CN104808079A - 用于诊断变流器的方法 - Google Patents

用于诊断变流器的方法 Download PDF

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CN104808079A
CN104808079A CN201510039355.6A CN201510039355A CN104808079A CN 104808079 A CN104808079 A CN 104808079A CN 201510039355 A CN201510039355 A CN 201510039355A CN 104808079 A CN104808079 A CN 104808079A
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CN104808079B (zh
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弗朗茨·里茨
诺贝特·胡贝尔
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Dr Johannes Heidenhain GmbH
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P6/00Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefor
    • H02P6/12Monitoring commutation; Providing indication of commutation failure
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/40Testing power supplies
    • G01R31/42AC power supplies
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P6/00Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefor
    • H02P6/34Modelling or simulation for control purposes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/003Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to inverters
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/165Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values
    • G01R19/16533Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application
    • G01R19/16538Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies
    • G01R19/16547Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies voltage or current in AC supplies
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)
  • Control Of Ac Motors In General (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供一种用于诊断变流器的方法,通过利用PWM信号驱控相(u,v,w)的开关元件(T)的方式,变流器的正的和负的中间回路电压(+Uz,-Uz)通过由开关元件(T)构成的电桥交替地施加到电机(M)的相(u,v,w)上,其中,电流传感器(S)检测相电流(iu,iv,iw)。本方法包括以下步骤:将PWM信号作为测试波形(Lu,Lu′)施加到开关元件(T)上,借助电流传感器接收传感器信号(iu1,iu2),以及在传感器信号(iu1,iu2)中识别出位移电流时,通过确认中间回路电压(+Uz,-Uz)的施加,评估传感器信号(iu1,iu2)。

Description

用于诊断变流器的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于诊断变流器中的故障的方法。这种方法用于在出现故障的情况下迅速定位故障源。
背景技术
在现代车床中使用电驱动装置,以便受控地移动不同的机器部分。因此,轴驱动器负责让车床的各个轴移动到要求的位置中。主轴驱动器负责工具、例如铣刀或钻头的旋转运动。数控系统为此将预设给子程序的运动转换为位置额定值,这些位置额定值传输给由位置调节器、转速调节器和电流调节器构成的调节单元。在电流调节器中,为各个电机相生成电压额定值,这些电压额定值由变流器借助所谓的脉宽调制来转换。
变流器从多相的交流电网中获取电能,为此首先借助整流器产生直流电压,利用该直流电压使中间回路电容器加载所期望的中间回路电压。借助逆变器使电机的相分别经由两个开关元件与正的和负的中间回路电压相连。这些开关按照脉宽调制模式(PWM)适当地切换,以便在电机的每个相上生成所要求的、为了实现电机中的电流额定值而必要的电压电势。在变流器的输出端上测量实际的电机电流,并且该电机电流反馈给电流调节器。
在现有技术中已知了许多用于检验变流器的工作能力并且能够在故障的情况下定位故障源的方法。
如在DE 10148740 B4中提供了一种用于变流器的中间回路的充电电路,其能够识别电机中的接地故障。具有整流器、中间回路和逆变器的变流器的由现有技术公知的构造在此例如在图1中连同馈电网和相连的电机一同示出。
在EP 1355163 B1中提供了一种方法和一种装置,应利用二者检验变流器的工作能力。为此,在充电的中间回路中将PWM测试波形提供到逆变器的开关元件处。此时在电机接线上出现的电压借助电容性的传感器来检测,并且与所期望的电压模式相比较。即使仅利用一个唯一的、电容地耦合到电机接线上的测试导线和相应的电压表也能够实现这种方法,但如此为安装这些组件也花费了一定的附加耗费。
经常要检测的一种故障类型是以下问题,电机受到相应的驱控却停止不动的原因是否是缺少中间回路电压,或是因为存在其他故障,例如电机没有正确的连接。因为变流器中的中间回路电压典型地位于几百伏的范围内,所以直接测量是耗费很大的。通常出于安全原因需要与下游的评估电子件电隔离。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是,实现一种用于变流器的中间回路电压的诊断可行性,其在没有或者仅有少量的附加组件的情况下也可行。
该目的通过一种根据权利要求1所述的方法来实现。这种方法的有利的细节也从与权利要求1有关的权利要求中得出。
提供了一种用于诊断变流器的方法,通过利用PWM信号驱控相的开关元件,变流器的正的和负的中间回路电压通过由开关元件构成的电桥交替地施加到电机的相上,其中电流传感器检测相电流。该方法包括以下步骤:
-将PWM信号作为测试波形施加到开关元件上,
-借助电流传感器接收传感器信号,
-当在传感器信号中识别出位移电流时,通过确认中间回路电压的施
加,评估传感器信号。
只有当确实施加了中间回路电压时,变流器的电流传感器中才能够出现位移电流。如果缺少应该出现的与用作测试波形(Testmuster)的PWM信号的边沿相对应的位移电流,则显然缺少中间回路电压。
甚至在仅连接了电机的个别相而没有连接其他的相的情况下,也能通过比较位移电流的振幅来识别。如此,相比其上没有连接电机相的接线,所连接的电机相导致了变流器中的更高的位移电流。相反地,如果缺少一个电机相,那么在变流器的所涉及的接线端子上的位移电流小于所连接的其他相中的位移电流。
附图说明
由下面借助附图对不同实施方式的描述中得到本发明的其他优点和细节。
在此示出
图1是具有相连的电机的变流器,
图2是在变流器上测量的PWM测试波形和电流。
具体实施方式
图1示出了变流器的中间回路Z,逆变器连接到该变流器上。电机M的相u,v,w分别通过逆变器的两个开关元件T既与正的中间回路电压+Uz也与负的中间回路电压-Uz相连。空程二极管D常规地与开关元件T并联。开关元件T利用逻辑信号Lu,Lv和Lw(或利用其逻辑反向件Lu′,Lv′,Lw′)受驱控,其中,一个相u,v,w的两个开关元件分别反向地并且在遵守短暂的空转时间的情况下受驱控,从而不会使一个相u,v,w的两个开关元件T都导电。
此外,在图1中还示出了传感器S,利用该传感器测量在每个相u,v,w中在电机M的方向上流动的电流iu,iv,iw,从而闭合电流调节回路。为此经常仅测量三个相中的两个,因为第三个相的电流应该是其他两个相的总和。电流传感器S通常布置在变流器的输出端上,靠近电机M的接线端子。
当现在出现故障,即尽管在变流器中将相应的PWM信号施加到开关元件T上但电机不动时,那么故障源可能是缺少中间回路电压+Uz、-Uz,但是也可能就是电机没有连接或电机电缆中断。
通过测量直接检验中间回路电压+Uz、-Uz由于为此必需的电隔离而耗费很大,也正因此而期待有另一种界定故障的方法。
现在,这种用于诊断变流器的方法以粗略分成的三个步骤存在,即,将测试波形输出到变流器的开关元件T上(步骤a),此时检测电流传感器的信号(步骤b)并且评估该信号(步骤c)。
在图2中示出了测试波形和传感器信号。在此图示仅限定到一个电机相u,因为当必要时对于其他的相以相同的方式进行检验。
步骤a)
反向的PWM信号Lu和Lu′施加到电机相u的开关元件T上。这优选地对于所有的相u,v,w同步地进行,因为否则在相之间将流有波纹电流,该波纹电流加大了对位移电流的评估的难度。
此外,反向的PWM信号Lu和Lu′应该具有50%的占空比,因为此时在变流器的输出端上产生0V的电压。因此,电机相u均匀地在正的和负的中间回路电压+Uz,-Uz之间来回地切换。
步骤b)
接收电流传感器S的信号iu,iv,iw。如果存在中间回路电压+Uz、-Uz,但是例如不在相u上连接电机M,则在变流器的输出端上施加的交流电压引起位移电流,位移电流作为传感器信号iu1由电流传感器S接收。该位移电流经过电容C接地或朝向中间回路Z流动。电容C能够由固定安装的电容器构成,或者简单地由杂散电容构成,杂散电容例如能够通过变流器的电路板上的铜面的合适布局针对性地受到支持。
为了探测位移电流,应用电机相u的电流传感器S,因而为此不需要额外的耗费。
如果相反地不存在中间回路电压+Uz、+Uz,那么通过施加PWM信号Lu、Lu′不产生位移电流,从而电流传感器S仅探测到噪声,相当于图2的传感器信号iu2。
步骤c)
因此,如下地评估传感器信号,是否如信号iu1中一样在切换PWM信号的逻辑电平时出现电流峰值,或者像信号iu2中一样不出现。
在第一种情况下,排除了缺少中间回路电压+Uz、-Uz的情况而不必直接测量相同的中间回路电压,并且因此例如未正确连接的电机M是一种可能的故障源。
在第二种情况下,缺少中间回路电压+Uz、-Uz是可能的故障源。
对电流峰值的探测能够通过简单地监控极限值+/-G来实现,超过或低于该极限值的情况通过传感器信号iu1显示位移电流来示出。为了相对于电流传感器S中的干扰信号可靠地完成探测,也能够注意超过或低于极限值+/-G的时间点,因为极限值与PWM信号Lu,Lu′的切换在时间上必然相关联。电流峰值与PWM信号的边沿多次重合对于位移电流而言是极可靠的证据。
如果附加地还测定了不同相中的电流峰值的高度,例如通过使用多个绝对值不同的极限值,那么如上所述还能够辨认单个的未正确连接的电机相,因为,所连接的电机相导致了比变流器的打开的接线端子中更高的位移电流。

Claims (6)

1.一种用于诊断变流器的方法,通过利用PWM信号驱控相(u,v,w)的开关元件(T),所述变流器的正的中间回路电压(+Uz)和负的中间回路电压(-Uz)通过由所述开关元件(T)构成的电桥交替地施加到电机(M)的相(u,v,w)上,其中电流传感器(S)检测相电流(iu,iv,iw),所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)PWM信号作为测试波形(Lu、Lu′)施加到所述开关元件(T)上,
其特征在于以下步骤
b)借助所述电流传感器接收传感器信号(iu1,iu2),
c)在所述传感器信号(iu1,iu2)中识别出位移电流时,通过确认所述中间回路电压(+Uz,-Uz)的施加,评估所述传感器信号(iu1,iu2)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤a)中的所述测试波形(Lu,Lu′)具有50%的占空比。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤a)中对于所有的电机相(u,v,w)同步地输出所述测试波形(Lu,Lu′)。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤c)中通过探测由于位移电流引起的电流峰值实现对所述传感器信号(iu1,iu2)的评估。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,通过使所述传感器信号(iu1,iu2)与极限值(+G,-G)相比较实现对电流峰值的探测。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其特征在于,所探测的电流峰值必须在时间上与所述测试波形(Lu,Lu′)的边沿重合,以便识别出位移电流。
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EP2899559B1 (de) 2016-06-15
US9431936B2 (en) 2016-08-30

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