CN104791043A - Valve electro-hydraulic driving system and method for achieving Miller cycle of engine - Google Patents
Valve electro-hydraulic driving system and method for achieving Miller cycle of engine Download PDFInfo
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- CN104791043A CN104791043A CN201510194597.2A CN201510194597A CN104791043A CN 104791043 A CN104791043 A CN 104791043A CN 201510194597 A CN201510194597 A CN 201510194597A CN 104791043 A CN104791043 A CN 104791043A
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L9/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements actuated non-mechanically
- F01L9/10—Valve-gear or valve arrangements actuated non-mechanically by fluid means, e.g. hydraulic
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/34—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear characterised by the provision of means for changing the timing of the valves without changing the duration of opening and without affecting the magnitude of the valve lift
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L13/00—Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations
- F01L13/0015—Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations for optimising engine performances by modifying valve lift according to various working parameters, e.g. rotational speed, load, torque
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Abstract
The invention provides a valve electro-hydraulic driving system and method for achieving Miller cycle of an engine. A crankshaft position sensor is connected with an ECU, the ECU is connected with a two-position three-way electromagnetic valve and a normally-open electromagnetic valve, the two-position three-way electromagnetic valve is connected with a high-pressure oil tank, a low-pressure oil tank and a conical slide valve, a feedback piston cylinder is fixed to a main piston cylinder, a feedback piston and a main piston are fixedly connected through a piston rod, the main piston is connected with an inlet valve, a spring is installed between the main piston and the main piston cylinder below the main piston, the conical slide valve is connected with an upper feedback cavity, a main upper cavity and a main lower cavity, a limiting hole is formed in the main lower cavity, the normally-open electromagnetic valve is connected with the upper feedback cavity, and the limiting hole and the normally-open electromagnetic valve are connected with the low-pressure oil tank through the same pipeline. The system and method are used for achieving Miller cycle of the engine, and technology universality and transferability are high.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is a kind of valve gear and method for driving thereof of motor.
Background technique
In today that environmental problem is increasingly serious, it is one of current study hotspot that low NOX emission especially falls in Exhaust Control of Engine.
Prior art shows, adopts the motor of miller cycle effectively can fall low NOX emission.In fact, miller cycle is the one improvement of Otto cycle, is not a kind of new power cycle.It has two kinds of ways of realization, that is: intake valve early closes and intake valve pass in evening.A, intake valve early closes: just closed in advance by suction valve before piston does not also arrive lower dead center, stops air inlet, the fresh momentum that minimizing enters in cylinder, and allows fresh momentum expand in the intake stroke cooling cylinder.And then compress, because air inflow is few, so compression ratio reduces, thus reduce burning initial temperature, and then reduce maximum combustion temperature in cylinder, fall low NOX emission.B, intake valve closes evening: in compression stroke, continue to be held open intake valve, is discharged by fresh for part momentum, when reaching set angle of retarded closing, is just closed by suction valve.Thus reduce the real gas amount entered in cylinder, reduce actual compression ratio, and expansion ratio is also constant, thus improves the Economy of motor.
Variable valve actuation technology in the past can not meet motor best performance under full working scope, is thus not suitable for applying miller cycle.
Summary of the invention
Utilization is the object of the present invention is to provide entirely can engine intake valve to be driven to realize a kind of valve electricity liquid drive system and method realizing motor miller cycle of miller cycle by power transformation liquid driving mechanism.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this:
A kind of valve electricity liquid drive system realizing motor miller cycle of the present invention, it is characterized in that: comprise crankshaft position sensor, ECU, pressure-oil tank, low-pressure reservoir, main piston, feedback piston, the crankshaft position sensor detecting crank position connects ECU, ECU connects two-bit triplet solenoid valve and normally open solenoid valve respectively, two-bit triplet solenoid valve connects pressure-oil tank respectively, low-pressure reservoir and tapered slide valve, feedback piston is arranged in feedback piston cylinder, main piston is arranged in main piston cylinder, feedback piston cylinder is fixed on main piston cylinder, feedback piston and main piston are fixed together by piston rod, feedback piston and its on, under feedback piston barrel formed respectively feedback epicoele and feedback cavity of resorption, main piston and its on, under main piston cylinder form Your Majesty chamber and main cavity of resorption respectively, main piston connects intake valve, mounting spring between main piston and the main piston cylinder below it, tapered slide valve connects feedback epicoele respectively, Your Majesty chamber and main cavity of resorption, main cavity of resorption arranges spacing hole, normally open solenoid valve connects feedback epicoele, spacing hole is connected low-pressure reservoir with normally open solenoid valve by same pipeline.
A kind of valve electricity liquid method for driving realizing motor miller cycle of the present invention, it is characterized in that: adopt following valve electricity liquid drive unit: comprise crankshaft position sensor, ECU, pressure-oil tank, low-pressure reservoir, main piston, feedback piston, the crankshaft position sensor detecting crank position connects ECU, ECU connects two-bit triplet solenoid valve and normally open solenoid valve respectively, two-bit triplet solenoid valve connects pressure-oil tank respectively, low-pressure reservoir and tapered slide valve, feedback piston is arranged in feedback piston cylinder, main piston is arranged in main piston cylinder, feedback piston cylinder is fixed on main piston cylinder, feedback piston and main piston are fixed together by piston rod, feedback piston and its on, under feedback piston barrel formed respectively feedback epicoele and feedback cavity of resorption, main piston and its on, under main piston cylinder form Your Majesty chamber and main cavity of resorption respectively, main piston connects intake valve, mounting spring between main piston and the main piston cylinder below it, tapered slide valve connects feedback epicoele respectively, Your Majesty chamber and main cavity of resorption, main cavity of resorption arranges spacing hole, normally open solenoid valve connects feedback epicoele, spacing hole is connected low-pressure reservoir with normally open solenoid valve by same pipeline,
After crankshaft position sensor collects crankshaft-position signal, signal is sent to ECU, ECU exports two signals and be respectively out1 after amplifying, out2, out1 is led to two-bit triplet solenoid valve, pressure-oil tank connected by two-bit triplet solenoid valve, high pressure oil in pressure-oil tank enters Your Majesty chamber by tapered slide valve, make main piston descending and pushing tow IO Intake Valve Opens, when main piston right side wall blocks spacing hole completely, when unloading line is closed, on the right side of main cavity of resorption, oil circuit cuts off, main cavity of resorption oil pressure raises, tapered slide valve moves up, cutoff high oil circuit, now intake valve is opened completely, lift is maximum, out1 and two-bit triplet solenoid valve are disconnected, two-position three-way valve reset, main piston and feedback piston up under the effect of spring force, Your Majesty chamber hydraulic oil is back to low-pressure reservoir, out2 is led to normally open solenoid valve, and on the right side of feedback epicoele, oil circuit cuts off, and feedback epicoele oil pressure raises, tapered slide valve moves down, and cuts off oil return circuit, now air valve drop, so far complete an IO Intake Valve Opens to the process of taking a seat, repeat the continuous operation of this process implementation motor.
A kind of valve electricity liquid method for driving realizing motor miller cycle of the present invention can also comprise:
The opportunity that out1 and two-bit triplet solenoid valve disconnect is before the bent axle of motor forwards lower dead center to, realize the first miller cycle or two-bit triplet solenoid valve disconnects with out1 after the bent axle of motor forwards lower dead center to, energising delayed by normally open solenoid valve simultaneously, realizes the second miller cycle.
Advantage of the present invention is:
1. this system is for the realization of motor miller cycle, and its technology highly versatile, portability are good.Cam variable valve actuating mechanism realizes miller cycle and restricts by mechanical system, the present invention is based on electric liquid and drives, can the parameter such as free adjusting valve timing, duration, lift, can meet the distribution needs of miller cycle under any operating mode of different motor.
2., while realizing miller cycle, air valve drop phase place, speed controllable precise, taking a seat, it is little to impact.When valve-closing, due to piston stroking upward, upper hydraulic pressure cavity pressure raises, and tapered slide valve moves down and pins oil circuit gradually, realizes air valve drop phase place, speed controllable precise.
3., while realizing miller cycle, valve maximum lift is controlled and unlatching is stable.The present invention devises the spacing hole being positioned at main piston sidewall, and in valve opening process, descent of piston blocks spacing hole to during expectation lift, realizes throttling and closes spacing hole gradually, arriving maximum lift steadily.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 a is normal valve timing circle diagram, and Fig. 1 b is circle diagram valve timing that intake valve early closes, and Fig. 1 c is circle diagram valve timing of intake valve pass in evening;
Fig. 2 is ECU logical construction schematic diagram;
Fig. 3 is structural representation of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the open and close flow chart of two-bit triplet solenoid valve V1 and solenoid valve V2.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing citing, the present invention is described in more detail:
Composition graphs 1 ~ 4, this system is made up of following four major components, crankshaft position sensor, electronic control unit (ECU), the full variable valve actuation of electric liquid, valve displacement sensor.Wherein crankshaft position sensor is commercially available conventional hall effect type sensor, is used for measuring bent axle lower dead center (BDC) position; Core component single-chip microcomputer in electronic control unit adopts Freescale 9S12 series; Entirely can power transformation liquid driving mechanism mainly comprises pressure-oil tank, low-pressure reservoir, two-bit triplet solenoid valve V1, normally open solenoid valve V2, tapered slide valve Vc are formed feedback cavity and the propelling chamber (P1P2 is rigidly connected) that is made up of main piston P1 and feedback piston P2; Valve displacement sensor is linear displacement transducer, and function is that a straight line mechanical displacement converts electrical signal to measure the instantaneous lift size of valve.
The principle ` of system drive motor air valve
After crankshaft position sensor collects crankshaft-position signal (see Fig. 2), enter shaping filter AD conversion and enter single-chip microcomputer (see Fig. 3), single-chip microcomputer exports two signals to high-power drive circuit successively according to the program of setting in advance, and the driving current after amplification is respectively out1, out2 (see Fig. 2).Out1 makes two-position three-way valve V1 be energized, and connect pressure-oil tank, high pressure oil enters main piston P1 epicoele by tapered slide valve Vc, makes main piston descending and the unlatching of pushing tow engine intake valve.When main piston P1 right side wall blocks right side spacing hole completely, when unloading line is closed, on the right side of main piston P1 cavity of resorption, oil circuit cuts off, and cavity of resorption oil pressure raises, and feedback tapered slide valve moves up, cutoff high oil circuit.Now driver stops mobile, and intake valve is opened completely, and lift is maximum.When after V1 power-off, V1 two-position three-way valve resets.Main piston P1 and feedback piston P2 is up under spring force, and main piston P1 epicoele hydraulic oil is back to low-pressure reservoir.When out2 electric current makes solenoid valve V2 be energized, on the right side of feedback piston P2 epicoele, oil circuit cuts off, and P2 epicoele oil pressure raises, and feedback tapered slide valve moves down, and cuts off oil return circuit.Now driver stops mobile, air valve drop.So far an IO Intake Valve Opens is completed to the process of taking a seat.Repeat this process and can meet continuous firing needs (see Fig. 3).
System realizes the method for miller cycle
Realize miller cycle and namely require that intake valve is closed in advance or delays closedown.So require two-bit triplet solenoid valve V1 power-off before bent axle forwards lower dead center to, such valve returns a moment than in advance normal, realizes the first miller cycle; Or require two-bit triplet solenoid valve V1 power-off after bent axle forwards lower dead center to, solenoid valve V2 delays energising, and such valve returns a moment and delays than normally, realizes the second miller cycle.
Former machine and two kinds of miller cycle different valve timing circle diagram as shown in Figure 1.Intake valve can be controlled by the endurance of control out1 and the energising moment of out2 early to close or late pass.If the endurance of out1 is short, the energising moment of out2 in advance, just can realize the miller cycle that intake valve early closes; If the endurance of out1 is long, the energising moment of out2 is delayed, and just can realize the miller cycle of intake valve pass in evening.
As shown in Figure 4, the rated speed waiting to run motor is first inputted at subscriber computer (upper-position unit) optimum configurations interface.After motor normally runs with rated speed, crankshaft position sensor obtains crankshaft-position signal, and the single-chip microcomputer crank position opened that is constantly energized by corresponding with database for this position signal two-position three-way valve V1 is compared.The single-chip microcomputer output signal out1 when bent axle arrives default V1 enable possition also drives V1 to open through amplification circuit, and under declared working condition, valve moves downward maximum lift; When bent axle arrives default V1 reset position, single-chip microcomputer output signal out1=0, V1 reset afterwards, and valve returns seat under the action of the spring; Finally when bent axle arrives default V2 closed position, single-chip microcomputer outputs signal out2 and drives V2 to cut out through amplification circuit, and valve slows down and takes a seat, and after the some milliseconds of time delay, single-chip microcomputer outputs signal out2=0, V2 solenoid valve and whole system reset.Repeat the motor miller cycle that above process can realize real-time, tunable, and carry out effective distribution.The operating mode that corresponding different motor is different, predetermined set crank angle position corresponding when output current out1, out2 is different.Utilize the valve position information that valve position sensor feeds back at upper-position unit display interface, adjust the open and close position that V1V2 solenoid valve is preset easily, so just can realize two kinds of miller cycle under any operating mode of different motor.
Application the present invention realizes the method for two kinds of miller cycle under any operating mode of different motor: the energising power-cut time of adjustment native system solenoid valve, need to change arbitrarily according to motor and operating mode and open and take a seat the moment (before lower dead center or afterwards), realize reducing the miller cycle that NOX discharge is intake valve pass morning of main purpose, or realize improving the late miller cycle of closing of intake valve that the Economy of motor is main purpose;
While realizing miller cycle, feedback piston P2 possesses good pooling feature of taking a seat, air valve drop phase place, speed controllable precise, taking a seat, it is little to impact, and feedback piston P2 serves damping function in the process of taking a seat, when solenoid valve V2 is energized, on the right side of feedback piston P2 epicoele, oil circuit cuts off, cause pressure to increase, tapered slide valve is descending, and whole process reduces impact of taking a seat;
While realizing miller cycle, valve motion can realize stability contorting to maximum lift according to motor and different operating mode, and when main piston P1 is descending, piston side wall slowly blocks right side spacing hole, emptying oil circuit on the right side of locking gradually, valve stops at maximum lift place gradually;
Tapered slide valve has self-locking action, is subject to upper and lower two chambeies of tapered slide valve, i.e. main piston P1 cavity of resorption and the impact of feedback piston P2 upper cavity pressure, and self-locking oil circuit, realizes intake valve maximum lift respectively and valve buffering is taken a seat;
The present invention realizes the method for motor miller cycle, portable strong, according under different type of machines, different load, different rotating speeds, the output time of adjustment driving current arbitrarily, again the program of control V1V2 two solenoid valves in single-chip microcomputer is loaded into, with the distribution needs of satisfied different operating mode.
Claims (3)
1. one kind realizes the valve electricity liquid drive system of motor miller cycle, it is characterized in that: comprise crankshaft position sensor, ECU, pressure-oil tank, low-pressure reservoir, main piston, feedback piston, the crankshaft position sensor detecting crank position connects ECU, ECU connects two-bit triplet solenoid valve and normally open solenoid valve respectively, two-bit triplet solenoid valve connects pressure-oil tank respectively, low-pressure reservoir and tapered slide valve, feedback piston is arranged in feedback piston cylinder, main piston is arranged in main piston cylinder, feedback piston cylinder is fixed on main piston cylinder, feedback piston and main piston are fixed together by piston rod, feedback piston and its on, under feedback piston barrel formed respectively feedback epicoele and feedback cavity of resorption, main piston and its on, under main piston cylinder form Your Majesty chamber and main cavity of resorption respectively, main piston connects intake valve, mounting spring between main piston and the main piston cylinder below it, tapered slide valve connects feedback epicoele respectively, Your Majesty chamber and main cavity of resorption, main cavity of resorption arranges spacing hole, normally open solenoid valve connects feedback epicoele, spacing hole is connected low-pressure reservoir with normally open solenoid valve by same pipeline.
2. one kind realizes the valve electricity liquid method for driving of motor miller cycle, it is characterized in that: adopt following valve electricity liquid drive unit: comprise crankshaft position sensor, ECU, pressure-oil tank, low-pressure reservoir, main piston, feedback piston, the crankshaft position sensor detecting crank position connects ECU, ECU connects two-bit triplet solenoid valve and normally open solenoid valve respectively, two-bit triplet solenoid valve connects pressure-oil tank respectively, low-pressure reservoir and tapered slide valve, feedback piston is arranged in feedback piston cylinder, main piston is arranged in main piston cylinder, feedback piston cylinder is fixed on main piston cylinder, feedback piston and main piston are fixed together by piston rod, feedback piston and its on, under feedback piston barrel formed respectively feedback epicoele and feedback cavity of resorption, main piston and its on, under main piston cylinder form Your Majesty chamber and main cavity of resorption respectively, main piston connects intake valve, mounting spring between main piston and the main piston cylinder below it, tapered slide valve connects feedback epicoele respectively, Your Majesty chamber and main cavity of resorption, main cavity of resorption arranges spacing hole, normally open solenoid valve connects feedback epicoele, spacing hole is connected low-pressure reservoir with normally open solenoid valve by same pipeline,
After crankshaft position sensor collects crankshaft-position signal, signal is sent to ECU, ECU exports two signals and be respectively out1 after amplifying, out2, out1 is led to two-bit triplet solenoid valve, pressure-oil tank connected by two-bit triplet solenoid valve, high pressure oil in pressure-oil tank enters Your Majesty chamber by tapered slide valve, make main piston descending and pushing tow IO Intake Valve Opens, when main piston right side wall blocks spacing hole completely, when unloading line is closed, on the right side of main cavity of resorption, oil circuit cuts off, main cavity of resorption oil pressure raises, tapered slide valve moves up, cutoff high oil circuit, now intake valve is opened completely, lift is maximum, out1 and two-bit triplet solenoid valve are disconnected, two-position three-way valve reset, main piston and feedback piston up under the effect of spring force, Your Majesty chamber hydraulic oil is back to low-pressure reservoir, out2 is led to normally open solenoid valve, and on the right side of feedback epicoele, oil circuit cuts off, and feedback epicoele oil pressure raises, tapered slide valve moves down, and cuts off oil return circuit, now air valve drop, so far complete an IO Intake Valve Opens to the process of taking a seat, repeat the continuous operation of this process implementation motor.
3. a kind of valve electricity liquid method for driving realizing motor miller cycle according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: the opportunity that out1 and two-bit triplet solenoid valve disconnect is before the bent axle of motor forwards lower dead center to, realize the first miller cycle or two-bit triplet solenoid valve disconnects with out1 after the bent axle of motor forwards lower dead center to, energising delayed by normally open solenoid valve simultaneously, realizes the second miller cycle.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510194597.2A CN104791043A (en) | 2015-04-23 | 2015-04-23 | Valve electro-hydraulic driving system and method for achieving Miller cycle of engine |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201510194597.2A CN104791043A (en) | 2015-04-23 | 2015-04-23 | Valve electro-hydraulic driving system and method for achieving Miller cycle of engine |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106545422A (en) * | 2015-09-16 | 2017-03-29 | 熵零股份有限公司 | IVT Intake Valve Throttle method and the electromotor using which |
| CN111022140A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-04-17 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Hydraulically controlled fully-variable valve actuating mechanism of internal combustion engine |
| CN111120029A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-05-08 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Rotary plunger type fully-variable valve actuating mechanism of internal combustion engine |
| CN112412566A (en) * | 2020-11-05 | 2021-02-26 | 天津大学 | Control method of variable valve mechanism based on slide valve control |
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| EP0455937A1 (en) * | 1990-05-11 | 1991-11-13 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Valve driving apparatus of an internal combustion engine |
| CN101215978A (en) * | 2007-12-26 | 2008-07-09 | 奇瑞汽车有限公司 | Engine air valve controlling mechanism |
| CN202194695U (en) * | 2011-07-19 | 2012-04-18 | 天津大学 | Drive mechanism of electro-hydraulic variable valve |
| CN103388502A (en) * | 2013-07-31 | 2013-11-13 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Full changeable electro-hydraulic air valve driving device |
| CN204677250U (en) * | 2015-04-23 | 2015-09-30 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | A kind of valve electricity liquid drive system realizing motor miller cycle |
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2015
- 2015-04-23 CN CN201510194597.2A patent/CN104791043A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| EP0455937A1 (en) * | 1990-05-11 | 1991-11-13 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Valve driving apparatus of an internal combustion engine |
| CN101215978A (en) * | 2007-12-26 | 2008-07-09 | 奇瑞汽车有限公司 | Engine air valve controlling mechanism |
| CN202194695U (en) * | 2011-07-19 | 2012-04-18 | 天津大学 | Drive mechanism of electro-hydraulic variable valve |
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| CN204677250U (en) * | 2015-04-23 | 2015-09-30 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | A kind of valve electricity liquid drive system realizing motor miller cycle |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106545422A (en) * | 2015-09-16 | 2017-03-29 | 熵零股份有限公司 | IVT Intake Valve Throttle method and the electromotor using which |
| CN111022140A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-04-17 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Hydraulically controlled fully-variable valve actuating mechanism of internal combustion engine |
| CN111120029A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-05-08 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Rotary plunger type fully-variable valve actuating mechanism of internal combustion engine |
| CN111022140B (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2022-05-10 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Hydraulically controlled fully-variable valve actuating mechanism of internal combustion engine |
| CN112412566A (en) * | 2020-11-05 | 2021-02-26 | 天津大学 | Control method of variable valve mechanism based on slide valve control |
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Application publication date: 20150722 |