system; (2) the above-mentioned oil product dechlorinating agent of 10g is added under nitrogen protection; (3) petroleum naphtha (cl content 30ppm, PONA group composition normal paraffin content 34.71%, isoparaffin content 14.95%, olefin(e) centent 30.01%, naphthene content 14.96%, aromaticity content 5.12%) of 10g refinery is added; 10min is stirred at (4) 30 DEG C; (5) stopped reaction, takes out a small amount of oil product and carries out cl content analysis: cl content is 2.7ppm.The results are shown in Table one.
Embodiment 2:
With embodiment 1, difference is, temperature of reaction 60 DEG C.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 3:
With embodiment 1, difference is, temperature of reaction 95 DEG C.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 4:
With embodiment 1, difference is, temperature of reaction 120 DEG C.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 5:
With embodiment 1, difference is, temperature of reaction 135 DEG C.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 6:
With embodiment 1, difference is, temperature of reaction 180 DEG C.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 7:
With embodiment 4, difference is, reaction pressure is 0.1MPa, and data are in table 1.
Embodiment 8:
With embodiment 4, difference is, reaction pressure is 0.2MPa, and data are in table 1.
Embodiment 9:
With embodiment 7, difference is, the reaction times is 1min.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 10:
With embodiment 7, difference is, the reaction times is 5min.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 11:
With embodiment 7, difference is, the reaction times is 20min.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 12:
With embodiment 7, difference is, dechlorinating agent is 0.1 with oil quality ratio.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 13:
With embodiment 7, difference is, dechlorinating agent is 0.5 with oil quality ratio.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 14:
With embodiment 7, difference is, dechlorinating agent is 1.5 with oil quality ratio.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 15:
With embodiment 7, difference is, dechlorinating agent is 2.0 with oil quality ratio.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 16:
With embodiment 7, difference is, dechlorinating agent is 5.0 with oil quality ratio.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 17:
With embodiment 7, difference is, dechlorinating agent is 10.0 with oil quality ratio.Data are in table 1.
Embodiment 18:
Dechlorinating agent divides into groups: first group is 50g sodium Metal 99.5; Second group is 50g sodium Metal 99.5 and the mixing of 10g sodium oxide; 3rd group is 50g sodium oxide; 4th group be 50g potassium metal, the 5th group be 50g potassium metal and 10g potassium oxide; 6th group is 50g potassium oxide; 7th group is 50g metallic lithium; 8th group is 50g metal rubidium; 9th group is 50g metal caesium.
Dechlorination reaction, specifically comprises the steps: that (1) is replaced 100mL reactor by the operation such as hyperthermia drying, vacuum displacement, guarantees anhydrous and oxygen-free in reaction system; (2) under argon shield, control pressure 0.3Mpa adds the above-mentioned oil product dechlorinating agent of 10g; (3) kerosene (cl content 35ppm, PONA group composition normal paraffin content 36.15%, isoparaffin content 12.24%, olefin(e) centent 24.36%, naphthene content 18.91%, aromaticity content 5.28%) of 10g refinery is added; 5min is stirred at (4) 120 DEG C; (5) stopped reaction, takes out a small amount of oil product and carries out cl content analysis; The results are shown in Table two.
Data results after the oil product dechlorination of table 1 embodiment 1 ~ 17
Data results after each dechlorinating agent oil product dechlorination of table 2 embodiment 18
Claims (10)
1. an oil product high performance dechloridizing agent, is characterized in that, main component is the mixing of alkali metal simple substance, alkalimetal oxide or above-mentioned substance.
2. oil product high performance dechloridizing agent according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described alkali metal simple substance is one or more in lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium.
3. oil product high performance dechloridizing agent according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described alkalimetal oxide is one or more in oxidate for lithium, na oxide, potassium oxide compound, rubidium oxide compound, caesium oxide compound.
4. an oil product dechlorination method, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
(1) by hyperthermia drying, vacuum displacement operation, reaction unit is replaced, guarantee anhydrous and oxygen-free in reaction unit;
(2) in reaction unit, pass into rare gas element, control pressure is 0.05 ~ 1MPa and adds dechlorinating agent and oil product in reaction unit, encloses container subsequently, and the mass ratio of dechlorinating agent and oil product is 1:0.1 ~ 10;
(3) temperature is controlled in reaction unit at 25 ~ 180 DEG C, and Keep agitation 1 ~ 60min;
(4) stopped reaction, takes out a small amount of oil product and carries out cl content analysis.
5. oil product dechlorination method according to claim 4, is characterized in that, in described step (2), oil product is petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene, cracking wax oil, lubricating oil or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
6. oil product dechlorination method according to claim 4, it is characterized in that, described step (2) rare gas element is nitrogen, argon gas or helium.
7. oil product dechlorination method according to claim 4, is characterized in that, described step (2) dechlorinating agent by sodium Metal 99.5 and sodium oxide in mass ratio 10:1 mix.
8. oil product dechlorination method according to claim 4, is characterized in that, described step (2) dechlorinating agent by sodium Metal 99.5, sodium oxide, potassium metal and potassium oxide in mass ratio 50:5:10:1 mix.
9. oil product dechlorination method according to claim 4, it is characterized in that, the mass ratio of described step (2) dechlorinating agent and oil product is 1:0.8 ~ 2.
10. oil product dechlorination method according to claim 4, it is characterized in that, described step (3) temperature of reaction is 100 ~ 135 DEG C.
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Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4379746A (en) * | 1980-08-18 | 1983-04-12 | Sun-Ohio, Inc. | Method of destruction of polychlorinated biphenyls |
JPS5920179A (en) * | 1982-07-27 | 1984-02-01 | オンタリオ・ハイドロ | Dehalogenation process of organic halogenated substance |
CN1264414A (en) * | 1997-06-12 | 2000-08-23 | 帕克控股公司 | Method for the disposal of waste products containing hydrocarbons and/or halogenated waste products |
JP2002097159A (en) * | 2000-09-21 | 2002-04-02 | Nuclear Fuel Ind Ltd | PCB processing method |
CN101778892A (en) * | 2007-06-07 | 2010-07-14 | 金炳文 | Apparatus and method for treatment of waste insulating oil |
-
2015
- 2015-03-27 CN CN201510140849.3A patent/CN104845663A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4379746A (en) * | 1980-08-18 | 1983-04-12 | Sun-Ohio, Inc. | Method of destruction of polychlorinated biphenyls |
JPS5920179A (en) * | 1982-07-27 | 1984-02-01 | オンタリオ・ハイドロ | Dehalogenation process of organic halogenated substance |
CN1264414A (en) * | 1997-06-12 | 2000-08-23 | 帕克控股公司 | Method for the disposal of waste products containing hydrocarbons and/or halogenated waste products |
JP2002097159A (en) * | 2000-09-21 | 2002-04-02 | Nuclear Fuel Ind Ltd | PCB processing method |
CN101778892A (en) * | 2007-06-07 | 2010-07-14 | 金炳文 | Apparatus and method for treatment of waste insulating oil |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
化学工业时报(日): "用金属钠进行多氯联苯的无害化处理", 《现代化工》, vol. 19, no. 10, 20 October 1999 (1999-10-20) * |
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Application publication date: 20150819 |