CN104418547A - Concrete prefabricated pile and production method thereof - Google Patents
Concrete prefabricated pile and production method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN104418547A CN104418547A CN201310374303.5A CN201310374303A CN104418547A CN 104418547 A CN104418547 A CN 104418547A CN 201310374303 A CN201310374303 A CN 201310374303A CN 104418547 A CN104418547 A CN 104418547A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a concrete prefabricated pile, the concrete prefabricated pile is prepared by filling of concrete into a mold provided with steel reinforcement cage skeleton, die assembly, stretch-draw, centrifugal shaping, atmospheric pressure steam curing, demoulding and high pressure steam curing, the concrete includes the raw materials of a cementing material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, an additive and water, the content of the cementing material is 350-550 kg / m<3>, the cementing material comprises 55wt%-95wt% of cement and 5wt%-45wt% of an admixture, the admixture is silica powder; the fine aggregate is machine-made sand or a machine-made sand and natural sand mixture, the machine-made sand is prepared from mineral tailings, industrial waste slag and other stone raw materials by mechanical crushing, grading, sieving and dust removal processing; the invention also discloses a production method of the concrete prefabricated pile. The machine-made sand adopts various kinds of abandoned mineral resources, the production is not affected by the climate and season, not only the problem of environmental pollution is solved, the utilization rate of resources is improved, and the production cost of the concrete prefabricated pile is reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of concrete precast pile and production method thereof.
Background technology
Concrete is generally made up according to the cooperation of certain ratio of cement, sand, Shi Yushui, wherein, the main raw of sand-stone concrete composition, along with the fast development of construction industry, building sand quantity is increasing, require more and more higher qualitatively, and natural sand resource is fewer and feweri, the qualitative problems of construction caused thus, and destroy farmland, water resources problem day by day serious, therefore, the research application of machine-made sand is imperative.At present, China is day by day ripe to the applied research of Machine-made Sand, its range of application expands the systems such as highway, railway, water power, metallurgy to by building trade, expand bridge, tunnel and water works to by retaining, develop into the engineerings such as normal concrete, Steel Concrete, prestressed concrete, pump concrete, airtightness concrete and combined bolting and shotcrete from masonry mortar.But, the application of current machine-made sand in high-strength prestressed concrete premculded pile is quite few, and major cause is: the concrete viscosity that Machine-made Sand is produced is large, and flowing property is poor, on construction and centrifugally all can produce certain impact, the capability and performance of product is finally caused not pass a test.
As can be seen here, prior art awaits further improving.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is the weak point avoiding above-mentioned prior art to exist, and provides a kind of concrete precast pile and production method thereof.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention is:
A kind of concrete precast pile, by being loaded by concrete, the mould of reinforcement cage skeleton is installed, matched moulds, stretch-draw, centrifugal forming, atmospheric steam curing, the demoulding, autoclave curing be prepared from, described concrete raw material comprises gelling material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, admixture and water, and the content of described gelling material is 350 ~ 550 ㎏/m
3, described gelling material is made up of the cement of 55wt% ~ 95wt% and the adulterant of 5wt% ~ 45wt%, and described adulterant is silica flour; Described fine aggregate is the mixture of Machine-made Sand or itself and natural sand, and in described fine aggregate, the weight percentage of Machine-made Sand is 10wt% ~ 100wt%; Described Machine-made Sand is obtained through Mechanical Crushing, grading, screening and dust removal process by the stone such as mill tailings, industrial waste raw material, and fineness modulus is 2.0 ~ 4.0.
In described Machine-made Sand, the content of stone flour is 3wt% ~ 7wt%.
The specific surface area of described silica flour is 350m
2/ ㎏ ~ 450m
2/ ㎏.
Described natural sand is river sand or river sand, and fineness modulus is 2.2 ~ 3.2, silt content≤2.0wt%.
Described admixture is polycarboxylate high performance dehydragent, and described polycarboxylate high performance dehydragent is the 0.1wt% ~ 0.5wt% of described gelling material weight.
Described coarse aggregate is natural rubble, artificial rubble or cobble, and particle diameter is 8 ~ 23mm continuous grading, crush values≤10%, flat-elongated particles content≤10wt%.
Described concrete water-cement ratio is 0.25 ~ 0.35; Described concrete sand coarse aggregate ratio is 30 ~ 45%.
A kind of production method of concrete precast pile as above, comprise the following steps: concrete preparation, mould concrete loading being provided with reinforcement cage skeleton, matched moulds, stretch-draw, centrifugal forming, atmospheric steam curing, the demoulding, autoclave curing, described concrete preparation comprises the following steps:
(1), Mechanical Crushing is carried out to Machine-made Sand raw material;
(2), to the Machine-made Sand raw material through Mechanical Crushing carry out grading, screening, obtain the Machine-made Sand that fineness modulus is 2.0 ~ 4.0;
(3), to the Machine-made Sand after grading, screening carry out dust removal process, controlling its content of stone powder is 3wt% ~ 7wt%;
(4), in forced mixer, add gelling material, Machine-made Sand and optional natural sand, wherein, it is 10wt% ~ 100wt% that described Machine-made Sand accounts for it with the weight percentage of natural sand mixture, stirring 10 ~ 40s; Then in stirrer, add water, stir 10 ~ 30s, add coarse aggregate, then add admixture in stirrer, continue to stir, until churning time reaches 100s ~ 200s.
In described stretch-draw step, carry out stretch-draw to reinforcement cage skeleton, stretching force is 70 ~ 75% of the total tensile strength of deformed bar.
In described atmospheric steam curing step, thermostat temperature is 70 ~ 90 DEG C, and curing time is 4 ~ 6h; In described autoclave curing step, constant-pressure pressure is 1.0 ± 0.05MPa, and thermostat temperature is 160 ~ 200 DEG C, and curing time is 6 ~ 8h.
Owing to have employed technique scheme, the beneficial effect acquired by the present invention is:
Concrete precast pile in the present invention and production method thereof, decrease the dependence of the natural sand resource to worsening shortages, thus reduce concrete cost of manufacture, Machine-made Sand in the present invention have employed various waste minerals resource, produces the impact in not climate and season, has both solved the problem of environmental pollution, has turn improved resource utilization, in addition, by mill tailings, the stone raw materials such as industry waste are through Mechanical Crushing, the Machine-made Sand silt content that grading, screening and dust removal process obtain is low, content of stone powder is controlled, because the concrete produced is while ensureing good cohesiveness, do not reduce mobility, can Homogeneous phase mixing well when concrete centrifugal, there will not be the phenomenons such as centrifugal rear concrete partial collapse, and, the appropriate stone flour comprised in Machine-made Sand has filling effect in concrete preparation process, nucleus effect and active effect, improve the serviceability of concrete precast pile, mechanical property and endurance quality.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail, but the present invention is not limited to these embodiments.
Embodiment 1:
A kind of concrete precast pile, by being loaded by concrete, the mould of reinforcement cage skeleton is installed, matched moulds, stretch-draw, centrifugal forming, atmospheric steam curing, the demoulding, autoclave curing be prepared from, described concrete raw material comprises gelling material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, admixture and water, and the content of described gelling material is 350 ㎏/m
3, described gelling material is made up of the cement of 55wt% and the adulterant of 45wt%, and described adulterant is silica flour; Described fine aggregate is the mixture of Machine-made Sand or itself and natural sand, and in described fine aggregate, the weight percentage of Machine-made Sand is 20wt%; Described Machine-made Sand is obtained through Mechanical Crushing, grading, screening and dust removal process by the stone such as mill tailings, industrial waste raw material, and fineness modulus is 2.5.
In described Machine-made Sand, the content of stone flour is 3wt%.
The specific surface area of described silica flour is 350m
2/ ㎏.
Described natural sand is river sand or river sand, and fineness modulus is 2.4, silt content≤2.0wt%.
Described admixture is polycarboxylate high performance dehydragent, and described polycarboxylate high performance dehydragent is the 0.1wt% of described gelling material weight.
Described coarse aggregate is natural rubble, artificial rubble or cobble, and particle diameter is 8mm continuous grading, crush values≤10%, flat-elongated particles content≤10wt%.
Described concrete water-cement ratio is 0.27; Described concrete sand coarse aggregate ratio is 30%.
A kind of production method of concrete precast pile as above, comprise the following steps: concrete preparation, mould concrete loading being provided with reinforcement cage skeleton, matched moulds, stretch-draw, centrifugal forming, atmospheric steam curing, the demoulding, autoclave curing, described concrete preparation comprises the following steps:
(1), Mechanical Crushing is carried out to Machine-made Sand raw material;
(2), to the Machine-made Sand raw material through Mechanical Crushing carry out grading, screening, obtain the Machine-made Sand that fineness modulus is 2.5;
(3), to the Machine-made Sand after grading, screening carry out dust removal process, controlling its content of stone powder is 3wt%;
(4), in forced mixer, add gelling material, Machine-made Sand and optional natural sand, wherein, it is 20wt% that described Machine-made Sand accounts for it with the weight percentage of natural sand mixture, stirring 20s; Then in stirrer, add water, stir 15s, add coarse aggregate, then add admixture in stirrer, continue to stir, until churning time reaches 150s.
In described stretch-draw step, carry out stretch-draw to reinforcement cage skeleton, stretching force is 70% of the total tensile strength of deformed bar.
In described atmospheric steam curing step, thermostat temperature is 70 DEG C, and curing time is 4h; In described autoclave curing step, constant-pressure pressure is 1.0 ± 0.05MPa, and thermostat temperature is 160 DEG C, and curing time is 6h.
Embodiment 2:
A kind of concrete precast pile, by being loaded by concrete, the mould of reinforcement cage skeleton is installed, matched moulds, stretch-draw, centrifugal forming, atmospheric steam curing, the demoulding, autoclave curing be prepared from, described concrete raw material comprises gelling material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, admixture and water, and the content of described gelling material is 400 ㎏/m
3, described gelling material is made up of the cement of 60wt% and the adulterant of 40wt%, and described adulterant is silica flour; Described fine aggregate is the mixture of Machine-made Sand or itself and natural sand, and in described fine aggregate, the weight percentage of Machine-made Sand is 40wt%; Described Machine-made Sand is obtained through Mechanical Crushing, grading, screening and dust removal process by the stone such as mill tailings, industrial waste raw material, and fineness modulus is 3.0.
In described Machine-made Sand, the content of stone flour is 5wt%.
The specific surface area of described silica flour is 370m
2/ ㎏.
Described natural sand is river sand or river sand, and fineness modulus is 2.6, silt content≤2.0wt%.
Described admixture is polycarboxylate high performance dehydragent, and described polycarboxylate high performance dehydragent is the 0.2wt% of described gelling material weight.
Described coarse aggregate is natural rubble, artificial rubble or cobble, and particle diameter is 12mm continuous grading, crush values≤10%, flat-elongated particles content≤10wt%.
Described concrete water-cement ratio is 0.30; Described concrete sand coarse aggregate ratio is 35%.
A kind of production method of concrete precast pile as above, comprise the following steps: concrete preparation, mould concrete loading being provided with reinforcement cage skeleton, matched moulds, stretch-draw, centrifugal forming, atmospheric steam curing, the demoulding, autoclave curing, described concrete preparation comprises the following steps:
(1), Mechanical Crushing is carried out to Machine-made Sand raw material;
(2), to the Machine-made Sand raw material through Mechanical Crushing carry out grading, screening, obtain the Machine-made Sand that fineness modulus is 3.0;
(3), to the Machine-made Sand after grading, screening carry out dust removal process, controlling its content of stone powder is 5wt%;
(4), in forced mixer, add gelling material, Machine-made Sand and optional natural sand, wherein, it is 40wt% that described Machine-made Sand accounts for it with the weight percentage of natural sand mixture, stirring 30s; Then in stirrer, add water, stir 20s, add coarse aggregate, then add admixture in stirrer, continue to stir, until churning time reaches 160s.
In described stretch-draw step, carry out stretch-draw to reinforcement cage skeleton, stretching force is 72% of the total tensile strength of deformed bar.
In described atmospheric steam curing step, thermostat temperature is 75 DEG C, and curing time is 5h; In described autoclave curing step, constant-pressure pressure is 1.0 ± 0.05MPa, and thermostat temperature is 170 DEG C, and curing time is 7h.
Embodiment 3:
A kind of concrete precast pile, by being loaded by concrete, the mould of reinforcement cage skeleton is installed, matched moulds, stretch-draw, centrifugal forming, atmospheric steam curing, the demoulding, autoclave curing be prepared from, described concrete raw material comprises gelling material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, admixture and water, and the content of described gelling material is 450 ㎏/m
3, described gelling material is made up of the cement of 80wt% and the adulterant of 20wt%, and described adulterant is silica flour; Described fine aggregate is the mixture of Machine-made Sand or itself and natural sand, and in described fine aggregate, the weight percentage of Machine-made Sand is 60wt%; Described Machine-made Sand is obtained through Mechanical Crushing, grading, screening and dust removal process by the stone such as mill tailings, industrial waste raw material, and fineness modulus is 3.5.
In described Machine-made Sand, the content of stone flour is 6wt%.
The specific surface area of described silica flour is 400m
2/ ㎏.
Described natural sand is river sand or river sand, and fineness modulus is 3.0, silt content≤2.0wt%.
Described admixture is polycarboxylate high performance dehydragent, and described polycarboxylate high performance dehydragent is the 0.4wt% of described gelling material weight.
Described coarse aggregate is natural rubble, artificial rubble or cobble, and particle diameter is 18mm continuous grading, crush values≤10%, flat-elongated particles content≤10wt%.
Described concrete water-cement ratio is 0.32; Described concrete sand coarse aggregate ratio is 40%.
A kind of production method of concrete precast pile as above, comprise the following steps: concrete preparation, mould concrete loading being provided with reinforcement cage skeleton, matched moulds, stretch-draw, centrifugal forming, atmospheric steam curing, the demoulding, autoclave curing, described concrete preparation comprises the following steps:
(1), Mechanical Crushing is carried out to Machine-made Sand raw material;
(2), to the Machine-made Sand raw material through Mechanical Crushing carry out grading, screening, obtain the Machine-made Sand that fineness modulus is 3.5;
(3), to the Machine-made Sand after grading, screening carry out dust removal process, controlling its content of stone powder is 6wt%;
(4), in forced mixer, add gelling material, Machine-made Sand and optional natural sand, wherein, it is 60wt% that described Machine-made Sand accounts for it with the weight percentage of natural sand mixture, stirring 35s; Then in stirrer, add water, stir 25s, add coarse aggregate, then add admixture in stirrer, continue to stir, until churning time reaches 180s.
In described stretch-draw step, carry out stretch-draw to reinforcement cage skeleton, stretching force is 74% of the total tensile strength of deformed bar.
In described atmospheric steam curing step, thermostat temperature is 80 DEG C, and curing time is 5h; In described autoclave curing step, constant-pressure pressure is 1.0 ± 0.05MPa, and thermostat temperature is 180 DEG C, and curing time is 7h.
Embodiment 4:
A kind of concrete precast pile, by being loaded by concrete, the mould of reinforcement cage skeleton is installed, matched moulds, stretch-draw, centrifugal forming, atmospheric steam curing, the demoulding, autoclave curing be prepared from, described concrete raw material comprises gelling material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, admixture and water, and the content of described gelling material is 550 ㎏/m
3, described gelling material is made up of the cement of 90wt% and the adulterant of 10wt%, and described adulterant is silica flour; Described fine aggregate is the mixture of Machine-made Sand or itself and natural sand, and in described fine aggregate, the weight percentage of Machine-made Sand is 90wt%; Described Machine-made Sand is obtained through Mechanical Crushing, grading, screening and dust removal process by the stone such as mill tailings, industrial waste raw material, and fineness modulus is 4.0.
In described Machine-made Sand, the content of stone flour is 7wt%.
The specific surface area of described silica flour is 450m
2/ ㎏.
Described natural sand is river sand or river sand, and fineness modulus is 3.2, silt content≤2.0wt%.
Described admixture is polycarboxylate high performance dehydragent, and described polycarboxylate high performance dehydragent is the 0.5wt% of described gelling material weight.
Described coarse aggregate is natural rubble, artificial rubble or cobble, and particle diameter is 23mm continuous grading, crush values≤10%, flat-elongated particles content≤10wt%.
Described concrete water-cement ratio is 0.35; Described concrete sand coarse aggregate ratio is 45%.
A kind of production method of concrete precast pile as above, comprise the following steps: concrete preparation, mould concrete loading being provided with reinforcement cage skeleton, matched moulds, stretch-draw, centrifugal forming, atmospheric steam curing, the demoulding, autoclave curing, described concrete preparation comprises the following steps:
(1), Mechanical Crushing is carried out to Machine-made Sand raw material;
(2), to the Machine-made Sand raw material through Mechanical Crushing carry out grading, screening, obtain the Machine-made Sand that fineness modulus is 4.0;
(3), to the Machine-made Sand after grading, screening carry out dust removal process, controlling its content of stone powder is 7wt%;
(4), in forced mixer, add gelling material, Machine-made Sand and optional natural sand, wherein, it is 90wt% that described Machine-made Sand accounts for it with the weight percentage of natural sand mixture, stirring 40s; Then in stirrer, add water, stir 30s, add coarse aggregate, then add admixture in stirrer, continue to stir, until churning time reaches 200s.
In described stretch-draw step, carry out stretch-draw to reinforcement cage skeleton, stretching force is 75% of the total tensile strength of deformed bar.
In described atmospheric steam curing step, thermostat temperature is 90 DEG C, and curing time is 6h; In described autoclave curing step, constant-pressure pressure is 1.0 ± 0.05MPa, and thermostat temperature is 200 DEG C, and curing time is 8h.
The ultimate compression strength of the obtained concrete precast pile of embodiment 1,2,3,4,5 and endurance quality index are detected, the results are shown in Table 1:
Table 1 is the performance index table of concrete precast pile
The concrete precast pile that can be found in the present invention by table 1 is more better than the prestressed-concrete pile produced with normal concrete in intensity, endurance quality index.
In addition, carried out anti-bending strength detection to the prestressed-concrete pile of the present invention of various model, detected result finds that cracking moment and ultimate bending moment all meet the mechanical property requirements of the concrete pile of defined in standard GB/T 13476-2009.
Need to further illustrate, specific embodiment described herein is only to spiritual example explanation of the present invention.Those skilled in the art can make various amendment or supplement or adopt similar mode to substitute to described specific embodiment, but can't depart from spirit of the present invention or surmount the scope that appended claims defines.
Claims (10)
1. a concrete precast pile, by being loaded by concrete, the mould of reinforcement cage skeleton is installed, matched moulds, stretch-draw, centrifugal forming, atmospheric steam curing, the demoulding, autoclave curing be prepared from, described concrete raw material comprises gelling material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, admixture and water, it is characterized in that: the content of described gelling material is 350 ~ 550 ㎏/m
3, described gelling material is made up of the cement of 55wt% ~ 95wt% and the adulterant of 5wt% ~ 45wt%, and described adulterant is silica flour; Described fine aggregate is the mixture of Machine-made Sand or itself and natural sand, and in described fine aggregate, the weight percentage of Machine-made Sand is 10wt% ~ 100wt%; Described Machine-made Sand is obtained through Mechanical Crushing, grading, screening and dust removal process by the stone such as mill tailings, industrial waste raw material, and fineness modulus is 2.0 ~ 4.0.
2. a kind of concrete precast pile according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in described Machine-made Sand, the content of stone flour is 3wt% ~ 7wt%.
3. a kind of concrete precast pile according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the specific surface area of described silica flour is 350m
2/ ㎏ ~ 450m
2/ ㎏.
4. a kind of concrete precast pile according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described natural sand is river sand or river sand, and fineness modulus is 2.2 ~ 3.2, silt content≤2.0wt%.
5. a kind of concrete precast pile according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described admixture is polycarboxylate high performance dehydragent, and described polycarboxylate high performance dehydragent is the 0.1wt% ~ 0.5wt% of described gelling material weight.
6. a kind of concrete precast pile according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described coarse aggregate is natural rubble, artificial rubble or cobble, and particle diameter is 8 ~ 23mm continuous grading, crush values≤10%, flat-elongated particles content≤10wt%.
7. a kind of concrete precast pile according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described concrete water-cement ratio is 0.25 ~ 0.35; Described concrete sand coarse aggregate ratio is 30 ~ 45%.
8. the production method of the concrete precast pile as described in any one of claim 1 to 7, comprise the following steps: concrete preparation, mould concrete loading being provided with reinforcement cage skeleton, matched moulds, stretch-draw, centrifugal forming, atmospheric steam curing, the demoulding, autoclave curing, is characterized in that: described concrete preparation comprises the following steps:
(1), Mechanical Crushing is carried out to Machine-made Sand raw material;
(2), to the Machine-made Sand raw material through Mechanical Crushing carry out grading, screening, obtain the Machine-made Sand that fineness modulus is 2.0 ~ 4.0;
(3), to the Machine-made Sand after grading, screening carry out dust removal process, controlling its content of stone powder is 3wt% ~ 7wt%;
(4), in forced mixer, add gelling material, Machine-made Sand and optional natural sand, wherein, it is 10wt% ~ 100wt% that described Machine-made Sand accounts for it with the weight percentage of natural sand mixture, stirring 10 ~ 40s; Then in stirrer, add water, stir 10 ~ 30s, add coarse aggregate, then add admixture in stirrer, continue to stir, until churning time reaches 100s ~ 200s.
9. the production method of a kind of concrete precast pile according to claim 8, is characterized in that: in described stretch-draw step, carry out stretch-draw to reinforcement cage skeleton, and stretching force is 70 ~ 75% of the total tensile strength of deformed bar.
10. the production method of a kind of concrete precast pile according to claim 8, is characterized in that: in described atmospheric steam curing step, and thermostat temperature is 70 ~ 90 DEG C, and curing time is 4 ~ 6h; In described autoclave curing step, constant-pressure pressure is 1.0 ± 0.05MPa, and thermostat temperature is 160 ~ 200 DEG C, and curing time is 6 ~ 8h.
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| CN109456006A (en) * | 2018-12-20 | 2019-03-12 | 中南大学 | A kind of self-compacting concrete and its application using waste preparation |
| CN110682423A (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2020-01-14 | 江苏东浦管桩有限公司 | High-strength anti-cracking large-diameter tubular pile manufacturing die, material and manufacturing process |
| CN111070403A (en) * | 2019-12-11 | 2020-04-28 | 山东大学 | Manufacturing method of construction solid waste extrusion pile |
| CN114873985A (en) * | 2022-05-27 | 2022-08-09 | 惠州市三环构件有限公司 | PHC tubular pile concrete and PHC tubular pile |
| CN116553882A (en) * | 2023-03-25 | 2023-08-08 | 中电建十一局工程有限公司 | High-performance concrete based on blending of machine-made sand and natural fine sand and preparation method thereof |
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2013
- 2013-08-26 CN CN201310374303.5A patent/CN104418547A/en active Pending
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109456006A (en) * | 2018-12-20 | 2019-03-12 | 中南大学 | A kind of self-compacting concrete and its application using waste preparation |
| CN110682423A (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2020-01-14 | 江苏东浦管桩有限公司 | High-strength anti-cracking large-diameter tubular pile manufacturing die, material and manufacturing process |
| WO2021063000A1 (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2021-04-08 | 江苏东浦管桩有限公司 | High-strength anti-cracking large-diameter pipe pile manufacturing die, material and manufacturing technology |
| CN111070403A (en) * | 2019-12-11 | 2020-04-28 | 山东大学 | Manufacturing method of construction solid waste extrusion pile |
| CN111070403B (en) * | 2019-12-11 | 2021-06-01 | 山东大学 | Manufacturing method of construction solid waste extrusion pile |
| CN114873985A (en) * | 2022-05-27 | 2022-08-09 | 惠州市三环构件有限公司 | PHC tubular pile concrete and PHC tubular pile |
| CN116553882A (en) * | 2023-03-25 | 2023-08-08 | 中电建十一局工程有限公司 | High-performance concrete based on blending of machine-made sand and natural fine sand and preparation method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20150318 |