CN104492775A - High-cleanness steel drum cleaning process - Google Patents
High-cleanness steel drum cleaning process Download PDFInfo
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- CN104492775A CN104492775A CN201410689344.8A CN201410689344A CN104492775A CN 104492775 A CN104492775 A CN 104492775A CN 201410689344 A CN201410689344 A CN 201410689344A CN 104492775 A CN104492775 A CN 104492775A
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- pure water
- steel drum
- solvent
- cleaning
- matting
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto
- B08B9/08—Cleaning containers, e.g. tanks
- B08B9/0804—Cleaning containers having tubular shape, e.g. casks, barrels, drums
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B3/00—Cleaning by methods involving the use or presence of liquid or steam
- B08B3/04—Cleaning involving contact with liquid
- B08B3/08—Cleaning involving contact with liquid the liquid having chemical or dissolving effect
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto
- B08B9/08—Cleaning containers, e.g. tanks
- B08B9/0804—Cleaning containers having tubular shape, e.g. casks, barrels, drums
- B08B9/0813—Cleaning containers having tubular shape, e.g. casks, barrels, drums by the force of jets or sprays
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto
- B08B9/08—Cleaning containers, e.g. tanks
- B08B9/0821—Handling or manipulating containers, e.g. moving or rotating containers in cleaning devices, conveying to or from cleaning devices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto
- B08B9/08—Cleaning containers, e.g. tanks
- B08B9/46—Inspecting cleaned containers for cleanliness
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a high-cleanness steel drum cleaning process. The high-cleanness steel drum cleaning process includes: a solvent cleaning step including at least one solvent cleaning procedure, wherein solvents adopted by each solvent cleaning procedure are butyl acetate, and each 200L steel drum consumes 4.5-5.5L of solvents; a steel drum roll-cleaning step, wherein the rolling speed is 90-110 r/min, and cleaning time is 55-65s; a pure water cleaning step including at least one pure water cleaning procedure, wherein in each pure water cleaning procedure, each 200L steel drum consumes 4.5-5.5L of pure water; a steel drum roll-cleaning step, wherein the rolling speed is 90-110 r/min, and cleaning time is 55-65s; a pure water spray-wash step, namely placing a steel drum upside down, upwardly inserting a nozzle into the steel drum from a threaded opening of the steel drum, spraying water towards the inner wall of the steel drum, and enabling the nozzle to vertically reciprocate for one-time pure-water spraying. The high-cleanness steel drum cleaning process has the advantages that high-cleanness automatic cleaning of steel drums can be realized, labor intensity is relieved, and production efficiency is improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of high cleanliness steel drum cleaning, belong to steel drum cleaning technique field.
Background technology
Steel drum product directly contacts with inner surface of steel drum because of content, so in order to the various characteristics of satisfied different content, inner surface of steel drum needs to reach corresponding chemical property, physical property requirements.A lot of industry product (such as senior lubricant, high lac varnish) has high requirement to the cleannes of container containing inner surface, and the steel drum adopting existing phosphatization cleaning to produce can not meet the further requirement to cleannes in bucket of client.Therefore, to part is clean, domestic tubbing enterprise requires that high steel drum finished product carries out the mechanical cleaning of manual cleaning or semi-automation again.This type of cleaning process is all pour special cleaning in steel drum, relies on and manually scrubs, and just has the enterprise of special cleaning machine at last, and its material loading is also rely on manually, and shortcoming is that labour intensity is large, and the transmission time is long, and production efficiency is low, is unfavorable for the rational deployment of production line.Simultaneously owing to not having effective cleaning support, cause table cleannes in the steel drum that cleans out uneven, cleannes quality is unstable.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, provide a kind of high cleanliness steel drum cleaning, it can realize the automatic high cleanliness cleaning of steel drum, greatly reduces labour intensity, enhances productivity.
High cleanliness steel drum cleaning, is characterized in that: this cleaning comprises the steps:
(1), solvent cleaning step: it comprises at least one solvent clean operation, and the solvent that per pass solvent clean operation uses is all butyl acetates, and solvent load is the ratio of the steel drum 4.5 ~ 5.5L solvent according to 200L volume; The steel drum injecting solvent rolls and cleans, and rolling speed is 90 ~ 110 revs/min, and scavenging period is 55 ~ 65 seconds; After rolling cleaning terminates, extracted out by bucket internal solvent, steel drum sends into next step;
(2) pure water cleaning step: it comprises at least one pure water matting, in per pass pure water matting, pure water consumption is the ratio of the steel drum 4.5 ~ 5.5L pure water according to 200L volume; The steel drum injecting pure water rolls and cleans, and rolling speed is 90 ~ 110 revs/min, and scavenging period is 55 ~ 65 seconds; After rolling cleaning terminates, extracted out by pure water in bucket, steel drum sends into next step;
(3) pure water spraying step: be inverted by steel drum, shower nozzle upwards inserts in steel drum from the silk mouth of steel drum, and shower nozzle surrounding is provided with nozzle, and nozzle spray shape is rounded; Shower nozzle starts after inserting steel drum immediately to inner walls of steel drums water spray, and the water sprayed on inner walls of steel drums flows out automatically along inner walls of steel drums, and shower nozzle up and down reciprocatingly once, is 1 st pure water hydro-peening in water spray process; After hydro-peening terminates, discharge pure water in bucket, wait to be dried after, the tight plug screw warehouse-in of steel drum.
As a further improvement on the present invention, described solvent cleaning step comprises three road solvent clean operations, solvent in three road solvent clean operations adopts the mode of reverse overflow to be cycled to repeat utilization, the solvent of the 3rd road solvent clean operation is the purest butyl acetate, the used butyl acetate of 3rd road solvent clean operation is used as the solvent of second solvent clean operation after extracting out, the used butyl acetate of second solvent clean operation is used as the solvent of first solvent clean operation again after extracting out.
As a further improvement on the present invention, described pure water cleaning step comprises three road pure water mattings, pure water in three road pure water mattings adopts the mode of reverse overflow to be cycled to repeat utilization, the pure water of the 3rd road pure water matting is the purest pure water, for second matting after the used pure water extraction of 3rd road matting, the used pure water of second matting is used further to first matting after extracting out.
As a further improvement on the present invention, the pure water hydro-peening in described pure water spraying step carries out eight times altogether.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in described solvent cleaning step, solvent, must through 220 object filter cloth 6 layers filtration before injection steel drum.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in described pure water cleaning step, pure water, must through 400 object filter cloth 6 layers filtration before injection steel drum.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in described pure water spraying step, pure water, must through 400 object filter cloth 2 layers filtration before being sprayed onto in steel drum.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in described solvent cleaning step, the solvent recovery of extracting out in per pass solvent clean operation is stored in flux bath, and solvent, must through 220 object filter cloth 2 layers filtration before entering flux bath.
As a further improvement on the present invention, described solvent carries out cleannes detection before for cleaning, and detection method is: get 1L solvent, with 400 object filter-cloth filterings, make glass print and with the comparison of normal glass print, cleannes detection qualifiedly can be produced; Defective then requirement of cleannes changes all filter clothes that in solvent cleaning step, each solvent clean operation uses, and then detects, till qualified.
As a further improvement on the present invention, described pure water is carrying out cleannes detection before for cleaning, and detection method is: get 1L pure water, with 400 object filter-cloth filterings, make glass print and with the comparison of normal glass print, cleannes detection qualifiedly can be produced; Cleannes are defective then requires to change all filter clothes that in pure water cleaning step, each cleaning matting uses, and then detects, till qualified.
As a further improvement on the present invention, steel drum after solvent clean, pure water cleaning and pure water hydro-peening terminate carries out detection cleannes and detects, detection method is: inject 5L pure water in steel drum, after rotary rolling 1 point, extract the water in steel drum out, after 400 object filter-cloth filterings, make glass print and comparison normal glass print, can produce after cleannes are qualified; Cleannes are defective, cause underproof reason according to actual conditions analysis, and determining whether needs to change solvent.
As a further improvement on the present invention, described high cleanliness steel drum cleaning also comprises checking procedure, and the method for inspection and requirement are: 1, bucket is interior without impurity such as macroscopic fiber, greasy dirt and graininess; 2, inspect by random samples by GB/T 2828 " by batch inspection numeration sample program and sampling table " and corresponding three grades of files, the sampling frequency is 4%, as defective in detected, cleaning need be stopped at once, change all solvents to wash and pure filtration fabric washing, the solvent of washing station and pure water are detected again, and steel drum cleaned is before rearranged clean and detect, detection method can continue to adopt first inspection and sampling observation, until by after can continue to produce.
compared with prior art, tool has the following advantages in the present invention:the present invention, by carrying out solvent clean, pure water cleaning and pure water hydro-peening to steel drum, can realize the automatic high cleanliness cleaning of steel drum, greatly reduce labour intensity, enhance productivity.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the invention will be further described.
Embodiment 1
The high cleanliness steel drum cleaning of embodiment 1 mainly comprises the steps:
(1), solvent cleaning step: it comprises three road solvent clean operations, and the solvent that per pass solvent clean operation uses is all butyl acetates, and solvent load is the ratio of the steel drum 4.5L solvent according to 200L volume; The steel drum injecting solvent rolls and cleans, and rolling speed is 110 revs/min, and scavenging period is 65 seconds; After rolling cleaning terminates, bucket internal solvent is extracted out; Solvent in three road solvent clean operations adopts the mode of reverse overflow to be cycled to repeat utilization, the solvent of the 3rd road solvent clean operation is the purest butyl acetate, the used butyl acetate of 3rd road solvent clean operation is used as the solvent of second solvent clean operation after extracting out, the used butyl acetate of second solvent clean operation is used as the solvent of first solvent clean operation again after extracting out; After three road solvent clean operations all complete, steel drum sends into next step;
(2) pure water cleaning step: it comprises three road pure water mattings, in per pass pure water matting, pure water consumption is the ratio of the steel drum 4.5L pure water according to 200L volume; The steel drum injecting pure water rolls and cleans, and rolling speed is 110 revs/min, and scavenging period is 65 seconds; After rolling cleaning terminates, pure water in bucket is extracted out; Pure water in three road pure water mattings adopts the mode of reverse overflow to be cycled to repeat utilization, the pure water of the 3rd road pure water matting is the purest pure water, for second matting after the used pure water extraction of 3rd road matting, the used pure water of second matting is used further to first matting after extracting out; After three road pure water mattings all complete, steel drum sends into next step;
(3) pure water spraying step: be inverted by steel drum, shower nozzle upwards inserts in steel drum from the silk mouth of steel drum, and shower nozzle surrounding is provided with nozzle, and nozzle spray shape is rounded; Shower nozzle starts after inserting steel drum immediately to inner walls of steel drums water spray, and the water sprayed on inner walls of steel drums flows out automatically along inner walls of steel drums, and shower nozzle up and down reciprocatingly once, is 1 st pure water hydro-peening in water spray process; Pure water hydro-peening carries out eight times, after hydro-peening all terminates altogether, discharges pure water in bucket, wait to be dried after, the tight plug screw warehouse-in of steel drum.
In the embodiment of the present invention 1, steel drum after solvent clean, pure water cleaning and pure water hydro-peening terminate carries out cleannes detection, detection method is: inject 5L pure water in steel drum, after rotary rolling 1 point, extract the water in steel drum out, after 400 object filter-cloth filterings, make glass print and comparison normal glass print, the glass print of each making carries out mark and date, and retention cycle is two months, can produce after cleannes are qualified.After testing, the steel drum that embodiment 1 is cleaned meets cleannes requirement.
Embodiment 2
The high cleanliness steel drum cleaning of embodiment 2 mainly comprises the steps:
(1), solvent cleaning step: the solvent used of this step is identical with embodiment 1 with method of operating, difference is: the solvent load in embodiment 2 is the ratio of the steel drum 5L solvent according to 200L volume, rolling speed is 100 revs/min, and scavenging period is 60 seconds;
(2) pure water cleaning step: the method for operating of this step is identical with embodiment 1, and difference is: the pure water consumption in embodiment 2 is the ratio of the steel drum 5L pure water according to 200L volume, and rolling speed is 100 revs/min, and scavenging period is 60 seconds;
(3) pure water spraying step: be inverted by steel drum, shower nozzle upwards inserts in steel drum from the silk mouth of steel drum, and shower nozzle surrounding is provided with nozzle, and nozzle spray shape is rounded; Shower nozzle starts after inserting steel drum immediately to inner walls of steel drums water spray, and the water sprayed on inner walls of steel drums flows out automatically along inner walls of steel drums, and shower nozzle up and down reciprocatingly once, is 1 st pure water hydro-peening in water spray process; Pure water hydro-peening carries out eight times, after hydro-peening all terminates altogether, discharges pure water in bucket, wait to be dried after, the tight plug screw warehouse-in of steel drum.
In the embodiment of the present invention 1, the steel drum after solvent clean, pure water cleaning and pure water hydro-peening terminate carries out cleannes detection, and detection method is identical with embodiment 1, and after testing, the steel drum that embodiment 2 is cleaned also meets cleannes requirement.
Embodiment 3
The high cleanliness steel drum cleaning of embodiment 3 mainly comprises the steps:
(1), solvent cleaning step: the solvent used of this step is identical with embodiment 1 with method of operating, difference is: the solvent load in embodiment 3 is the ratio of the steel drum 5.5L solvent according to 200L volume, rolling speed is 90 revs/min, and scavenging period is 55 seconds;
(2) pure water cleaning step: the method for operating of this step is identical with embodiment 1, and difference is: the pure water consumption in embodiment 2 is the ratio of the steel drum 5.5L pure water according to 200L volume, and rolling speed is 90 revs/min, and scavenging period is 55 seconds;
(3) pure water spraying step: be inverted by steel drum, shower nozzle upwards inserts in steel drum from the silk mouth of steel drum, and shower nozzle surrounding is provided with nozzle, and nozzle spray shape is rounded; Shower nozzle starts after inserting steel drum immediately to inner walls of steel drums water spray, and the water sprayed on inner walls of steel drums flows out automatically along inner walls of steel drums, and shower nozzle up and down reciprocatingly once, is 1 st pure water hydro-peening in water spray process; Pure water hydro-peening carries out eight times, after hydro-peening all terminates altogether, discharges pure water in bucket, wait to be dried after, the tight plug screw warehouse-in of steel drum.
In the embodiment of the present invention 1, the steel drum after solvent clean, pure water cleaning and pure water hydro-peening terminate carries out cleannes detection, and detection method is identical with embodiment 1, and after testing, the steel drum that embodiment 3 is cleaned also meets cleannes requirement.
In the embodiment of the present invention 1 ~ embodiment 3, in described solvent cleaning step, the solvent recovery of extracting out in per pass solvent clean operation is stored in flux bath, and solvent, must through 220 object filter cloth 2 layers filtration before entering flux bath.Solvent, must through 220 object filter cloth 6 layers filtration before injection steel drum.
In the embodiment of the present invention 1 ~ embodiment 3, in described pure water cleaning step, pure water, must through 400 object filter cloth 6 layers filtration before injection steel drum.
In the embodiment of the present invention 1 ~ embodiment 3, in described pure water cleaning step, in described pure water spraying step, pure water, must through 400 object filter cloth 2 layers filtration before being sprayed onto in steel drum.
In the embodiment of the present invention 1 ~ embodiment 3, described solvent carries out cleannes detection before for cleaning, and detection method is: get 1L solvent, with 400 object filter-cloth filterings, make glass print and with the comparison of normal glass print, cleannes detection qualifiedly can be produced; Defective then requirement of cleannes changes all filter clothes that in solvent cleaning step, each solvent clean operation uses, and then detects, till qualified.; The glass print of each making carries out mark and date, and retention cycle is two months.
In the embodiment of the present invention 1 ~ embodiment 3, described pure water is carrying out cleannes detection before for cleaning, and detection method is: get 1L pure water, with 400 object filter-cloth filterings, make glass print and with the comparison of normal glass print, cleannes detection qualifiedly can be produced; Cleannes are defective then requires to change all filter clothes that in pure water cleaning step, each cleaning matting uses, and then detects, till qualified.
In the embodiment of the present invention 1 ~ embodiment 3, steel drum after solvent clean, pure water cleaning and pure water hydro-peening terminate carries out cleannes detection, detection method is: inject 5L pure water in steel drum, after rotary rolling 1 point, extract the water in steel drum out, after 400 object filter-cloth filterings, make glass print and comparison normal glass print, can produce after cleannes are qualified; Cleannes are defective, cause underproof reason according to actual conditions analysis, and determining whether needs to change solvent.The glass print of each making carries out mark and date, and retention cycle is two months.
In the embodiment of the present invention 1 ~ embodiment 3, described high cleanliness steel drum cleaning also comprises sampling inspection step, and the method for inspection and requirement are: 1, bucket is interior without impurity such as macroscopic fiber, greasy dirt and graininess; 2, inspect by random samples by GB/T 2828 " by batch inspection numeration sample program and sampling table " and corresponding three grades of files, inspector on duty inspects by random samples and detects and sign, the sampling frequency is 4%, as defective in detected, cleaning need be stopped at once, change all solvents and wash and pure filtration fabric washing, the solvent of washing station and pure water are detected again, and steel drum cleaned is before rearranged clean and detect, detection method can continue to adopt first inspection and sampling observation, until by after can continue to produce.
In the embodiment of the present invention 1 ~ embodiment 3, the rotation of steel drum in solvent cleaning step and pure water cleaning step all requirements of rolling can not encounter crimping position at the bottom of hoop for barrel and bucket, and prop barrel roller requires and ladle body W muscle or the muscle place touch scrolling that rises.Steel drum is in pure water spraying step, and when bung silk mouth aligning shower nozzle is put into, shower nozzle can not encounter silk mouth and inner wall of barrel.Require to handle with care when steel drum warehouse-in racking of drum and entrucking.
Claims (10)
1. high cleanliness steel drum cleaning, is characterized in that: this cleaning comprises the steps:
(1), solvent cleaning step: it comprises at least one solvent clean operation, and the solvent that per pass solvent clean operation uses is all butyl acetates, and solvent load is the ratio of the steel drum 4.5 ~ 5.5L solvent according to 200L volume; The steel drum injecting solvent rolls and cleans, and rolling speed is 90 ~ 110 revs/min, and scavenging period is 55 ~ 65 seconds; After rolling cleaning terminates, extracted out by bucket internal solvent, steel drum sends into next step;
(2) pure water cleaning step: it comprises at least one pure water matting, in per pass pure water matting, pure water consumption is the ratio of the steel drum 4.5 ~ 5.5L pure water according to 200L volume; The steel drum injecting pure water rolls and cleans, and rolling speed is 90 ~ 110 revs/min, and scavenging period is 55 ~ 65 seconds; After rolling cleaning terminates, extracted out by pure water in bucket, steel drum sends into next step;
(3) pure water spraying step: be inverted by steel drum, shower nozzle upwards inserts in steel drum from the silk mouth of steel drum, and shower nozzle surrounding is provided with nozzle, and nozzle spray shape is rounded; Shower nozzle starts after inserting steel drum immediately to inner walls of steel drums water spray, and the water sprayed on inner walls of steel drums flows out automatically along inner walls of steel drums, and shower nozzle up and down reciprocatingly once, is 1 st pure water hydro-peening in water spray process; After hydro-peening terminates, discharge pure water in bucket, wait to be dried after, the tight plug screw warehouse-in of steel drum.
2. high cleanliness steel drum cleaning as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described solvent cleaning step comprises three road solvent clean operations, solvent in three road solvent clean operations adopts the mode of reverse overflow to be cycled to repeat utilization, the solvent of the 3rd road solvent clean operation is the purest butyl acetate, the used butyl acetate of 3rd road solvent clean operation is used as the solvent of second solvent clean operation after extracting out, the used butyl acetate of second solvent clean operation is used as the solvent of first solvent clean operation again after extracting out.
3. high cleanliness steel drum cleaning as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described pure water cleaning step comprises three road pure water mattings, pure water in three road pure water mattings adopts the mode of reverse overflow to be cycled to repeat utilization, the pure water of the 3rd road pure water matting is the purest pure water, for second matting after the used pure water extraction of 3rd road matting, the used pure water of second matting is used further to first matting after extracting out.
4. high cleanliness steel drum cleaning as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: the pure water hydro-peening in described pure water spraying step carries out eight times altogether.
5. high cleanliness steel drum cleaning as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: in described solvent cleaning step, and solvent, must through 220 object filter cloth 6 layers filtration before injection steel drum.
6. high cleanliness steel drum cleaning as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: in described pure water cleaning step, and pure water, must through 400 object filter cloth 6 layers filtration before injection steel drum.
7. high cleanliness steel drum cleaning as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: in described pure water spraying step, and pure water, must through 400 object filter cloth 2 layers filtration before being sprayed onto in steel drum.
8. high cleanliness steel drum cleaning as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: in described solvent cleaning step, the solvent recovery of extracting out in per pass solvent clean operation is stored in flux bath, and solvent, must through 220 object filter cloth 2 layers filtration before entering flux bath.
9. high cleanliness steel drum cleaning as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described solvent carries out cleannes detection before for cleaning, detection method is: get 1L solvent, with 400 object filter-cloth filterings, make glass print and with the comparison of normal glass print, cleannes detect and qualifiedly can to produce; Defective then requirement of cleannes changes all filter clothes that in solvent cleaning step, each solvent clean operation uses, and then detects, till qualified.
10. high cleanliness steel drum cleaning as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described pure water is carrying out cleannes detection before for cleaning, detection method is: get 1L pure water, with 400 object filter-cloth filterings, make glass print and with the comparison of normal glass print, cleannes detect and qualifiedly can to produce; Cleannes are defective then requires to change all filter clothes that in pure water cleaning step, each cleaning matting uses, and then detects, till qualified.
Priority Applications (1)
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CN201410689344.8A CN104492775B (en) | 2014-11-26 | 2014-11-26 | Steel drum cleaning |
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CN201410689344.8A CN104492775B (en) | 2014-11-26 | 2014-11-26 | Steel drum cleaning |
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CN104492775A true CN104492775A (en) | 2015-04-08 |
CN104492775B CN104492775B (en) | 2016-07-06 |
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CN112024555A (en) * | 2020-08-12 | 2020-12-04 | 四川省环境政策研究与规划院 | Cleaning process for multifunctional kitchen garbage barrel |
CN112221628A (en) * | 2020-09-08 | 2021-01-15 | 田庆华 | Automatic pulping and cleaning process for kitchen garbage |
CN113333382A (en) * | 2021-07-13 | 2021-09-03 | 无锡四方友信股份有限公司 | Hoop ear cleaning device and cleaning method |
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CN113333382A (en) * | 2021-07-13 | 2021-09-03 | 无锡四方友信股份有限公司 | Hoop ear cleaning device and cleaning method |
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