CN104730598B - A kind of Dust Storm Monitoring method and device - Google Patents
A kind of Dust Storm Monitoring method and device Download PDFInfo
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- CN104730598B CN104730598B CN201510161856.1A CN201510161856A CN104730598B CN 104730598 B CN104730598 B CN 104730598B CN 201510161856 A CN201510161856 A CN 201510161856A CN 104730598 B CN104730598 B CN 104730598B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of Dust Storm Monitoring method and device, belong to state of weather measuring instrument field, be applied to Dust Storm Monitoring system, methods described includes：The satellite remote sensing information processor obtains the satellite remote sensing date in the region to be monitored of the sensor collection；The satellite remote sensing information processor judges whether the satellite remote sensing date of each pixel in the satellite image is located in the range of the judgement, if so, it is sandstorm influence area to mark the pixel；All pixels of sandstorm influence area that are marked as are marked on the satellite image in the region to be monitored.Real-time and monitoring range it is an object of the invention to effectively improve existing satellite-based Dust Storm Monitoring.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to state of weather measuring instrument field, in particular to a kind of Dust Storm Monitoring method and device.
Background technology
Beijing and neighboring area are in semi-dry and semi-humid zone of transition, and precipitation is rare, more or less can all be subject to every year
The influence of dust and sand weather.But sand and dust generating and vanishing process is often shorter, then several hours are slow then several days soon.Sand and dust based on polar-orbiting satellite
Monitoring, the same area on earth surface is only leapt due to satellite twice daily, and always before and after synchronization, it is difficult to
Continuous tracking dust and sand weather occurs, evolution, and polar-orbiting satellite remote sensing coverage is relatively limited, it is impossible to meet pre- in real time
Survey the demand of early warning and supervision.
The content of the invention
It is existing based on satellite to effectively improve it is an object of the invention to provide a kind of Dust Storm Monitoring method and device
Dust Storm Monitoring real-time and monitoring range.
In a first aspect, a kind of Dust Storm Monitoring method provided in an embodiment of the present invention, is applied to Dust Storm Monitoring system, institute
Stating Dust Storm Monitoring system includes fixed statellite and satellite remote sensing information processor, is preset in the satellite remote sensing information processor
There is judgement scope, the fixed statellite is equipped with sensor, and methods described includes：
The satellite remote sensing information processor obtains the satellite remote sensing date in the region to be monitored of the sensor collection；
The satellite remote sensing information processor judges defending for each pixel in the satellite image that the fixed statellite shoots
Whether star remotely-sensed data is located in the range of the judgement, if so, it is sandstorm influence area to mark the pixel；
All pixels of sandstorm influence area that are marked as are marked on the satellite image in the region to be monitored.
With reference in a first aspect, the embodiment of the present invention additionally provides the first possible embodiment of first aspect, wherein, institute
State sensor and be provided with 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR and 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S, the judgement scope bag
Include first threshold scope；
The satellite remote sensing date includes the bright of the region to be monitored of 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections
The bright temperature value in the region described to be monitored of temperature value and the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collections；
The satellite remote sensing information processor judge each pixel in the satellite image satellite remote sensing date whether
In the range of the judgement, if so, the pixel is marked for sandstorm influence area, including：
The satellite remote sensing information processor judges described 10.3-11.3 μm of each pixel in the satellite image
Whether the difference of the bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections and the bright temperature value of the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collections is located at
In the range of the first threshold, if so, the pixel is marked for sandstorm influence area, wherein, the first threshold scope is
＜ -0.7 DEG C of IRk-Sk, wherein, IRk represents k-th pixel in the 10.3-11.3 μm of bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, Sk tables
Show that k-th pixel divides the bright temperature value of window passage S at 11.5-12.5 μm.
With reference to the first possible embodiment of first aspect, the embodiment of the present invention additionally provides second of first aspect
Possible embodiment, wherein, the sensor be additionally provided with 3.5-4.0 μm in infrared channel MIR, the judgement scope also includes
Second Threshold scope；
The satellite remote sensing date also includes：The area described to be monitored of infrared channel MIR collections in described 3.5-4.0 μm
The bright temperature value in domain；
The satellite remote sensing information processor judge each pixel in the satellite image satellite remote sensing date whether
In the range of the judgement, if so, the pixel is marked for sandstorm influence area, including：
The satellite remote sensing information processor is infrared in judging 3.5-4.0 μm of each pixel in the satellite image
It is described whether the difference of the bright temperature value of passage MIR collections and the bright temperature value of 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections is located at
In the range of Second Threshold, if so, the pixel is marked for sandstorm influence area, wherein, the Second Threshold scope is
15 DEG C of MIRk-IRk ＞, wherein, IRk represents k-th pixel in the 10.3-11.3 μm of bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, MIRk
Represent k-th bright temperature value of pixel infrared channel MIR in 3.5-4.0 μm.
With reference to second possible embodiment of first aspect, the embodiment of the present invention additionally provides the third of first aspect
Possible embodiment, wherein, the sensor is additionally provided with 6.5-7.0 μm of vapor channel W, and the judgement scope also includes the 3rd
Threshold range；
The satellite remote sensing date also includes：The region described to be monitored of the 6.5-7.0 μm of vapor channel W collections
Bright temperature value；
The satellite remote sensing information processor judge each pixel in the satellite image satellite remote sensing date whether
In the range of the judgement, if so, the pixel is marked for sandstorm influence area, including：
The satellite remote sensing information processor judges described 10.3-11.3 μm of each pixel in the satellite image
It is described whether the difference of the bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections and the bright temperature value of 6.5-7.0 μm of vapor channel W collections is located at
In 3rd threshold range, if so, the pixel is marked for sandstorm influence area, wherein, the 3rd threshold range is IRk-
10 DEG C of Wk ＞, wherein, IRk represents k-th pixel in the 10.3-11.3 μm of bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, and Wk is represented k-th
Pixel is in the 6.5-7.0 μm of bright temperature value of vapor channel W.
With reference to the third possible embodiment of first aspect, the embodiment of the present invention additionally provides the 4th kind of first aspect
Possible embodiment, wherein, the sensor is additionally provided with 0.55-0.90 μm of visible ray and near infrared channels VIS, the judgement
Scope also includes the 4th threshold range；
The satellite remote sensing date also includes：The institute that the 0.55-0.90 μm of visible ray is gathered near infrared channels VIS
State the albedo in region to be monitored；
The satellite remote sensing information processor judge each pixel in the satellite image satellite remote sensing date whether
In the range of the judgement, if so, the pixel is marked for sandstorm influence area, including：
The satellite remote sensing information processor judges whether the albedo of each pixel in the satellite image is located at institute
State in the 4th threshold range, if so, the pixel is marked for sandstorm influence area, wherein the 4th threshold range is 0.1 ＜
VISk ＜ 0.3, wherein, VISk represents k-th pixel in 0.55-0.90 μm of visible ray and the albedo of near infrared channels VIS.
With reference to the first possible embodiment of first aspect, the embodiment of the present invention additionally provides the 5th kind of first aspect
Possible embodiment, wherein, the judgement scope also includes the 5th threshold range, and methods described also includes：
One scaled window of setting；
The satellite remote sensing processor judges that the 10.3-11.3 μm of heat of each pixel in the scaled window is red
Whether the difference of the bright temperature value of outer tunnel IR collections is located in the 5th threshold range, if so, marking in the scaled window
Each pixel is sandstorm influence area, wherein, the 5th threshold range is Δ IR≤3 DEG C, wherein, Δ IR represents the chi
Each pixel is in the 10.3-11.3 μm of difference of the bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR in degree window.
The first possible embodiment or second possible embodiment or the 3rd with reference to first aspect or first aspect
Kind of possible embodiment or the 4th kind of possible embodiment or the 5th kind of possible embodiment, the embodiment of the present invention additionally provide the
6th kind of possible embodiment of one side, wherein, the satellite remote sensing information processor judges every in the satellite image
Whether the satellite remote sensing date of individual pixel is located in the range of the judgement, if so, the pixel is marked for sandstorm influence area,
Including：
The satellite image is carried out picture smooth treatment by the satellite remote sensing information processor according to the first rule, generation
Multiple smoothed images, first rule includes the neighbouring N number of pixel composition back of the body centered on the pixel of the satellite image
Scape image, using the average value of whole pixels of the background image as the smoothed image pixel, wherein, N is more than or equal to
2；
The satellite remote sensing information processor judge each pixel of the smoothed image satellite remote sensing date whether position
In the range of the judgement, if so, the pixel of the smoothed image is labeled as into sandstorm influence area；
The picture of the corresponding background image of pixel of the smoothed image that judgement is marked as sandstorm influence area
Whether the satellite remote sensing date of unit is located in the range of the judgement, if so, the pixel of the background image is labeled as into sandstorm
Influence area.
A kind of second aspect, Dust Storm Monitoring device provided in an embodiment of the present invention, is applied to Dust Storm Monitoring system, institute
Stating Dust Storm Monitoring system includes fixed statellite and satellite remote sensing information processor, and the satellite remote sensing information processor includes institute
Dust Storm Monitoring device is stated, judgement scope is preset with the satellite remote sensing information processor, the fixed statellite is equipped with biography
Sensor, the Dust Storm Monitoring device includes：
Acquiring unit, the satellite remote sensing date in the region to be monitored for obtaining the sensor collection；
Whether judging unit, the satellite remote sensing date for judging each pixel in the satellite image is sentenced positioned at described
Determine in scope, if so, it is sandstorm influence area to mark the pixel；
Indexing unit, for all pixels for being marked as sandstorm influence area to be marked at into the region to be monitored
On satellite image.
With reference to second aspect, the embodiment of the present invention additionally provides the first possible embodiment of second aspect, wherein, institute
State sensor and be provided with 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR and 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S, the judgement scope bag
Include first threshold scope；The satellite remote sensing date includes the area to be monitored of 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections
The bright temperature value in the region described to be monitored of the bright temperature value in domain and the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collections；
The judging unit, the 10.3-11.3 μm of heat specifically for judging each pixel in the satellite image
Whether the difference of the bright temperature value of infrared channel IR collections and the bright temperature value of the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collections is located at institute
State in the range of first threshold, if so, it is sandstorm influence area to mark the pixel.
With reference to the first possible embodiment of second aspect or second aspect, the embodiment of the present invention additionally provides second party
Second possible embodiment in face, wherein, the judging unit includes：
Picture smooth treatment subelement, it is raw for the satellite image to be carried out into picture smooth treatment according to the first rule
Into multiple smoothed images, first rule includes the neighbouring N number of pixel composition centered on the pixel of the satellite image
Background image, using the average value of whole pixels of the background image as the smoothed image pixel, wherein, N more than etc.
In 2；
First judgment sub-unit, for judging whether the satellite remote sensing date of each pixel of the smoothed image is located at institute
State in the range of judgement, if so, the pixel of the smoothed image is labeled as into sandstorm influence area；
Second judgment sub-unit, the pixel correspondence of the smoothed image for judging to be marked as sandstorm influence area
The satellite remote sensing date of pixel of the background image whether be located in the range of the judgement, if so, by the background image
Pixel be labeled as sandstorm influence area.
The embodiment of the present invention obtains the satellite remote sensing date in region to be monitored, the satellite remote sensing date by fixed statellite
Including surface temperature, ceiling of clouds, atmospheric pressure value, infrared temperature, visual intensity etc., because this weather environment of sandstorm has
The satellite remote sensing date of numerical value is corresponded to therewith, therefore judges whether the satellite remote sensing date is located in the range of judgement, if it is,
Then judge to be herein sandstorm influence area.
Therefore, with the monitoring based on polar-orbiting satellite of prior art, cause that monitoring result once a day can only be obtained, cover
Lid scope is also limited, it is impossible to which the demand for meeting real-time estimate early warning and supervision is compared, and the embodiment of the present invention static is defended by described
Star real-time monitoring sandstorm, scope is fully able to covering source locations, transmission path and coverage, effectively increases existing
The Dust Storm Monitoring based on polar-orbiting satellite real-time and monitoring range.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will illustrate in subsequent specification, also, partly become from specification
It is clear that or being understood by implementing the embodiment of the present invention.The purpose of the present invention and other advantages can be by saying for being write
Specifically noted structure is realized and obtained in bright book, claims and accompanying drawing.
Brief description of the drawings
In order to illustrate more clearly about the embodiment of the present invention or technical scheme of the prior art, below will be to institute in embodiment
The accompanying drawing for needing to use is briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only some implementations of the invention
Example, for those of ordinary skill in the art, on the premise of not paying creative work, can also obtain according to these accompanying drawings
Obtain other accompanying drawings.By the way that shown in accompanying drawing, above and other purpose of the invention, feature and advantage will become apparent from.In whole
Identical reference indicates identical part in accompanying drawing.Deliberately accompanying drawing, emphasis are not drawn by actual size equal proportion scaling
It is that purport of the invention is shown.
Fig. 1 shows a kind of method flow diagram of the embodiment of Dust Storm Monitoring method provided in an embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 2 shows the method flow diagram of the embodiment of another Dust Storm Monitoring method provided in an embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 3 shows a kind of structured flowchart of the embodiment of Dust Storm Monitoring device provided in an embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 4 shows the structured flowchart of the embodiment of another Dust Storm Monitoring device provided in an embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 5 shows a kind of structured flowchart of the embodiment of satellite remote sensing information processor provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is carried out clear, complete
Whole description, it is clear that described embodiment is only a part of embodiment of the invention, rather than whole embodiments.It is based on
Embodiment in the present invention, it is every other that those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained under the premise of creative work is not made
Embodiment, belongs to the scope of protection of the invention.
Beijing and neighboring area are in semi-dry and semi-humid zone of transition, and precipitation is rare, more or less can all be subject to every year
The influence of dust and sand weather.But sand and dust generating and vanishing process is often shorter, then several hours are slow then several days soon.Polar-orbiting satellite is based in the past
Monitoring, a point on earth surface is twice daily leapt due to polar-orbiting satellite, and always before and after the same moment, due to
Night lacks visible channel, and remote Sensing Interpretation result is undesirable, can only obtain monitoring result once a day, and coverage
Also it is limited, it is impossible to meet the demand of real-time estimate early warning and supervision.
To solve drawbacks described above, a kind of Dust Storm Monitoring method is the embodiment of the invention provides, be applied to Dust Storm Monitoring
System, the Dust Storm Monitoring system includes fixed statellite and satellite remote sensing information processor, the satellite remote sensing information treatment
Judgement scope is preset with device, the fixed statellite is equipped with sensor.Wherein, the fixed statellite is that geostationary orbit is defended
Star, sees on ground, and the satellite on this track is local as static fixation a certain on high, therefore also known as geostationary satellite, letter
Claim fixed statellite, Continuous Observation can be carried out to a certain area.
A kind of Dust Storm Monitoring method as described in Figure 1, including：
S11：Obtain the satellite remote sensing date in the region to be monitored of the sensor collection；
The embodiment of the present invention obtains the satellite remote sensing date in region to be monitored, the satellite remote sensing date by fixed statellite
Including surface temperature, ceiling of clouds, atmospheric pressure value, infrared temperature, visual intensity etc..
S12：When the satellite remote sensing date of each pixel in satellite image is located in the range of judgement, the pixel is judged
It is sandstorm influence area；
The satellite remote sensing information processor judges whether the satellite remote sensing date is located in the range of the judgement, if
It is to mark the pixel for sandstorm influence area.
Because this weather environment of sandstorm has the satellite remote sensing date for corresponding to numerical value therewith, therefore judge that the satellite is distant
Whether sense data are located in the range of judgement, if it is, it is herein sandstorm influence area to judge.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the sensor is provided with 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, 11.5-12.5 μm point
Split in S, 3.5-4.0 μm of window passage infrared channel MIR, 6.5-7.0 μm of vapor channel W and 0.55-0.90 μm of visible ray with it is near
Infrared channel VIS, the satellite remote sensing date can include：It is to be monitored that the 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR is gathered
It is the bright temperature value in region, the bright temperature value in the region described to be monitored of the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collection, described
The bright temperature value in the region described to be monitored of infrared channel MIR collections, the 6.5-7.0 μm of vapor channel W are adopted in 3.5-4.0 μm
The bright temperature value and the acquisition 0.55-0.90 μm of visible ray in the region described to be monitored of collection and the institute of near infrared channels VIS collections
State the albedo in region to be monitored.
In the embodiment of the present invention, five kinds of bases for estimation are provided with：
The first, including first threshold scope, the satellite remote sensing information processor judges the 10.3-11.3 μm of heat
Whether the difference of the bright temperature value of infrared channel IR collections and the bright temperature value of the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collections is located at institute
State in the range of first threshold, if so, it is sandstorm influence area to mark the pixel.For example, in the embodiment of the present invention, described
One threshold range is：Less than -0.7 DEG C, i.e., the first criterion is ＜ -0.7 DEG C of IRk-Sk, wherein, IRk is represented k-th
In the 10.3-11.3 μm of bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, Sk represents that k-th pixel divides window and lead at 11.5-12.5 μm to pixel
The bright temperature value of road S.
Second, including Second Threshold scope, the satellite remote sensing information processor judges every in the satellite image
The bright temperature value of infrared channel MIR collections is gathered with the 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR in 3.5-4.0 μm of individual pixel
Bright temperature value difference whether be located at the Second Threshold in the range of, if so, mark the pixel be sandstorm influence area.Example
Such as, in the embodiment of the present invention, the Second Threshold scope is：More than 15 DEG C, i.e., second criterion is MIRk-IRk ＞ 15
DEG C, wherein, IRk represents k-th pixel in the 10.3-11.3 μm of bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, and MIRk represents k-th pixel
The bright temperature value of infrared channel MIR in 3.5-4.0 μm.
The third, including the 3rd threshold range, the satellite remote sensing information processor judges every in the satellite image
The bright temperature value of the 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections of individual pixel is gathered with the 6.5-7.0 μm of vapor channel W
Bright temperature value difference whether be located at the 3rd threshold range in, if so, mark the pixel be sandstorm influence area.Example
Such as, in the embodiment of the present invention, the 3rd threshold range is：More than 10 DEG C.The height of sandstorm is generally less than 3000 meters,
What the numerical value of 6.5-7.0 μm of vapor channel W collection reflected is the steam information of more than 600hPa, the 10.3-11.3 μm of heat
The difference of the bright temperature value of infrared channel IR collections and the bright temperature value of 6.5-7.0 μm of vapor channel W collections is estimated that cloud top
Highly, cloud top is higher, and the difference of the difference of the infrared temperature angle value and the steam information is smaller.Then the third criterion is
10 DEG C of IRk-Wk ＞, wherein, IRk represents k-th pixel in the 10.3-11.3 μm of bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, and Wk is represented
K-th pixel is in the 6.5-7.0 μm of bright temperature value of vapor channel W.
4th kind, including the 4th threshold range, the satellite remote sensing information processor judges every in the satellite image
Whether the albedo of individual pixel is located in the 4th threshold range, if so, it is sandstorm influence area to mark the pixel.It is husky
The albedo of dust storm is higher than earth's surface, but the generally below albedo of cloud.0.55-0.90 μm of visible ray of sandstorm leads to near-infrared
The albedo of road VIS can not possibly be too small, it is also not possible to which too big, typically in the case of daytime, the 4th threshold range is：Greatly
In 0.1, less than 0.3, i.e. the 4th criterion is 0.1 ＜ VISk ＜ 0.3, wherein, VISk represents k-th pixel in 0.55-
The albedo of 0.90 μm of visible ray and near infrared channels VIS.
5th kind, the temperature in sandstorm region has preferable locally coherence.By region to be monitored according to 3 × 3 yardstick
Window pixel is divided into multiple subregions to be monitored, determines the infrared temperature angle value of each subregion to be monitored, judges that each waits to supervise
Whether the maximum for surveying the infrared temperature angle value difference of subregion is less than 3 DEG C, if so, judging that the region to be monitored is sandstorm shadow
Ring region.Such as Δ IR≤3 DEG C, wherein, Δ IR represents that each pixel is logical in 10.3-11.3 μm of thermal infrared in the scaled window
The difference of the bright temperature value of road IR.
Five kinds of above-mentioned method of discrimination, the mode for using has many kinds, wherein, the first method of discrimination is sentenced for most important
Other mode, be for judge the region to be measured whether be sandstorm influence area necessary condition.
On the basis of the first discriminant approach, can be with reselection other four kinds of further accurate measurements of discriminant approach, example
Such as, under conditions of meeting first step method of discrimination, then judge whether to meet other any of four kinds, if so, then judging institute
It is sandstorm influence area to state region to be measured.Equivalent to the first discriminant approach is a preliminary judgement, if the first differentiates
Mode is unsatisfactory for the condition of sandstorm, then other four kinds of discriminant approaches are not considered.
Therefore, it can under conditions of the first discriminant approach is met, then judge second discriminant approach or the third sentence
Whether other mode or the 4th kind of discriminant approach or the 5th kind of discriminant approach meet condition；The first discriminant approach can also met
Under conditions of, then judge whether second discriminant approach meets condition, if meeting, then judge whether the third discriminant approach meets
Condition, the like.
Therefore, those skilled in the art, on the basis of the embodiment of the present invention is read, can derive based on above-mentioned five kinds
The multiple combination of discriminant approach, within protection scope of the present invention, this is no longer going to repeat them for this.
S13：All pixels for being marked as sandstorm influence area are marked at the satellite image in the region to be monitored
On.
Therefore, with the monitoring based on polar-orbiting satellite of prior art, cause that monitoring result once a day can only be obtained, cover
Lid scope is also limited, it is impossible to which the demand for meeting real-time estimate early warning and supervision is compared, and the embodiment of the present invention static is defended by described
Star real-time monitoring sandstorm, scope is fully able to covering source locations, transmission path and coverage, effectively increases existing
Satellite-based Dust Storm Monitoring real-time and monitoring range.
The embodiment of another Dust Storm Monitoring method as shown in Figure 2, is applied to Dust Storm Monitoring system, the sand and dust
Sudden and violent monitoring system includes fixed statellite and satellite remote sensing information processor, and judgement is preset with the satellite remote sensing information processor
Scope, the fixed statellite is equipped with sensor, and methods described includes：
S21：Obtain the satellite data in the region to be monitored of the sensor collection；
The satellite remote sensing information processor obtains the satellite data in the region to be monitored of the sensor collection, described to defend
Sing data includes the satellite image in the region to be monitored and the satellite remote sensing date in the region to be monitored.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the sensor is provided with 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, 11.5-12.5 μm point
Split in S, 3.5-4.0 μm of window passage infrared channel MIR, 6.5-7.0 μm of vapor channel W and 0.55-0.90 μm of visible ray with it is near
Infrared channel VIS, the satellite remote sensing date can include：It is to be monitored that the 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR is gathered
It is the infrared temperature angle value in region, the bright temperature value in the region described to be monitored of the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collection, described
Middle infrared temperature angle value, the 6.5-7.0 μm of steam in the region described to be monitored of infrared channel MIR collections in 3.5-4.0 μm
The steam information and the acquisition 0.55-0.90 μm of visible ray and near infrared channels in the region described to be monitored of passage W collections
The albedo in the region described to be monitored of VIS collections.
S22：The satellite image is carried out into picture smooth treatment, the multiple smoothed images of generation according to the first rule；
The satellite image is carried out picture smooth treatment by the satellite remote sensing information processor according to the first rule, generation
Multiple smoothed images, first rule includes the neighbouring N number of pixel composition back of the body centered on the pixel of the satellite image
Scape image, using the average value of whole pixels of the background image as the smoothed image pixel, wherein, N is more than or equal to
2。
For example, in the embodiment of the present invention, taking N equal to 24, i.e., the smooth place of 5 × 5 area images is carried out to the satellite image
Reason, generation pixel width and height are changed into original 1/5 new smoothed image.It is 5 pixel points for example with width, is highly 5
Individual pixel o'clock chooses 25 pixel points of the satellite image as a window, and this 25 pixel points are asked as background image
Go out the average pixel value of the background image as the pixel of the smoothed image, therefore the pixel of each smoothed image corresponds to one
The pixel of individual 5 × 5 background image.
S23：The satellite remote sensing date of each pixel of the smoothed image is located at when in the range of the judgement, will be described flat
The pixel of sliding image is labeled as sandstorm influence area；
The satellite remote sensing information processor judge each pixel of the smoothed image satellite remote sensing date whether position
In the range of the judgement, if so, the pixel of the smoothed image is labeled as into sandstorm influence area.Specific judgment mode
Can be using the method described in the S12 steps described in Fig. 1.
S24：When the picture of the corresponding background image of the pixel of the smoothed image for being marked as sandstorm spot
The satellite remote sensing date of unit is located at when in the range of the judgement, and the pixel of the background image is labeled as into the sandstorm zone of influence
Domain；
The picture of the corresponding background image of pixel of the smoothed image that judgement is marked as sandstorm influence area
Whether the satellite remote sensing date of unit is located in the range of the judgement, if so, the pixel of the background image is labeled as into sandstorm
Influence area.Specific judgment mode can be using the method described in the S12 steps described in Fig. 1.
For example, finding and being marked as the pixel pair of the smoothed image of sandstorm influence area in the satellite image
The background image in 5 × 5 regions answered, each pixel to the background image in 5 × 5 regions found judges, and handle meets
The pixel of decision rule is labeled as sandstorm influence area.
S25：All pixels for being marked as sandstorm influence area are marked at the satellite image in the region to be monitored
On；
On the satellite image, the pixel of sandstorm influence area will be judged as labeled as red or other face
Color, for marking.
Therefore, with the monitoring based on polar-orbiting satellite of prior art, cause that monitoring result once a day can only be obtained, cover
Lid scope is also limited, it is impossible to which the demand for meeting real-time estimate early warning and supervision is compared, and the embodiment of the present invention static is defended by described
Star real-time monitoring sandstorm, scope is fully able to covering source locations, transmission path and coverage, effectively increases existing
Satellite-based Dust Storm Monitoring real-time and monitoring range.
In addition, the embodiment of the present invention is by the S23 steps, the monitoring to the sandstorm of the satellite image carries out one
It is preliminary to judge, then by the S24 steps, carry out one and judge in detail.Can be sentenced rapidly in a short time by preliminary judgement
Whether the disconnected region to be monitored is sandstorm influence area, by judgement in detail, can accurately be judged in the sandstorm zone of influence
The generation position of the accurate sandstorm in domain.
Furthermore, by five kinds of judgment modes of the invention, it is possible to increase the accuracy of sandstorm detection.Also, Fig. 1 and Tu
Dust Storm Monitoring method shown in 2 goes for that polar-orbiting satellite, fixed statellite etc. are all with IMAQ and to be equipped with biography
The satellite of sensor.
A kind of Dust Storm Monitoring device as shown in Figure 3, is applied to Dust Storm Monitoring system, the Dust Storm Monitoring system
Including fixed statellite and satellite remote sensing information processor, the satellite remote sensing information processor is filled including the Dust Storm Monitoring
Put, judgement scope is preset with the satellite remote sensing information processor, the fixed statellite is equipped with sensor 304, the sand
Dust storm monitoring device includes：
Acquiring unit 301, the satellite remote sensing date in the region to be monitored for obtaining the collection of the sensor 304；
Whether judging unit 302, the satellite remote sensing date for judging each pixel in the satellite image is located at institute
State in the range of judgement, if so, it is sandstorm influence area to mark the pixel；
Indexing unit 303, for all pixels for being marked as sandstorm influence area to be marked at into the area to be monitored
On the satellite image in domain.
It is apparent to those skilled in the art that, for convenience and simplicity of description, the system of foregoing description,
The specific work process of device and unit, may be referred to the corresponding process in preceding method embodiment, will not be repeated here.
Another Dust Storm Monitoring device as shown in Figure 4, is applied to Dust Storm Monitoring system, the Dust Storm Monitoring system
System includes fixed statellite and satellite remote sensing information processor, and the satellite remote sensing information processor is filled including the Dust Storm Monitoring
Put, judgement scope is preset with the satellite remote sensing information processor, the fixed statellite is equipped with sensor 404, the sand
Dust storm monitoring device includes：
Acquiring unit 401, the satellite remote sensing date in the region to be monitored for obtaining the collection of the sensor 304；
Whether judging unit 402, the satellite remote sensing date for judging each pixel in the satellite image is located at institute
State in the range of judgement, if so, it is sandstorm influence area to mark the pixel；
Indexing unit 403, for all pixels for being marked as sandstorm influence area to be marked at into the area to be monitored
On the satellite image in domain.
In addition, the judging unit 402 includes：
Picture smooth treatment subelement 4021, for the satellite image to be carried out at image smoothing according to the first rule
Reason, the multiple smoothed images of generation, first rule includes the neighbouring N number of pixel centered on the pixel of the satellite image
Composition background image, using the average value of whole pixels of the background image as the smoothed image pixel, wherein, N is big
In equal to 2；
Wherein, to carrying out M × M segment smoothings to image, generation width and height are all for described image smoothing processing subelement
Become the new smoothed image of the 1/M of original image.
First judgment sub-unit 4022, for judge the smoothed image each pixel satellite remote sensing date whether position
In the range of the judgement, if so, the pixel of the smoothed image is labeled as into sandstorm influence area；
Second judgment sub-unit 4023, the pixel of the smoothed image for judging to be marked as sandstorm influence area
Whether the satellite remote sensing date of the pixel of the corresponding background image is located in the range of the judgement, if so, by the background
The pixel of image is labeled as sandstorm influence area.
It is apparent to those skilled in the art that, for convenience and simplicity of description, the system of foregoing description,
The specific work process of device and unit, may be referred to the corresponding process in preceding method embodiment, will not be repeated here.
Referring to Fig. 5, the embodiment of the present invention also provides a kind of satellite remote sensing information processor 500, including：Processor 504, deposits
Reservoir 501, bus 502 and communication interface 503, the processor 404, communication interface 503 and memory 501 pass through bus 502
Connection；Processor 504 is used to perform the executable module stored in memory 501, such as computer program.
Wherein, memory 501 may include high-speed random access memory (RAM：Random Access Memory),
Non-labile memory (non-volatile memory), for example, at least one magnetic disk storage may also be included.Pass through
At least one communication interface 503 (can be wired or wireless) is realized between the system network element and at least one other network element
Communication connection, it is possible to use internet, wide area network, LAN, Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) etc..
Bus 502 can be isa bus, pci bus or eisa bus etc..The bus can be divided into address bus, number
According to bus, controlling bus etc..For ease of representing, only represented with a four-headed arrow in Fig. 5, it is not intended that only one bus
Or a type of bus.
Wherein, memory 501 is used for storage program, and the processor 504 performs the journey after execute instruction is received
Sequence, the method performed by the device of the flow definition that foregoing embodiment of the present invention any embodiment is disclosed can apply to processor
In 504, or realized by processor 504.
Processor 504 is probably a kind of IC chip, the disposal ability with signal.It is above-mentioned in implementation process
Each step of method can be completed by the instruction of the integrated logic circuit of the hardware in processor 504 or software form.On
The processor 404 stated can be general processor, including central processing unit (Central Processing Unit, referred to as
CPU), network processing unit (Network Processor, abbreviation NP) etc.；Can also be digital signal processor (DSP), special
Integrated circuit (ASIC), ready-made programmable gate array (FPGA) or other PLDs, discrete gate or transistor
Logical device, discrete hardware components.Can realize or perform disclosed each method in the embodiment of the present invention, step and logic
Block diagram.General processor can be microprocessor or the processor can also be any conventional processor etc..With reference to this hair
The step of method disclosed in bright embodiment, can be embodied directly in hardware decoding processor and perform completion, or be processed with decoding
Hardware and software module combination in device performs completion.Software module may be located at random access memory, flash memory, read-only storage,
In the ripe storage medium in this area such as programmable read only memory or electrically erasable programmable memory, register.This is deposited
Storage media is located at memory 501, and processor 504 reads the information in memory 501, and the step of the above method is completed with reference to its hardware
Suddenly.
In addition, the flow chart and block diagram in accompanying drawing show system, method and the meter of multiple embodiments of the invention
The architectural framework in the cards of calculation machine program product, function and operation.At this point, each square frame in flow chart or block diagram
Can represent a part for module, program segment or code, the part of the module, program segment or code comprising one or
The executable instruction of logic function of the multiple for realizing specifying.It should also be noted that in some realizations as replacement, square frame
Middle marked function can also occur with different from the order marked in accompanying drawing.For example, two continuous square frames are actually
Can perform substantially in parallel, they can also be performed in the opposite order sometimes, this is depending on involved function.Also to note
Meaning, the combination of the square frame in each square frame and block diagram and/or flow chart in block diagram and/or flow chart can be with holding
The fixed function of professional etiquette or the special hardware based system of action are realized, or can use specialized hardware and computer instruction
Combination realize.
What the embodiment of the present invention was provided carries out a kind of computer program product of information interacting method, including stores journey
The computer-readable recording medium of sequence code, the instruction that described program code includes can be used to perform institute in previous methods embodiment
The method stated, implements and can be found in embodiment of the method, will not be repeated here.
It is apparent to those skilled in the art that, for convenience and simplicity of description, the system of foregoing description,
The specific work process of device and unit, may be referred to the corresponding process in preceding method embodiment, will not be repeated here.
In several embodiments provided herein, it should be understood that disclosed system, apparatus and method, can be with
Realize by another way.Device embodiment described above is only schematical, for example, the division of the unit,
It is only a kind of division of logic function, there can be other dividing mode when actually realizing, but for example, multiple units or component can
To combine or be desirably integrated into another system, or some features can be ignored, or not perform.It is another, it is shown or beg for
The coupling each other of opinion or direct-coupling or communication connection can be by some communication interfaces, device or unit it is indirect
Coupling is communicated to connect, and can be electrical, mechanical or other forms.
The unit that is illustrated as separating component can be or may not be it is physically separate, it is aobvious as unit
The part for showing can be or may not be physical location, you can with positioned at a place, or can also be distributed to multiple
On NE.Some or all of unit therein can be according to the actual needs selected to realize the mesh of this embodiment scheme
's.
In addition, during each functional unit in each embodiment of the invention can be integrated in a processing unit, it is also possible to
It is that unit is individually physically present, it is also possible to which two or more units are integrated in a unit.
If the function is to realize in the form of SFU software functional unit and as independent production marketing or when using, can be with
Storage is in a computer read/write memory medium.Based on such understanding, technical scheme is substantially in other words
The part contributed to prior art or the part of the technical scheme can be embodied in the form of software product, the meter
Calculation machine software product is stored in a storage medium, including some instructions are used to so that a computer equipment (can be individual
People's computer, server, or network equipment etc.) perform all or part of step of each embodiment methods described of the invention.
And foregoing storage medium includes：USB flash disk, mobile hard disk, read-only storage (ROM, Read-Only Memory), arbitrary access
Memory (RAM, Random Access Memory), magnetic disc or CD etc. are various can be with the medium of store program codes.
It should be noted that herein, such as first and second or the like relational terms are used merely to a reality
Body or operation make a distinction with another entity or operation, and not necessarily require or imply these entities or deposited between operating
In any this actual relation or order.And, term " including ", "comprising" or its any other variant be intended to
Nonexcludability is included, so that process, method, article or equipment including a series of key elements not only will including those
Element, but also other key elements including being not expressly set out, or also include being this process, method, article or equipment
Intrinsic key element.In the absence of more restrictions, the key element limited by sentence "including a ...", it is not excluded that
Also there is other identical element in process, method, article or equipment including the key element.
The above, specific embodiment only of the invention, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and it is any
Those familiar with the art the invention discloses technical scope in, change or replacement can be readily occurred in, should all contain
Cover within protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, protection scope of the present invention described should be defined by scope of the claims.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of Dust Storm Monitoring method, it is characterised in that be applied to Dust Storm Monitoring system, the Dust Storm Monitoring system bag
Fixed statellite and satellite remote sensing information processor are included, judgement scope is preset with the satellite remote sensing information processor, it is described quiet
Only Seeds of First Post-flight has sensor, and methods described includes：
The satellite remote sensing information processor obtains the satellite remote sensing date in the region to be monitored of the sensor collection；
The satellite remote sensing information processor judges that the satellite of each pixel in the satellite image that the fixed statellite shoots is distant
Whether sense data are located in the range of the judgement, if so, it is sandstorm influence area to mark the pixel；
All pixels of sandstorm influence area that are marked as are marked on the satellite image in the region to be monitored；
The sensor is provided with 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S, 6.5-7.0 μm
Vapor channel W, 0.55-0.90 μm visible ray and near infrared channels VIS, the judgement scope include first threshold scope, the 3rd
Threshold range, the 4th threshold range and the 5th threshold range；
The satellite remote sensing date includes the bright temperature value in the region to be monitored of 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections
The bright temperature value in the region described to be monitored gathered with described 11.5-12.5 μm division window passage S, the 6.5-7.0 μm of steam
The bright temperature value in region described to be monitored of passage W collections, the 0.55-0.90 μm of visible ray are gathered near infrared channels VIS
The albedo in the region to be monitored, wherein, the first threshold scope is ＜ -0.7 DEG C of IRk-Sk, wherein, IRk represents the
In the 10.3-11.3 μm of bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, Sk represents that k-th pixel divides window at 11.5-12.5 μm to k pixel
The bright temperature value of passage S, the 3rd threshold range is 10 DEG C of IRk-Wk ＞, and IRk represents k-th pixel at 10.3-11.3 μm
The bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, Wk represents k-th pixel in the 6.5-7.0 μm of bright temperature value of vapor channel W, the 4th threshold value model
It is 0.1 ＜ VISk ＜ 0.3 to enclose, and VISk represents the reflection of light of k-th pixel in 0.55-0.90 μm of visible ray and near infrared channels VIS
Rate, the 5th threshold range is Δ IR≤3 DEG C, wherein, Δ IR represents that each pixel is in 10.3-11.3 μm of warm in scaled window
The difference of the bright temperature value of infrared channel IR；
The satellite remote sensing information processor judges that the satellite of each pixel in the satellite image that the fixed statellite shoots is distant
Whether sense data are located in the range of the judgement, if so, the step of marking the pixel for sandstorm influence area, including：
The satellite remote sensing information processor judges that the 10.3-11.3 μm of heat of each pixel in the satellite image is red
It is described whether the difference of the bright temperature value of outer tunnel IR collections and the bright temperature value of the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collections is located at
In the range of first threshold；
Bright temperature value and institute when the 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections of each pixel in the satellite image
The difference for stating the 11.5-12.5 μm of bright temperature value of division window passage S collections is located at when in the range of the first threshold, is defended described in judgement
Each pixel in star chart picture the 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collection bright temperature value with described 6.5-7.0 μm
Whether the difference of the bright temperature value of vapor channel W collections is located in the 3rd threshold range, if so, it is sandstorm to mark the pixel
Influence area,
Or the bright temperature value of the 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections when each pixel in the satellite image
And the difference of the bright temperature value of the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collections is located at when in the range of the first threshold, judges institute
Whether the albedo for stating each pixel in satellite image is located in the 4th threshold range, if so, marking the pixel to be
Sandstorm influence area,
Or the bright temperature value of the 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections when each pixel in the satellite image
And the difference of the bright temperature value of the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collections is located at when in the range of the first threshold, setting one
Individual scaled window, judge each pixel in the scaled window 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections it is bright
Whether the difference of temperature value is located in the 5th threshold range, if so, marking the pixel of the center position in the scaled window
It is sandstorm influence area.
2. Dust Storm Monitoring method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：
The satellite remote sensing information processor judges whether the satellite remote sensing date of each pixel in the satellite image is located at
In the range of the judgement, if so, the pixel is marked for sandstorm influence area, including：
The satellite image is carried out picture smooth treatment by the satellite remote sensing information processor according to the first rule, and generation is multiple
Smoothed image, first rule includes the neighbouring N number of pixel composition Background centered on the pixel of the satellite image
Picture, using the average value of whole pixels of the background image as the smoothed image pixel, wherein, N be more than or equal to 2；
The satellite remote sensing information processor judges whether the satellite remote sensing date of each pixel of the smoothed image is located at institute
State in the range of judgement, if so, the pixel of the smoothed image is labeled as into sandstorm influence area；
The pixel of the corresponding background image of pixel of the smoothed image that judgement is marked as sandstorm influence area
Whether satellite remote sensing date is located in the range of the judgement, if so, the pixel of the background image is influenceed labeled as sandstorm
Region.
3. a kind of Dust Storm Monitoring device, it is characterised in that be applied to Dust Storm Monitoring system, the Dust Storm Monitoring system bag
Fixed statellite and satellite remote sensing information processor are included, the satellite remote sensing information processor includes the Dust Storm Monitoring device,
Judgement scope is preset with the satellite remote sensing information processor, the fixed statellite is equipped with sensor, the sandstorm prison
Surveying device includes：
Acquiring unit, the satellite remote sensing date in the region to be monitored for obtaining the sensor collection；
Whether judging unit, the satellite remote sensing date for judging each pixel in the satellite image is located at the judgement model
In enclosing, if so, it is sandstorm influence area to mark the pixel；
Indexing unit, the satellite for all pixels for being marked as sandstorm influence area to be marked at the region to be monitored
On image；
The sensor is provided with 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S, 6.5-7.0 μm
Vapor channel W, 0.55-0.90 μm visible ray and near infrared channels VIS, the judgement scope include first threshold scope, the 3rd
Threshold range, the 4th threshold range and the 5th threshold range；
The satellite remote sensing date includes the bright temperature value in the region to be monitored of 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections
The bright temperature value in the region described to be monitored gathered with described 11.5-12.5 μm division window passage S, the 6.5-7.0 μm of steam
The bright temperature value in region described to be monitored of passage W collections, the 0.55-0.90 μm of visible ray are gathered near infrared channels VIS
The albedo in the region to be monitored, wherein, the first threshold scope is ＜ -0.7 DEG C of IRk-Sk, wherein, IRk represents the
In the 10.3-11.3 μm of bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, Sk represents that k-th pixel divides window at 11.5-12.5 μm to k pixel
The bright temperature value of passage S, the 3rd threshold range is 10 DEG C of IRk-Wk ＞, and IRk represents k-th pixel at 10.3-11.3 μm
The bright temperature value of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR, Wk represents k-th pixel in the 6.5-7.0 μm of bright temperature value of vapor channel W, the 4th threshold value model
It is 0.1 ＜ VISk ＜ 0.3 to enclose, and VISk represents the reflection of light of k-th pixel in 0.55-0.90 μm of visible ray and near infrared channels VIS
Rate, the 5th threshold range is Δ IR≤3 DEG C, wherein, Δ IR represents that each pixel is in 10.3-11.3 μm of warm in scaled window
The difference of the bright temperature value of infrared channel IR；
The judging unit specifically for：
Judge each pixel in the satellite image 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections bright temperature value with
Whether the difference of the bright temperature value of the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collections is located in the range of the first threshold；
Bright temperature value and institute when the 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections of each pixel in the satellite image
The difference for stating the 11.5-12.5 μm of bright temperature value of division window passage S collections is located at when in the range of the first threshold, is defended described in judgement
Each pixel in star chart picture the 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collection bright temperature value with described 6.5-7.0 μm
Whether the difference of the bright temperature value of vapor channel W collections is located in the 3rd threshold range, if so, it is sandstorm to mark the pixel
Influence area,
Or the bright temperature value of the 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections when each pixel in the satellite image
And the difference of the bright temperature value of the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collections is located at when in the range of the first threshold, judges institute
Whether the albedo for stating each pixel in satellite image is located in the 4th threshold range, if so, marking the pixel to be
Sandstorm influence area,
Or the bright temperature value of the 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections when each pixel in the satellite image
And the difference of the bright temperature value of the 11.5-12.5 μm of division window passage S collections is located at when in the range of the first threshold, setting one
Individual scaled window, judge each pixel in the scaled window 10.3-11.3 μm of Detection Using Thermal Infrared Channel IR collections it is bright
Whether the difference of temperature value is located in the 5th threshold range, if so, marking the pixel of the center position in the scaled window
It is sandstorm influence area.
4. Dust Storm Monitoring device according to claim 3, it is characterised in that the judging unit includes：
Picture smooth treatment subelement, for the satellite image to be carried out into picture smooth treatment according to the first rule, generates many
Individual smoothed image, first rule includes the neighbouring N number of pixel composition background centered on the pixel of the satellite image
Image, using the average value of whole pixels of the background image as the smoothed image pixel, wherein, N be more than or equal to 2；
First judgment sub-unit, for judging whether the satellite remote sensing date of each pixel of the smoothed image is sentenced described in being located at
Determine in scope, if so, the pixel of the smoothed image is labeled as into sandstorm influence area；
Second judgment sub-unit, the corresponding institute of pixel of the smoothed image for judging to be marked as sandstorm influence area
Whether the satellite remote sensing date for stating the pixel of background image is located in the range of the judgement, if so, by the picture of the background image
Meta-tag is sandstorm influence area.
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| CN106951702A (en) * | 2017-03-15 | 2017-07-14 | 内蒙古工业大学 | A kind of sandstorm data analysing method based on data mining |
| CN109101863A (en) * | 2018-03-01 | 2018-12-28 | 曹婷 | Weather danger alarm method based on image analysis |
| CN108509851B (en) * | 2018-03-01 | 2019-04-26 | 江苏华高软件技术有限公司 | Weather danger alarm platform based on image analysis |
| CN108960027B (en) * | 2018-03-19 | 2019-05-28 | 湖南天云软件技术有限公司 | Cloud computing positioning method |
| CN109218637A (en) * | 2018-03-19 | 2019-01-15 | 崔连臣 | A kind of cloud computing system of positioning sandstorm invasion |
| CN108537204A (en) * | 2018-04-20 | 2018-09-14 | 广州林邦信息科技有限公司 | Mankind's activity monitoring method, device and server |
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| CN111723753B (en) * | 2020-06-23 | 2023-07-11 | 深圳航天宏图信息技术有限公司 | Method and device for removing stripes of satellite remote sensing image and electronic equipment |
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