CN104706626B - A kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

A kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104706626B
CN104706626B CN201510131662.7A CN201510131662A CN104706626B CN 104706626 B CN104706626 B CN 104706626B CN 201510131662 A CN201510131662 A CN 201510131662A CN 104706626 B CN104706626 B CN 104706626B
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vaccine
microneedle patch
micropin
needle body
administered
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CN104706626A (en
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郭新东
王淇磊
陈洋
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Beijing University of Chemical Technology
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Beijing University of Chemical Technology
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M37/00Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin
    • A61M37/0015Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin by using microneedles
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M37/00Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin
    • A61M37/0015Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin by using microneedles
    • A61M2037/0046Solid microneedles
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M37/00Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin
    • A61M37/0015Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin by using microneedles
    • A61M2037/0053Methods for producing microneedles

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)

Abstract

The invention belongs to which equipment technical field is administered, it particularly relates to a kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered and preparation method thereof.The microneedle patch includes the soluble micropin needle body of soluble paster substrate and array distribution in paster substrate;The micropin needle body is loaded with drug target on its top, and the material for preparing of the micropin needle body is included by water miscible biodegradable high polymer material.Compared with prior art, what the microneedle patch of the present invention for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered will not cause animal in vaccine inoculation fears reaction, is easy to be administered, easy to operate, it is not necessary to inoculation staff training;One can complete vaccine inoculation work, efficiency high;Complete during vaccine inoculation to be not required to that additionally animal is marked;It is disposable, avoid the possibility of cross-infection;Material therefor is biodegradable, and no medical waste produces;Preparation method simple economy;Product is without stored refrigerated or vacuum preservation etc.;Convenient transportation.

Description

A kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered and preparation method thereof
Technical field
The invention belongs to which equipment technical field is administered, it particularly relates to a kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered Piece and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Vaccine is the important weapon for controlling a certain communicable disease.Animal vaccine belongs to the model of veterinary biologicses Farmland, veterinary biologicses are according to immunology principle, utilize microorganism, parasite and its metabolite or immune response product system Standby a kind of material.This kind of material specializes in the diagnosis of the corresponding disease of animal, treatment or prevention are used.The invention of animal vaccine is with pushing away Wide prevention well, the generation of control zoonosis make a great contribution with popular for the sound development of China's animal husbandry.
The traditional methods of administration of animal vaccine is parental injection.Intramuscular injection using syringe is that medicine is passed through into thorn Enter the injection needle of skin drug delivery to musculature, absorbed after diffusion by human body, cause immune response.Conventional injection mode When vaccinating, there can be many problems:What the pain caused by injection caused animal fears reaction, causes injection inconvenience; The injury of skin and muscle is caused during injection or causes skin infection;There is the danger of broken needle during injection;There is the possibility of cross-infection Property;To avoid cross-infection syringe needle from needing to change, the biologic garbage that disposable syringe is brought causes environmental pollution and resource wave Take;The operation of specification needs to give operating personnel training;Generally require more people during injection to coordinate, efficiency is low;Injection is completed Be marked afterwards for the animal to be completed to injection of avoiding confusion etc..
Alternative method of vaccination mainly has cutaneous penetration technology at present.Cutaneous penetration is administered in skin surface, Make medicine to approach constant speed by skin layers, enter body circulation through capillary absorbance and produce whole body or local treatment work With.Transdermal vaccine administration belongs to non-invasive vaccine administration, dependent on the percutaneous diffusion of medicine.Due to skin surface cutin The protection and barrier action of layer, the efficiency of drug percutaneous diffusion is very low, has the efficacy data of administration not abundant enough for vaccine.
The content of the invention
In order to solve the above technical problems, the invention provides a kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered and its preparation Method.
A kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered of the present invention, the microneedle patch include soluble patch The soluble micropin needle body of piece substrate and array distribution in paster substrate;The micropin needle body is loaded with target on its top Medicine, the material for preparing of the micropin needle body are included by water miscible biodegradable high polymer material.
It is of the present invention it is a kind of be easy to animal vaccine be administered microneedle patch, the high polymer material be polyvinyl alcohol, In poly- carboxymethyl cellulose, chondroitin sulfate, PLGA, fibroin, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, gelatin It is one or more of.
A kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered of the present invention, the animal vaccine are blue ear vaccine, pig Pestilence seedling, aftosa vaccine, dog cough vaccine, dog hexavaccine, rabies vaccine, Bovine Ephemeral Fever vaccine, Anthrax vaccine, Niu Bulushi Coli vaccine, sheep pox seedling, pseudorabies vaccines, hog cholera lapinised virus vaccine, swine plague attenuated vaccine, brickpox aluminium hydroxide bacterium One or more in seedling, piglet red dysentery vaccine, Streptococcus suis aluminium hydroxide vaccine, mycoplasma pneumonia of swine vaccine.
A kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered of the present invention, the material for preparing also include stabilizer, The stabilizer is one or more of in sucrose, glucose, russule ketone terpene, trehalose, chitosan.
A kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered of the present invention, the load prescription formula of the drug target is will Medicine is applied to the appearance on micropin needle body top, mixes on micropin needle body top or concentrate on micropin needle body top.
A kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered of the present invention, the microneedle patch is that the length of side is 2-50mm It is square, share 1-10000 micropin, the spacing between adjacent micropin is 0.2-5mm.
A kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered of the present invention, the micropin needle body are shaped as cone Or class cone, the micropin needle body length are 200-3000 μm, bottom footpath is 100-1500 μm.
A kind of preparation method of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered of the present invention, the preparation method include Following steps:5%-50% high polymer material, 0%-50% stabilizer are mixed with the water of surplus by mass percentage, Stirring and dissolving at 40 DEG C -100 DEG C;Bubble removing is vacuumized after dissolving completely, obtains the highly concentrated solution of high polymer material/sugar, Sealing;By measuring requirement, compound concentration scope 0.1-1000mg/ml vaccine solution;Vaccine solution 0.01-5ml is taken to be coated in micro- On needle mould plate, after vacuumizing 0.5-60min, unnecessary vaccine solution is reclaimed, continues to dry 0.5-60min in vacuum environment, treats Vaccine solution deposits to micropin top;Take highly concentrated solution 0.01-5ml be coated onto it is above-mentioned be loaded with the microneedles template of vaccine solution, 1-300min is vacuumized again;5-600min is freeze-dried, is stripped after drying, is 15-25 DEG C in temperature, humidity 10%-30% It is packaged in confined space under RH, obtains microneedle patch.
Compared with prior art, it is of the present invention be easy to animal vaccine be administered microneedle patch in vaccine inoculation not Animal can be caused fears reaction, is easy to be administered, easy to operate, it is not necessary to being inoculated with staff training;One can complete to be inoculated with Vaccine works, efficiency high;Complete during vaccine inoculation to be not required to that additionally animal is marked;It is disposable, avoid intersection sense The possibility of dye;Material therefor is biodegradable, and no medical waste produces;Preparation method simple economy;Product is protected without refrigerating Deposit or vacuum preserve etc.;Convenient transportation.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1:Microneedles template schematic diagram;Fig. 2:Microneedle patch preparation flow figure;Fig. 3:Microneedle patch schematic diagram;Fig. 4:Micropin Paster side schematic view;Fig. 5:Microneedle patch micrograph;Fig. 6:Microneedle patch pricks pigskin experiment micrograph.
Embodiment
The microneedle patch of the present invention for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered is done further with reference to specific embodiment Illustrate, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to this.
Embodiment 1
A kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered, the microneedle patch include soluble microneedle substrate and solubility Micropin needle body;The soluble micropin needle body is loaded with drug target, and it, which prepares material, is included by the degradable height of water-soluble biological Molecular material;The high polymer material is the polyvinyl alcohol that weight average molecular weight is 2000-300000;The material for preparing also includes Stabilizer, the stabilizer are sucrose;The load prescription formula of the drug target carries medicine for tip;The microneedle patch is that the length of side is 10mm's is square, shares 100 micropins, and the spacing between adjacent micropin is 0.5mm;The micropin needle body is shaped as cone Or class cone, the micropin needle body length are 700 μm, bottom footpath is 500 μm.
A kind of preparation method of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered of the present invention, the preparation method include Following steps:50mg Sulforhodamines are taken (aubergine, to show shiny red under fluorescence irradiation, in this, as the mould of soluble micropin Type medicine) prepare 1mg/ml Sulforhodamine solution;18g polyvinyl alcohol, 12g sucrose, the mixing of 30g water are taken, is added at 90 DEG C Thermal agitation, bubble removing is vacuumized after being completely dissolved, it is 30% that polyvinyl alcohol mass fraction, which is made, sucrose quality fraction 20% Highly concentrated solution;Sulforhodamine solution is coated on microneedles template, after vacuumizing 15min, reclaims unnecessary sulphonyl Luo Dan Bright solution, continue to dry 20min in vacuum environment, treat Sulforhodamine liquid deposition to micropin top;Highly concentrated solution is covered Above-mentioned be loaded with the microneedles template of Sulforhodamine solution is covered (to note:Paster substrate can with one piece of the hypomere of micropin needle body into Shape), unnecessary highly concentrated solution is reclaimed, after vacuumizing 1h again, 20 DEG C of fume hoods is positioned over and dries, by it after curing molding It is transferred on thickness 1mm paster, is freeze-dried 5h dehydrations again, is 20 DEG C in temperature, the confined space under humidity 20%RH In be packaged, obtain microneedle patch.
The microneedle patch obtained in the present embodiment can be clearly observed 100 needle bodies under an optical microscope, single Each micropin in paster has sharp keen tip, size uniformity coniform in class;There is aubergine each micropin needle body front end Medicine is accumulated, and top color is most deep, and the following part in micropin tip and base part do not have aubergine medicine.In fluorescence microscopy Micropin tip portion can be clearly observed under mirror shiny red fluorescence, and needle body other parts and micropin base part redfree are glimmering Light.Above light microscope and fluorescence microscope to phenomenon show that model Sulforhodamine solution is loaded with well Micropin needle body tip portion, needle body other parts and micropin base part have no medicine.
Embodiment 2
A kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered, the microneedle patch include soluble microneedle substrate and solubility Micropin needle body;The soluble micropin needle body is loaded with drug target, and it, which prepares material, is included by the degradable height of water-soluble biological Molecular material;The high polymer material is the polyvinyl alcohol that weight average molecular weight is 2000-300000;The material for preparing also includes Stabilizer, the stabilizer are russule ketone terpene;The load prescription formula of the drug target carries medicine for tip;The microneedle patch is the length of side For the square of 10mm, 100 micropins are shared, the spacing between adjacent micropin is 0.7mm;The micropin needle body is shaped as circular cone Shape or class cone, the micropin needle body length are 700 μm, and bottom footpath is 500 μm.
A kind of preparation method of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered of the present invention, the preparation method include Following steps:Pig blue-ear disease vaccine is taken to prepare the vaccine solution that vaccine quality percentage is 0.5% with vaccine adjuvant;18g is taken to gather Vinyl alcohol, 12g russule ketone terpene, the mixing of 30g water, the heating stirring at 90 DEG C, bubble removing are vacuumized after being completely dissolved, and are made poly- Vinyl alcohol mass fraction is 30%, and russule ketone terpene mass fraction is 20% highly concentrated solution;Vaccine solution is coated in micropin mould On plate, after vacuumizing 60min, unnecessary vaccine solution is reclaimed, continues to dry 60min in vacuum environment, treats that vaccine solution deposits To micropin top;Highly concentrated solution is covered into above-mentioned be loaded with the microneedles template of vaccine solution (to note:The meeting of paster substrate and micropin One piece of shaping of hypomere of needle body), unnecessary highly concentrated solution is reclaimed, after vacuumizing 5h again, 20 DEG C of fume hoods is positioned over and dries On, it is transferred into after curing molding on thickness 1mm paster, is freeze-dried 5h dehydrations again, is 25 DEG C in temperature, humidity It is packaged in confined space under 30%RH, obtains microneedle patch.By comparing, relative to sucrose, glucose, trehalose and shell Glycan, the russule ketone terpene isolated from smelly russule is used as stabilizer, its vaccine activity of obtained microneedle patch at least will 12.4% is higher by, but its cost is at least higher by 4 times, should not also routinize at present.
Using 10 body weight about 20kg age in the female pigs of 7 weeks or so as experimental subjects, wherein 5 are only used as experiment pair As vaccine inoculation, 5 are not inoculated with as a control group in addition.The blue-ear disease vaccine microneedle patch obtained in the present embodiment is pressed against The left buttocks of pig, micropin is vertically pierced into porcine skin as far as possible during pressing, compressing time 2 minutes, make soluble vaccine micropin top Vaccine be completely discharged in porcine skin, complete percutaneous dosing.Above-mentioned administration is repeated once after two weeks.And before second is administered From pigtail vein haemospasia and obtain serum within one day, pass through ELISA method and determine the specificity that blue-ear disease vaccine is directed in serum The titre of IgG1 antibody.Experimental result is the experiment pig that control group is inoculated with by the blue-ear disease vaccine microneedle patch of above-mentioned preparation The average titer titre of the antibody of specific IgG 1 in serum is 6log2, and the average titer of the antibody of control group specific IgG 1 drips Spend for 0log2.Illustrate the administration success for being used for pig blue-ear disease vaccine by soluble high-molecular microneedle patch of the present invention, Significant effect.
Embodiment 3
A kind of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered, the microneedle patch include soluble microneedle substrate and solubility Micropin needle body;The soluble micropin needle body is loaded with drug target, and it, which prepares material, is included by the degradable height of water-soluble biological Molecular material;The high polymer material is the polyvinyl alcohol that weight average molecular weight is 2000-300000;The material for preparing also includes Stabilizer, the stabilizer are trehalose;The load prescription formula of the drug target carries medicine for tip;The microneedle patch is that the length of side is 10mm's is square, shares 100 micropins, and the spacing between adjacent micropin is 0.6mm;The micropin needle body is shaped as cone Or class cone, the micropin needle body length are 600 μm, bottom footpath is 500 μm.
A kind of preparation method of microneedle patch for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered of the present invention, the preparation method include Following steps:Rabies vaccine is taken to prepare the vaccine solution that vaccine quality percentage is 0.5% with vaccine adjuvant;Take 18g polyethylene Alcohol, 12g trehaloses, the mixing of 30g water, the heating stirring at 90 DEG C, bubble removing are vacuumized after being completely dissolved, polyvinyl alcohol are made Mass fraction is 30%, and trehalose mass fraction is 20% highly concentrated solution;Vaccine solution is coated on microneedles template, taken out true After empty 15min, unnecessary vaccine solution is reclaimed, continues to dry 20min in vacuum environment, treats that vaccine solution deposits to micropin top End;Highly concentrated solution is covered into above-mentioned be loaded with the microneedles template of vaccine solution (to note:Paster substrate can with micropin needle body One piece of shaping of section), unnecessary highly concentrated solution is reclaimed, after vacuumizing 1h again, 20 DEG C of fume hoods is positioned over and dries, be solidified into It is transferred into after type on thickness 1mm paster, is freeze-dried 0.5h dehydrations again, is 15 DEG C in temperature, under humidity 10%RH Confined space in be packaged, obtain microneedle patch.
Using 5 body weight about 10kg age in the female dog of 7 weeks or so as experimental subjects.It is mad by what is obtained in the present embodiment Canine vaccines microneedle patch is pressed against the left lower abdomen of dog, micropin is vertically pierced into skin as far as possible, compressing time 2 minutes, The vaccine on soluble vaccine micropin top is completely discharged in dog skin, complete percutaneous dosing.It is repeated once after two weeks above-mentioned Administration.And from vein haemospasia and serum is obtained second of administration the previous day, determine in serum and be directed to streptococcic specificity IgG1 antibody average titers.Experimental result is the experimental dog that control group is inoculated with by the rabies vaccine microneedle patch of above-mentioned preparation The average titer titre of the antibody of specific IgG 1 in serum is 4log2, and the average titer of the antibody of control group specific IgG 1 drips Spend for 0log2.Illustrate to be administered successfully for rabies vaccine by soluble high-molecular microneedle patch of the present invention, effect shows Write.
Compliance test result
1st, micropin Skin-test
Prepare the smooth fresh porcine skin not lost hair or feathers in advance, take and obtained above load with fluorescent sample medicine Sulforhodamine The polyvinyl alcohol micropin paster of solution, micropin tip alignment pigskin top layer is vertically pierced into, the back side of microneedle patch is pressed with hand, The time of pressing is 2min, the microneedle patch after the effect of then removing, and can be made in light microscope and fluorescence microscopy Microscopic observation Pigskin after.Can be observed under an optical microscope, the pig skin surfaces after effect have 100 clearly red pin holes, its His partial skin surface is intact, the aubergine model drug that red pin hole is loaded with for the soluble micropin needle body top of microneedle patch Sulforhodamine solution is stayed, and is shown the soluble micropin needle body of microneedle patch and can effectively be pierced through pigskin top layer, subcutaneous molten Solve and the model drug Sulforhodamine solution that soluble micropin top is loaded with is discharged among pigskin.Likewise, glimmering It can be observed under light microscope, the pig skin surfaces after effect have 100 pin holes for clearly sending red fluorescence, and other parts show Show black, illustrate the aubergine model drug sulphur that the pin hole of red fluorescence is loaded with for the soluble micropin needle body top of microneedle patch Acyl rhodamine liquor is stayed, and is shown the soluble micropin needle body of microneedle patch and can effectively be pierced through pigskin top layer, is subcutaneously dissolving And the model drug Sulforhodamine solution that soluble micropin top is loaded with is discharged among pigskin.
2nd, the subcutaneous dissolution kinetics of micropin
200 microneedle patch, each microneedle patch area 1cm are prepared according to the step in embodiment 12Have 10 × 10 it is micro- Pin, 700 μm of needle body length, spacing 0.5mm;The quality that each microneedle patch loads with model drug Sulforhodamine solution is 0.2mg.Every ten one group of microneedle patch, 20 groups altogether.According to the Skin-test step in embodiment 2, by above-mentioned microneedle patch The pigskin of same experimental conditions is inserted, every group of micropin compressing time is different, is removed after 1 group of compressing time 10s, 2 groups of compressing times It is 20s, 3 groups of compressing times are 30s, the like, the 20th group of compressing time is 200s.After skin experiment, detection is each Effective administration rate on porcine skin after piece administration, i.e., the medicine deposited on skin account for the percentage of the total drugloading rate of microneedle patch Than as a result as shown in table 1.
Table 1:Effective administration rate of different compressing times
Administration time/s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Effective administration rate/% 30.5 42.1 48.3 59.3 65.7 68.9 72.7 74 77.3 79.6
Administration time/s 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Effective administration rate/% 83.6 86.8 90.2 92.9 94.2 95.9 97.6 98.2 99 99.6
Compared with prior art, the microneedle patch of the present invention for being easy to animal vaccine to be administered will not in vaccine inoculation Cause animal fears reaction, is easy to be administered, easy to operate, it is not necessary to being inoculated with staff training;One can complete to be inoculated with epidemic disease Seedling works, efficiency high;Complete during vaccine inoculation to be not required to that additionally animal is marked;It is disposable, avoid cross-infection Possibility;Material therefor is biodegradable, and no medical waste produces;Preparation method simple economy;Product is without stored refrigerated Or vacuum preservation etc.;Convenient transportation.

Claims (3)

1. it is a kind of be easy to animal vaccine be administered microneedle patch preparation method, it is characterised in that the preparation method include with Lower step:5%-50% high polymer material, 0%-50% stabilizer are mixed with the water of surplus by mass percentage, 40 DEG C- Stirring and dissolving at 100 DEG C;Bubble removing is vacuumized after dissolving completely, obtains highly concentrated solution, is sealed;By measuring requirement, prepare Concentration range 0.1-1000mg/ml vaccine solution;Take vaccine solution 0.01-5ml to be coated on microneedles template, vacuumize 0.5- After 60min, unnecessary vaccine solution is reclaimed, continues to dry 0.5-60min in vacuum environment, treats that vaccine solution deposits to micropin top End;Take highly concentrated solution 0.01-5ml be coated onto it is above-mentioned be loaded with the microneedles template of vaccine solution, vacuumize 1-300min again;It is cold Dry 5-600min is freezed, is stripped after drying, is 15-25 DEG C in temperature, is sealed in the confined space under humidity 10%-30%RH Dress, obtains microneedle patch;
The microneedle patch includes the soluble micropin needle body of soluble paster substrate and array distribution in paster substrate; The micropin needle body is loaded with drug target on its top, and the micropin needle body prepares material including water miscible biodegradable High polymer material;The stabilizer is one or more of in sucrose, russule ketone terpene, trehalose;The high polymer material is poly- second It is one or more of in enol, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid;The animal vaccine is blue ear vaccine or rabies vaccine.
2. preparation method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the microneedle patch is the side that the length of side is 2-50mm Shape, 1-10000 micropin is shared, the spacing between adjacent micropin is 0.2-5mm.
3. preparation method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the micropin needle body is shaped as cone or class circle Taper, the micropin needle body length are 200-3000 μm, and bottom footpath is 100-1500 μm.
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