CN104455739A - Energy-saving support used for heat transmission pipeline - Google Patents
Energy-saving support used for heat transmission pipeline Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104455739A CN104455739A CN201410546347.6A CN201410546347A CN104455739A CN 104455739 A CN104455739 A CN 104455739A CN 201410546347 A CN201410546347 A CN 201410546347A CN 104455739 A CN104455739 A CN 104455739A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- rack body
- inside lining
- outer sleeve
- heat transfer
- energy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
- F16L59/12—Arrangements for supporting insulation from the wall or body insulated, e.g. by means of spacers between pipe and heat-insulating material; Arrangements specially adapted for supporting insulated bodies
- F16L59/135—Hangers or supports specially adapted for insulated pipes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
- F16L59/06—Arrangements using an air layer or vacuum
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
- F16L59/08—Means for preventing radiation, e.g. with metal foil
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
- F16L59/12—Arrangements for supporting insulation from the wall or body insulated, e.g. by means of spacers between pipe and heat-insulating material; Arrangements specially adapted for supporting insulated bodies
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Insulation (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to an energy-saving support used for a heat transmission pipeline. The energy-saving support comprises a support body and a liner cylinder arranged on the inner side of the support body, the section of the support body is in a ripple shape, wherein ripples fluctuate in the radial direction and are evenly distributed in the circumferential direction, the crest and the trough of each ripple are an arched curved surface convex outwards and an arched curved surface concave inwards respectively, the vertexes of the curved surfaces, concave inwards, of the troughs make contact with the liner cylinder, and after the support body and the liner cylinder are assembled, the vertexes of the curved surfaces, convex outwards, of the crests make contact with an outer sleeve of the heat transmission pipeline. The energy-saving support has the advantages of being good in technological property, convenient to transport and install and small in contact area, the heat transmission path is lengthened, the heat dissipation loss of the support is greatly reduced, the temperature of the tail end of the support is lowered substantially, and energy is saved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of pipeline support, especially a kind of heat transfer pipeline energy-saving support.
Background technique
Heat distribution pipeline is the pipeline of the heat energy media such as delivering vapor, be widely applied in the every field of production, life at present, be characterized in that the medium temperature of conveying is high, pressure is large, flow velocity is fast, operationally can bring larger expansive force and impact force to pipeline, so need mounting bracket in the duct.Support is as the significant components of heat distribution pipeline, and its heat radiation has restrictive function to the heating power transfer efficiency of heat distribution pipeline.In several kilometers easily, tens kilometers even long distance heating power transfer line of tens kilometers, every tens meters, a support will be installed, be used for supporting heating power transfer line.The radiation loss caused due to heat transfer between existing support and pipeline is comparatively serious, not only damages the insulating structure of pipeline, also can cause the energy and economic significant wastage.Therefore, the research and development of energy-saving support are one of projects of heating power conveying equipment field outbalance.Thermal pipeline support is integrated in one at insulation and load performance, but the two is conflicting, mutually restrict, a Thermo-mechanical Coupling Problems, need supporting structure load performance and heat insulation between reach a kind of useful balance, to take into account insulation and load two kinds of performances.But traditional thermal pipeline support, or only focus on the load performance of structure and have ignored the Design on thermal insulation of structure, or its Design on thermal insulation is unreasonable, insufficient, causes the heat-energy losses of support to remain high, be difficult to solve always.
Discovery is retrieved according to claimant, application number be 201310220217.9,201220622865.8,200920047224.2 and the Chinese patent of 200920098514.x all disclose a kind of heat-insulating bracket, be arranged in " steel sleeve steel " steam insulation pipe, only in order to solve the sliding problem of working pipe in outer sleeve.These supports not only complex structure, also has certain directivity, and transport and installation difficulty, can not solve the heat-energy losses problem that support of pipelines causes effectively.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to: for above-mentioned prior art Problems existing, a kind of heat transfer pipeline energy-saving support is proposed, not only have good heat-insulation effect, structure is simple, good manufacturability, installation and transportation are advantage easily, on the basis that secure support and slip are provided, can also effectively reduce the heat bridge effect at support place, realize effectively insulating insulation, save the energy, meet the requirement that national energy-saving reduces discharging policy.
In order to reach above object, heat transfer pipeline energy-saving support of the present invention, comprise rack body and be arranged on the inside lining sleeve inside rack body, the cross section of described rack body radially rises and falls and circumferential uniform corrugated, the crest place of described ripple and trough place have convex outward in arch and inner sunken face respectively, the summit of described trough place inner sunken face contacts with inside lining sleeve, and after assembling, the summit of described crest place convex outward contacts with the outer sleeve of heat transfer pipeline.In summary, the inside and outside both sides of rack body all adopt the point-face way of contact, area of contact is little, and frictional force is little, and corresponding heat conducting heat transfer area is also little, and the convex outward of rack body and inner sunken face are, and arch bends, support force is stablized, and has longer heat transfer path, under the prerequisite of load excellent performance, greatly reduce the heat transmitted from working pipe thermal insulation layer to outer sleeve, be bound organically in one by heat insulation with load performance.
Preferably, described inside lining sleeve is slightly longer than rack body, and described inside lining sleeve is socketed on the thermal insulation layer of working pipe, the inner sunken face of described rack body and the wall contacts of inside lining sleeve, the contact internal walls of convex outward and outer sleeve.Like this, inside lining sleeve plays and support is taken root effect that is fixing and protection thermal insulation layer.
Further, between described working pipe and outer sleeve, there is air layer, described rack body and inside lining sleeve are placed in the air layer between working pipe and outer sleeve, rack body is in air layer completely.
Further, thermal insulating material is filled up between described rack body and inside lining sleeve, certain thickness thermal insulating material is filled with between described rack body and outer sleeve, described rack body and inside lining sleeve are placed in adiabator layer, between rack body and outer sleeve, also leave certain thickness air layer.Support is placed in thermal insulation layer completely, can be trapped within soft adiabator layer, significantly reduce the heat bridge effect of support at the inner heat greatly of heat transfer process medium-height trestle.
Further, the inwall of described inside lining sleeve scribbles thermal insulation coatings, described thermal insulation coatings is coated with aluminium foil reflecting layer, make inside lining sleeve have certain reflective insulation performance, further increase the heat-shielding performance of support entirety.
Preferably, the external diameter of described rack body is slightly less than the internal diameter of outer sleeve, after assembling, leaves space between the top of described rack body and outer sleeve.The external diameter of rack body is formed diameter of a circle by the summit of convex outward all on rack body, and internal diameter is formed diameter of a circle by the summit of inner sunken faces all on rack body.Space is left between the top of rack body and outer sleeve, several convex outward being positioned at rack body upper half part are not contacted with outer sleeve, several convex outward of lower half portion are only had to contact with outer sleeve, cause the point of contact of rack body and outer sleeve less, then decrease the path of area of contact and heat transmission; Space also can make rack body slide in outer sleeve, if when running into weld seam or other thrusts support voluntarily on move, avoid affecting moving axially of working pipe.
Preferably, the cross section of evagination, inner sunken face is the curve of a curvature gradual change, specifically can be circular arc, elliptic arc, triangle, parabola or sine wave, and its axial cross section is circular arc.Like this, by choosing different waveforms to indent, convex outward, just can change the load performance of rack body, being applicable to different heating power delivery pipes.Inner sunken face in addition on rack body and adjacent convex outward are smoothly connected by cambered surface, compared with distributing with the radial alignment of conventional stent, due to the curved-surface structure that rack body is special, inside and outside it, the heat bang path of both sides is elongated, can reduce the heat bridge effect of support further.
Preferably, on described rack body, the number of convex outward or inner sunken face is preferably 6 ~ 15, make the curved surface ripple inside and outside circle of rack body being respectively equipped with 6 ~ 15 outwardly convexs, the parameters such as the shape of curved surface ripple, quantity, wave height and wall thickness and can require to design and choose according to the practical application condition of energy-saving support, and waveform can select circular arc, elliptic arc, triangle, parabola, sine wave etc.
Advantage of the present invention is:
1. support of the present invention adopts point cantact form to connect, reduce area of contact and frictional force, compared with connecting with the linear contact lay form of conventional stent, not only greatly reduce the heat being delivered to support from working pipe thermal insulation layer, also reduce the heat being delivered to outer sleeve from support;
2. rack body adopts wave structure, makes it structurally not have directivity, is convenient to be shaped, transport and install;
3. because rack body has unique wave structure, the adaptive capacity to environment of support is very strong, also by suitably choosing the parameter such as number and waveform, wave height and wall thickness of evagination, inner sunken face, rack body being directly placed in very thin air layer, effectively suppressing heat transfer by convection;
4., by choosing different waveforms to the evagination of rack body, inner sunken face, just can change the load performance of rack body, being then applied to the thermal pipe under varying environment.
In summary, support good manufacturability of the present invention, be convenient to transport and install, area of contact is little, and the delivered heat path length of side, greatly reduces the radiation loss of support, the temperature of stent ends is significantly reduced, has saved the energy.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is further illustrated.
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the present invention one.
Fig. 2 is the plan view of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the side view of Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is the fundamental composition cell schematics of Fig. 1 medium-height trestle body.
The structural representation of Fig. 5 to be cross section be sine-shaped rack body.
The structural representation of Fig. 6 to be cross section be leg-of-mutton rack body.
Fig. 7 is the point cantact schematic diagram of rack body and inside lining sleeve.
Fig. 8 is the assembling schematic diagram that rack body is in air layer.
Fig. 9 is the internal structure schematic diagram of Fig. 8.
Figure 10 is the assembling schematic diagram that rack body is in adiabator layer.
Figure 11 is the internal structure schematic diagram of Figure 10.
Embodiment
Embodiment one
The heat transfer pipeline energy-saving support of the present embodiment, its structure as shown in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, comprise rack body 1 and the inside lining sleeve 2 be arranged on inside rack body 1, and rack body 1 is slightly longer than at the two ends of inside lining sleeve 2.The cross section of rack body 1 radially rises and falls and circumferential uniform corrugated, and the crest place of ripple has the convex outward a in arch, and trough place has the inner sunken face b in arch.Two adjacent convex outward a, inner sunken face b form the fundamental composition unit of ripple, the rack body 1 of the present embodiment is smoothly connected by 10 elementary cell head and the tail and forms, in elementary cell, the opening of convex outward a and inner sunken face b is contrary, the opening of convex outward a is towards the center of circle of basic circle d, the center of circle of the opening of inner sunken face b basic circle d dorsad, and convex outward a and inner sunken face b to be smoothly connected at c point place by cambered surface and symmetrical relative to c dot center; The cross section of convex outward a and inner sunken face b is semicircular arc (see Fig. 4), the stability under loading of convex outward a and inner sunken face b can be made, and due to the curved-surface structure that this is special, inside and outside rack body 1, the heat bang path of both sides is elongated, causes the heat bridge effect of energy-saving support to reduce.
During assembling, first the inner ring of rack body 1 is enclosed within inside lining sleeve 2, the summit of trough place inner sunken face b is contacted with inside lining sleeve 2, again inside lining sleeve 2 is socketed on the thermal insulation layer 4 of working pipe 3, prevent energy-saving support to be directly erected on thermal insulating material and destroy thermal insulation layer 4, then outer sleeve 5 is enclosed within the outer ring of rack body 1, the summit of crest place convex outward a is contacted with the outer sleeve 5 of heat transfer pipeline.Wherein, the outside of convex outward a and inner sunken face b is all in eggshell shape, its summit be point cantact with the contact form of internal lining pipe 2 and outer sleeve 5, such as inner sunken face b and inside lining sleeve 2 are point cantact (see figure 7) at o point place, the area of contact of point cantact structure is little, frictional force is little, and correspondingly heat conducting heat transfer area is also little.
The external diameter of rack body 1 is formed diameter of a circle by all convex outward a summits, and internal diameter is formed diameter of a circle by all inner sunken face b summits.The external diameter of rack body 1 is slightly less than the internal diameter of outer sleeve 5, after assembling in the duct, space is left between the top of rack body 1 and outer sleeve 5, cause rack body 1 less with the point of contact of outer sleeve 5, and then the path causing area of contact and heat to transmit is reduced, simultaneously rack body 1 can be made to slide in outer sleeve 5, if when running into weld seam or other thrusts support voluntarily on move, avoid affecting moving axially of working pipe 3.
The inwall of inside lining sleeve 2 scribbles thermostable heat-isolating coating, and this thermal insulation coatings is formed by synthetic silicic acid salt solution, aluminum silicate fiber, heat reflection material and selected hollow glass micropearl fine finishing.Thermal insulation coatings is coated with reflecting layer (reflecting layer is aluminium foil reflecting layer), makes inside lining sleeve 2 have certain reflective insulation performance.In addition, there is between working pipe 3 and outer sleeve 5 air layer 6, rack body 1 and inside lining sleeve 2 are placed in air layer 6, and rack body 1 is positioned in the middle of inside lining sleeve 2 and outer sleeve 3, is in completely (see Fig. 8 and Fig. 9) in air layer 6.This structure is while effectively reducing support heat bridge effect, also the effect such as Heat Insulation of Air Layer, humidity discharging is played, be convenient to arrange Leak testtion line or sensor in the air layer 6 of support, be applicable to the thermal insulation pipe that bore is less or thermal insulation layer 4 thickness is little, when especially the design space of support maybe can be supplied less for small-bore pipeline, the support of this structure has unrivaled advantage.
Embodiment two
The difference of the present embodiment and embodiment one is: as shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11, inside lining sleeve 2 is enclosed within the thermal insulation layer 4 of working pipe 3, rack body 1 is placed between inside lining sleeve 2 and outer sleeve 5, glass wool thermal insulating material 7 is filled up between rack body 1 and inside lining sleeve 2, and between rack body 1 and outer sleeve 5, be also filled with certain thickness glass wool thermal insulating material 7, between rack body 1 and outer sleeve 5, leave certain thickness air layer 6 simultaneously, adiabator layer is placed in by rack body 1 and inside lining sleeve 2, it is thicker and have the insulation pipe structure of multi-layer heat preserving layer 4 that this structure is applicable to thermal insulation layer 4.Because rack body 1 has multiple ripple, the surface area of itself is larger, in this package assembly, all inner and outer surface of rack body 1 are thermal insulating material 7 and wrap up, when heat transmits at internal stent, the very most of meeting be delivered to from the hard heat-insulated layer in inside 4 in the heat on support is dissipated in soft adiabator layer, the heat be delivered on outer sleeve 5 eventually through support can significantly reduce, this package assembly is used to reduce the heat bridge effect of support to a great extent, save the energy, effectively reduce cost.
Embodiment three
The difference of the present embodiment and embodiment one, two is: rack body is smoothly connected by 13 ripple fundamental composition unit head and the tail and forms, and the composition interior convex surface of elementary cell and the cross section of outer concave curved surface are sinusoidal waveform, and axial cross section is circular arc.In addition, the diameter of the round f that the summit that the external diameter of rack body 1 is all convex outward on rack body 1 is formed, the diameter of the round e that the summit that internal diameter is all inner sunken face b on rack body 1 is formed.(see figure 5).
Embodiment four
The difference of the present embodiment and embodiment one, two is: rack body is smoothly connected by 8 ripple fundamental composition unit head and the tail and forms, and the composition convex outward of elementary cell and the cross section of inner sunken face are triangle, and axial cross section is circular arc (see figure 6).
In addition to the implementation, the present invention can also have other mode of executions.All employings are equal to the technological scheme of replacement or equivalent transformation formation, all drop on the protection domain of application claims.
Claims (8)
1. a heat transfer pipeline energy-saving support, it is characterized in that: the rack body comprising closed circular and the inside lining sleeve be arranged on inside rack body, the cross section of described rack body radially rises and falls and circumferential uniform corrugated, the crest place of described ripple and trough place have convex outward in arch and inner sunken face respectively, the summit of described trough place inner sunken face contacts with inside lining sleeve, after assembling, the summit of described crest place convex outward contacts with the outer sleeve of heat transfer pipeline.
2. heat transfer pipeline energy-saving support according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described inside lining sleeve is slightly longer than rack body, described inside lining sleeve is socketed on the thermal insulation layer of working pipe, the inner sunken face of described rack body and the wall contacts of inside lining sleeve, the contact internal walls of convex outward and outer sleeve.
3. heat transfer pipeline energy-saving support according to claim 2, is characterized in that: have air layer between described working pipe and outer sleeve, described rack body and inside lining sleeve is placed in the air layer between working pipe and outer sleeve.
4. heat transfer pipeline energy-saving support according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: between described rack body and inside lining sleeve, fill up thermal insulating material, certain thickness thermal insulating material is filled with between described rack body and outer sleeve, described rack body and inside lining sleeve are placed in adiabator layer, between described rack body and outer sleeve, also leave air layer.
5. the heat transfer pipeline energy-saving support according to claim 3 or 4, is characterized in that: the inwall of described inside lining sleeve scribbles thermal insulation coatings, described thermal insulation coatings is coated with aluminium foil reflecting layer.
6. heat transfer pipeline energy-saving support according to claim 2, is characterized in that: the external diameter of described rack body is slightly less than the internal diameter of outer sleeve, after assembling, leaves space between the top of described rack body and outer sleeve.
7. heat transfer pipeline energy-saving support according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the cross section of described evagination, inner sunken face is circular arc, elliptic arc, triangle, parabola or sine wave, and its axial cross section is circular arc.
8. heat transfer pipeline energy-saving support according to claim 1, is characterized in that: on described rack body, the number of convex outward or inner sunken face is preferably 6 ~ 15.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410546347.6A CN104455739A (en) | 2014-10-15 | 2014-10-15 | Energy-saving support used for heat transmission pipeline |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410546347.6A CN104455739A (en) | 2014-10-15 | 2014-10-15 | Energy-saving support used for heat transmission pipeline |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104455739A true CN104455739A (en) | 2015-03-25 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410546347.6A Pending CN104455739A (en) | 2014-10-15 | 2014-10-15 | Energy-saving support used for heat transmission pipeline |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN104455739A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106641463A (en) * | 2017-01-18 | 2017-05-10 | 倍德力能源装备（江苏）有限公司 | Cold and heat insulation thrust pipe holder |
| CN110131527A (en) * | 2019-06-19 | 2019-08-16 | 成都科瑞尔低温设备有限公司 | A kind of cryogenic vacuum pipeline |
| CN110273571B (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2021-06-08 | 国网浙江省电力有限公司嘉兴供电公司 | Hoop for attaching wall to hold pole |
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| CN1262731A (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 2000-08-09 | 海戈若维克国际公司 | Thermally insulating cover structure, pipeline using said cover structure and method for providing pipeline with said cover structure |
| US6328074B1 (en) * | 1997-11-13 | 2001-12-11 | Petrotechnik Limited | Pipe for conveying fluids such as petroleum products |
| CN103267174A (en) * | 2013-06-04 | 2013-08-28 | 江苏明江机械制造有限公司 | Thermal-insulation guide support for large-caliber directly-buried tube |
-
2014
- 2014-10-15 CN CN201410546347.6A patent/CN104455739A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3126918A (en) * | 1964-03-31 | Slip ring spacer for insulated conduit systems | ||
| CN87102362A (en) * | 1985-03-19 | 1987-09-02 | 三菱金属株式会社 | Insulated piping |
| CN2083679U (en) * | 1990-10-19 | 1991-08-28 | 顾放翼 | Thermo-insulated sleeve for pipe line |
| CN1262731A (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 2000-08-09 | 海戈若维克国际公司 | Thermally insulating cover structure, pipeline using said cover structure and method for providing pipeline with said cover structure |
| US6328074B1 (en) * | 1997-11-13 | 2001-12-11 | Petrotechnik Limited | Pipe for conveying fluids such as petroleum products |
| CN103267174A (en) * | 2013-06-04 | 2013-08-28 | 江苏明江机械制造有限公司 | Thermal-insulation guide support for large-caliber directly-buried tube |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106641463A (en) * | 2017-01-18 | 2017-05-10 | 倍德力能源装备（江苏）有限公司 | Cold and heat insulation thrust pipe holder |
| CN106641463B (en) * | 2017-01-18 | 2019-05-14 | 倍德力能源装备（江苏）有限公司 | A kind of cold and heat insulation thrust conduit saddle |
| CN110273571B (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2021-06-08 | 国网浙江省电力有限公司嘉兴供电公司 | Hoop for attaching wall to hold pole |
| CN110131527A (en) * | 2019-06-19 | 2019-08-16 | 成都科瑞尔低温设备有限公司 | A kind of cryogenic vacuum pipeline |
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| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
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Application publication date: 20150325 |