CN104453730A - Buoyancy block surface structure for reducing ocean current resistance borne by waterproof pipe column - Google Patents
Buoyancy block surface structure for reducing ocean current resistance borne by waterproof pipe column Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104453730A CN104453730A CN201410626829.2A CN201410626829A CN104453730A CN 104453730 A CN104453730 A CN 104453730A CN 201410626829 A CN201410626829 A CN 201410626829A CN 104453730 A CN104453730 A CN 104453730A
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- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- buoyant mass
- tubing string
- water proof
- proof tubing
- ocean current
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 69
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/01—Risers
- E21B17/012—Risers with buoyancy elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15D—FLUID DYNAMICS, i.e. METHODS OR MEANS FOR INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F15D1/00—Influencing flow of fluids
- F15D1/002—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer
- F15D1/0025—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer using passive means, i.e. without external energy supply
- F15D1/003—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer using passive means, i.e. without external energy supply comprising surface features, e.g. indentations or protrusions
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15D—FLUID DYNAMICS, i.e. METHODS OR MEANS FOR INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F15D1/00—Influencing flow of fluids
- F15D1/002—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer
- F15D1/0025—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer using passive means, i.e. without external energy supply
- F15D1/003—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer using passive means, i.e. without external energy supply comprising surface features, e.g. indentations or protrusions
- F15D1/0035—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer using passive means, i.e. without external energy supply comprising surface features, e.g. indentations or protrusions in the form of riblets
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a buoyancy block surface structure for reducing ocean current resistance borne by a waterproof pipe column. The buoyancy block surface structure comprises a buoyancy block (1) of the waterproof pipe column. The external diameter D of the buoyancy block (1) ranges from 0.9144 m to 1.397 m. Multiple triangular grooves (2) are formed in the column face of the buoyancy block (1) in the length direction of the buoyancy block and evenly distributed in the circumferential direction of the buoyancy block (1). The depth h of each triangular groove (2) is (0.01 to 0.03) D, the width d of each triangular groove (2) is (0.05 to 0.1) D, and the number n of the triangular grooves (2) ranges from 15 to 30. The buoyancy block surface structure has the advantages that the ocean current resistance borne by the waterproof pipe column is reduced, so that connection bearing reaction of the end of the waterproof pipe column is reduced, vortex-induced vibration of the waterproof pipe column is lowered, the service life of the waterproof pipe column is prolonged, and an element does not need to be additionally arranged on the waterproof pipe column.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to and reduce ocean current to the technical field of the resistance of water proof tubing string, particularly a kind of buoyant mass surface texture reducing ocean current resistance suffered by water proof tubing string.
Background technology
Along with offshore and gas development is strided forward to 1000-3000 rice deep-sea by shallow sea, water proof tubing string also increases greatly as its length of important channel of offshore and gas development, corresponding under so large length suffered by it to stream drag effect also very important all the more, particularly the increase of support reaction is connected for marine riser column end and vortex-induced vibration strengthens.Stream the large drag forces caused and will cause adverse effect to the stability of water service pipe, safety and Years Of Service.Therefore, for deep water riser post stream drag reduction control research seem most important.
For the nowadays existing more research of water proof tubing string drag reduction method, sum up to get up exactly main: around water proof tubing string, add separating plate or separation bar, water proof tubing string adds barber-pole stripes and is added with escutcheon etc. at water proof o exterior, corresponding restriction water proof tubing string flow-disturbing is separated, the exhibition of interference water proof tubing string streams the object of carrying out drag reduction to reach to water proof tubing string to the generation etc. of streaming correlation and affecting surface shear layer.They have a common drawback to be exactly all need additionally to add component on water proof tubing string, and this is all very disadvantageous for the water proof tubing string be under the environmental working condition of complicated ocean from deadweight or structural compactness.
Non-flat surface drag reduction technology has been subject to scholar's extensive concern, and particularly in peripheral flow, foreign scholar has confirmed that coarse periphery or groove pit can reduce the fluid resistance arrived suffered by cylinder in peripheral flow by experiment.Actual life clearly can see that the example that non-flat surface drag reduction technology uses is exactly for the design on golf.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to use non-flat surface drag reduction technology, overcome the shortcoming of prior art, there is provided a kind of have reduce ocean current resistance suffered by water proof tubing string and without the need to the buoyant mass surface texture adding component extra on water proof tubing string, realize the reduction of marine riser column end support reaction and weakening of vortex-induced vibration, improve water proof tubing string reliability, extend water proof tubing string application life.
Due to the Successful utilization of non-flat surface drag reduction technology on golf drag reduction, non-flat surface drag reduction technology applies on the drag reduction to marine riser by the present invention.Golf ball surface dimple size design again: the size that pit depth is about 0.01 times of golf diameter and pit is about 10 times of pit depths, thus for the design of non-flat surface in the present invention provides foundation.
Object of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: a kind of buoyant mass surface texture reducing ocean current resistance suffered by water proof tubing string, the outer diameter D of buoyant mass is 0.9144 ~ 1.397m, here the buoyant mass exterior contour invested on water proof tubing string is approximately the face of cylinder, the cylinder of described buoyant mass is provided with multiple triangular groove along on the length direction of buoyant mass, triangular groove is uniformly distributed along the circumferencial direction of water proof tubing string, the degree of depth h of described triangular groove is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, the width d of triangular groove is (0.05 ~ 0.1) D, the quantity n of triangular groove is 15 ~ 30.
The cylinder of described buoyant mass is provided with multiple arc-shaped groove along on the length direction of buoyant mass, arc-shaped groove is uniformly distributed along the circumferencial direction of buoyant mass, the degree of depth h of described arc-shaped groove is (0.01 ~ 0.05) D, the width d of arc-shaped groove is (0.01-0.03) D, and the quantity n of arc-shaped groove is 15 ~ 30.
The cylinder of described buoyant mass is provided with the rectangle pit of rectangular array distribution, the quantity n often arranging rectangle pit is 15 ~ 30, the degree of depth h of described rectangle pit is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, the width d of rectangle pit is (0.05 ~ 0.1) D, the length e of rectangle pit is (0.05 ~ 0.15) D, and the distance s along often adjacent two the rectangle pits on buoyant mass axial direction is (0.02 ~ 0.1) D.
Described rectangle pit with the formal distribution of rhombus array on the cylinder of buoyant mass.
The cylinder of described buoyant mass is provided with the circular pit of rectangular array distribution, the quantity n often arranging circular pit is 15 ~ 30, the degree of depth h of described circular pit is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, the width d of circular pit is (0.05 ~ 0.1) D, and the distance s along often adjacent two circular pit on buoyant mass axial direction is (0.02 ~ 0.1) D.
Described circular pit with the formal distribution of rhombus array on the cylinder of buoyant mass.
The cylinder of described buoyant mass is provided with the oblong pits of rectangular array distribution, the degree of depth h of described oblong pits is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, the length d of oblong pits is (0.05 ~ 0.2) D, the width e of oblong pits is (0.5 ~ 1) d, and the distance s along often adjacent two oblong pits on buoyant mass axial direction is (0.02 ~ 0.1) D.
Described oblong pits with the formal distribution of rhombus array on the cylinder of buoyant mass.
The present invention has the following advantages: the present invention is furnished with triangular groove on the cylinder of buoyant mass, the degree of depth h of triangular groove is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, width d is (0.05 ~ 0.1) D, quantity n is 15 ~ 30, when ocean current laterally flows through water proof tubing string, move after making the burble point of ocean current on water proof tubing string, and then water proof tubing string rear portion low-pressure area scope reduces, and then the ocean current pressure drag making water proof tubing string be subject to reduces, can ocean current resistance suffered by effectively less marine riser post, reduce marine riser column end and connect support reaction, weaken water proof tubing string vortex-induced vibration, in addition, component is helped without the need to adding extra paving on water proof tubing string, this is all very favourable in the deadweight of water proof tubing string or in water proof tubing string compactedness.These advantages are all of great advantage to the reliability of the water proof tubing string of residing complicated marine environment, service life above.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the present invention one;
Fig. 2 is the top view of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is the A-A sectional view of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the present invention two;
Fig. 5 is the top view of Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 is the B-B sectional view of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the present invention three;
Fig. 8 is the top view of Fig. 7;
Fig. 9 is the C-C sectional view of Fig. 7;
Figure 10 is that rectangle pit is with the structural representation of diamond array column distribution;
Figure 11 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the present invention four;
Figure 12 is the D-D sectional view of Figure 11;
Figure 13 is that circular pit is with the structural representation of diamond array column distribution;
Figure 14 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the present invention five;
Figure 15 is that oblong pits is with the structural representation of diamond array column distribution;
Figure 16 is smooth structure buoyant mass resistance coefficient Cd broken line graph;
Figure 17 is triangular groove structure buoyant mass resistance coefficient Cd broken line graph;
Figure 18 is arc-shaped groove structure buoyant mass resistance coefficient Cd broken line graph;
Figure 19 is the circular pit structure buoyant mass resistance coefficient Cd broken line graph of rhombus distribution;
In figure, 1-buoyant mass, 2-triangular groove, 3-arc-shaped groove, 4-rectangle pit, 5-circular pit, 6-oblong pits.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention will be further described, and protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the following stated:
As Figure 1-3, a kind of buoyant mass surface texture reducing ocean current resistance suffered by water proof tubing string, it comprises water proof tubing string buoyant mass 1, the outer diameter D of buoyant mass 1 is 0.9144 ~ 1.397m, here the buoyant mass exterior contour invested on water proof tubing string is approximately the face of cylinder, the cylinder of described buoyant mass 1 is provided with multiple triangular groove 2 along on the length direction of buoyant mass 1, triangular groove 2 is uniformly distributed along the circumferencial direction of water proof tubing string, the degree of depth h of described triangular groove 2 is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, the width d of triangular groove 2 is (0.05 ~ 0.1) D, the quantity n of triangular groove 2 is 15 ~ 30, thus move after making the burble point of ocean current on water proof tubing string, low-pressure area scope is reduced, and then the ocean current pressure drag making water proof tubing string be subject to reduces.
As Figure 4-Figure 6, the cylinder of buoyant mass 1 is provided with multiple arc-shaped groove 3 along on the length direction of buoyant mass 1, arc-shaped groove 3 is uniformly distributed along the circumferencial direction of buoyant mass 1, the degree of depth h of described arc-shaped groove 3 is (0.01 ~ 0.05) D, the width d of arc-shaped groove 3 is (0.01-0.03) D, the quantity n of arc-shaped groove 3 is 15 ~ 30, thus move after making the burble point of ocean current on water proof tubing string, low-pressure area scope is reduced, and then the ocean current pressure drag that water proof tubing string is subject to reduce.
As Figure 7-9, the cylinder of buoyant mass 1 is provided with the rectangle pit 4 of rectangular array distribution, the quantity n often arranging rectangle pit 4 is 15 ~ 30, the degree of depth h of described rectangle pit 4 is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, the width d of rectangle pit 4 is (0.05 ~ 0.1) D, the length e of rectangle pit 4 is (0.05 ~ 0.15) D, distance s along often adjacent two the rectangle pits 4 on buoyant mass 1 axial direction is (0.02 ~ 0.1) D, thus move after making the burble point of ocean current on water proof tubing string, low-pressure area scope is reduced, and then the ocean current pressure drag making water proof tubing string be subject to reduces.As shown in Figure 10, rectangle pit 4 can also with the formal distribution of rhombus array on the cylinder of buoyant mass 1.
As Figure 11 and Figure 12, the cylinder of buoyant mass 1 is provided with the circular pit 5 of rectangular array distribution, the quantity n often arranging circular pit 5 is 15 ~ 30, the degree of depth h of described circular pit is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, the width d of circular pit 5 is (0.05 ~ 0.1) D, distance s along often adjacent two circular pit 5 on buoyant mass 1 axial direction is (0.02 ~ 0.1) D, thus move after making the burble point of ocean current on water proof tubing string, low-pressure area scope is reduced, and then the ocean current pressure drag that water proof tubing string is subject to reduce.As shown in figure 13, circular pit 5 with the formal distribution of rhombus array on the cylinder of buoyant mass 1.
As shown in figure 14, the cylinder of buoyant mass 1 is provided with the oblong pits 6 of rectangular array distribution, the degree of depth h of described oblong pits 6 is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, the length d of oblong pits 6 is (0.05 ~ 0.2) D, the width e of oblong pits 6 is (0.5 ~ 1) d, distance s along often adjacent two oblong pits 6 on buoyant mass 1 axial direction is (0.02 ~ 0.1) D, thus move after making the burble point of ocean current on water proof tubing string, low-pressure area scope is reduced, and then the ocean current pressure drag that water proof tubing string is subject to reduce.As shown in figure 15, oblong pits 6 with the formal distribution of rhombus array on the cylinder of buoyant mass 1.
Known in peripheral flow, fluid there will be segregation phenomenon when laterally flowing through cylinder, low-pressure area is formed at rear cylindrical, so produce pressure reduction before and after cylinder and then form fluid to the pressure drag of cylinder, and the water proof tubing string that ocean current flows through with buoyant mass just can think peripheral flow, the buoyant mass exterior contour invested on water proof tubing string is approximately the face of cylinder here.Water proof tubing string buoyant mass 1 is arranged triangular groove 2, arc-shaped groove 3, rectangle pit 4, circular pit 5 and oblong pits 6, i.e. favorably situated Surface Texture on the cylinder of buoyant mass 1, move after can making the burble point of ocean current on water proof tubing string, low-pressure area scope is reduced, and then the ocean current pressure drag that water proof tubing string is subject to reduce.
Embodiment one
According to Fig. 3, the surface texture of buoyant mass 1 is triangular groove; The outer diameter D of buoyant mass 1 gets 1m, buoyant mass 1 exterior contour invested on water proof tubing string is approximately the face of cylinder, groove width d=0.007Dmm, gash depth h=0.005D=5mm here; Time carry out water hole numerical simulation to the buoyant mass 1 under smooth structure and this triangular structure respectively in reynolds number Re=40000, and follow the trail of pressure drag coefficient, convergence to be calculated intercepts stable one piece of data and makes broken line graph; Figure 16 is the pressure drag coefficient Cd broken line graph under smooth structure, and Figure 17 is the pressure drag coefficient Cd broken line graph under triangular groove structure, asks its average to obtain smooth lower Cd=1.141 respectively, Cd=0.827 under this triangular groove structure; So this buoyant mass structure comparatively buoyant mass smooth surface structure pressure drag coefficient Cd reduces by 27.5%.
Embodiment two
According to Fig. 4, the surface texture of buoyant mass 1 is arc-shaped groove; The outer diameter D of buoyant mass 1 gets 1m, buoyant mass 1 exterior contour invested on water proof tubing string is approximately the face of cylinder, groove width d=0.07D=70mm, gash depth h=0.01D=10mm here; This structure buoyant mass 1 is carried out water hole numerical simulation under Lei Luo number Re=40000; With embodiment one, obtain pressure drag coefficient Cd broken line graph under this arc-shaped structure, as Figure 18, ask its average to obtain Cd=0.872 under this arc groove structure, so this arc-shaped groove structure comparatively smooth surface structure pressure drag coefficient Cd reduces by 23.5%.
Embodiment three
According to Figure 13, the surface texture of buoyant mass 1 is the cloth circular pit that rhombus divides; The outer diameter D of buoyant mass 1 gets 1m, buoyant mass 1 exterior contour invested on water proof tubing string is approximately the face of cylinder here, pit width degree d=0.1D=100mm, gash depth h=0.0.01D=10mm, the distance s=0.003D=3mm axially between two pits; Time water hole numerical simulation is carried out in reynolds number Re=40000, with embodiment one, obtain this rhombus distribution circular pit structure under pressure drag coefficient Cd broken line graph, as Figure 19, ask its average obtain this rhombus distribution circular pit structure under Cd=0.928, so, the circular pit structure comparatively smooth surface structure pressure drag coefficient Cd reduction by 18.7% of this rhombus distribution.
Claims (8)
1. one kind reduces the buoyant mass surface texture of ocean current resistance suffered by water proof tubing string, it is characterized in that: it comprises water proof tubing string buoyant mass (1), the outer diameter D of buoyant mass (1) is 0.9144 ~ 1.397m, the cylinder of described buoyant mass (1) is provided with multiple triangular groove (2) along on the length direction of buoyant mass (1), triangular groove (2) is uniformly distributed along the circumferencial direction of buoyant mass (1), the degree of depth h of described triangular groove (2) is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, the width d of triangular groove (2) is (0.05 ~ 0.1) D, the quantity n of triangular groove (2) is 15 ~ 30.
2. a kind of buoyant mass surface texture reducing ocean current resistance suffered by water proof tubing string according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described water proof tubing string buoyant mass (1) cylinder is provided with multiple arc-shaped groove (3) along on the length direction of buoyant mass (1), arc-shaped groove (3) is uniformly distributed along the circumferencial direction of buoyant mass (1), the degree of depth h of described arc-shaped groove (3) is (0.01 ~ 0.05) D, the width d of arc-shaped groove (3) is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, and the quantity n of arc-shaped groove (3) is 15 ~ 30.
3. a kind of buoyant mass surface texture reducing ocean current resistance suffered by water proof tubing string according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the cylinder of described buoyant mass (1) is provided with the rectangle pit (4) of rectangular array distribution, the quantity n often arranging rectangle pit (4) is 15 ~ 30, the degree of depth h of described rectangle pit (4) is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, the width d of rectangle pit (4) is (0.05 ~ 0.1) D, the length e of rectangle pit (4) is (0.05 ~ 0.15) D, distance s along often adjacent two the rectangle pits (4) on water proof tubing string (1) axial direction is (0.02 ~ 0.1) D.
4. a kind of buoyant mass surface texture reducing ocean current resistance suffered by water proof tubing string according to claim 3, is characterized in that: described rectangle pit (4) with the formal distribution of rhombus array on the cylinder of buoyant mass (1).
5. a kind of buoyant mass surface texture reducing ocean current resistance suffered by water proof tubing string according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the cylinder of described buoyant mass (1) is provided with the circular pit (5) of rectangular array distribution, the quantity n often arranging circular pit (5) is 15 ~ 30, the degree of depth h of described circular pit is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, the width d of circular pit (5) is (0.05 ~ 0.1) D, and the distance s along often adjacent two circular pit (5) on water proof tubing string (1) axial direction is (0.02 ~ 0.1) D.
6. a kind of buoyant mass surface texture reducing ocean current resistance suffered by water proof tubing string according to claim 5, is characterized in that: described circular pit (5) with the formal distribution of rhombus array on the cylinder of buoyant mass (1).
7. a kind of buoyant mass surface texture reducing ocean current resistance suffered by water proof tubing string according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the cylinder of described buoyant mass (1) is provided with the oblong pits (6) of rectangular array distribution, the degree of depth h of described oblong pits (6) is (0.01 ~ 0.03) D, the length d of oblong pits (6) is (0.05 ~ 0.2) D, the width e of oblong pits (6) is (0.5 ~ 1) d, and the distance s along often adjacent two oblong pits (6) on water proof tubing string (1) axial direction is (0.02 ~ 0.1) D.
8. a kind of structure reducing ocean current resistance suffered by water proof tubing string according to claim 7, is characterized in that: described oblong pits (6) with the formal distribution of rhombus array on the cylinder of buoyant mass (1).
Priority Applications (1)
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CN201410626829.2A CN104453730A (en) | 2014-11-10 | 2014-11-10 | Buoyancy block surface structure for reducing ocean current resistance borne by waterproof pipe column |
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CN201410626829.2A CN104453730A (en) | 2014-11-10 | 2014-11-10 | Buoyancy block surface structure for reducing ocean current resistance borne by waterproof pipe column |
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CN106014275A (en) * | 2016-07-07 | 2016-10-12 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Novel vortex-induced vibration resisting bionic riser |
WO2016205898A1 (en) | 2015-06-26 | 2016-12-29 | Amog Technologies Pty Ltd | A flow modification device, system, and method |
WO2016205900A1 (en) | 2015-06-26 | 2016-12-29 | Amog Technologies Pty Ltd | A cylindrical element adapted to reduce vortex-induced vibration and/or drag |
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WO2002072995A1 (en) * | 2001-03-14 | 2002-09-19 | Cso Aker Marine Contractors, Inc. | Vortex-induced vibration reduction device for fluid immersed cylinders |
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Application publication date: 20150325 |