CN104403727A - Low temperature fire-resistant hydraulic oil - Google Patents
Low temperature fire-resistant hydraulic oil Download PDFInfo
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- CN104403727A CN104403727A CN201410555432.9A CN201410555432A CN104403727A CN 104403727 A CN104403727 A CN 104403727A CN 201410555432 A CN201410555432 A CN 201410555432A CN 104403727 A CN104403727 A CN 104403727A
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a petrochemical product and a preparation thereof, particularly to a low temperature fire-resistant hydraulic oil and a preparation method thereof. The low temperature fire-resistant hydraulic oil comprises, by weight, 100 parts of a base oil, 0.3-3 parts of an antioxidant, 0.1-5 parts of an extreme pressure agent, 0.04-0.7 part of an anti-rust agent nitrogen borate, 0.0006-0.02 part of a dye agent, and 12 ppm of an anti-foam agent methyl silicone oil. Compared with the current domestic battleplane aviation hydraulic oils such as 10# aviation hydraulic oil and 15# aviation hydraulic oil and abroad similar products, the low temperature fire-resistant hydraulic oil of the present invention has excellent viscosity, excellent flash point and other excellent physical properties, and meets the relevant standard requirement, such that the low temperature fire-resistant hydraulic oil of the present invention can be more widely used in the field of aviation battleplane.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to petrochemicals and preparation method thereof, relate to a kind of low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil and preparation method thereof particularly.
Background technology
Hydraulic efficiency oil be utilize liquid pressure can the pressure medium that uses of hydraulic efficiency system, in hydraulic efficiency system, play the effects such as transmission ofenergy, wear-resistant, system lubrication, anticorrosion, antirust, cooling.For hydraulic efficiency oil, first should meet hydraulic efficiency plant at the working temperature with requirement to liquid viscosity under start-up temperature.Low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil is a kind of fire resistant hydraulic oil with flame automatic distinguishing function, not only have outstanding anti-oxidant, anti-wear, antirust and antifoaming property, when oil product can also be contacted with flame or hot surface, the danger of presence of fire and blast drops to minimum.
Fire resistant hydraulic oil at present for aviation field mainly contains three classes: phosphoric acid ester fire resistant hydraulic oil (being applied to aircarrier aircraft), synthesis hydrocarbon fire resistant hydraulic oil (being applied to vertiplane), low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil (being applied to opportunity of combat and guided missile).The foreign standard being generally used for the synthesis hydrocarbon fire resistant hydraulic oil of vertiplane is MIL-PRF-83282, and domestic standard is GJB5311-2004.And the foreign standard being generally used for the low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil of opportunity of combat and guided missile is MIL-PRF-87257, and domesticly there is no corresponding product and standard at present.And the hydraulic efficiency oil being generally used for aircarrier aircraft or vertiplane can not be directly used in air fighter, because the working conditions of air fighter is more harsh, therefore also higher to the requirement of hydraulic efficiency oil, phosphoric acid ester fire resistant hydraulic oil for aircarrier aircraft can cause corrosion to the metallic substance of air fighter and guided missile, and the synthesis hydrocarbon hydraulic efficiency oil for vertiplane cannot meet the cold-starting requirement of air fighter.
Summary of the invention
For above-mentioned current home position, present inventors have developed a kind of low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil, to meet the domestic needs to low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil.
One object of the present invention is to provide a kind of low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil, and it is made up of following component:
The base oil of 100 weight parts;
The oxidation inhibitor of 0.3 to 3 weight part;
The extreme pressure agent of 0.1 to 5 weight part;
The rust-preventive agent nitrogen boric acid ester of 0.04 to 0.7 weight part;
The staining agent of 0.0006 to 0.02 weight part; With
The kilfoam methyl-silicone oil of 12ppm.
Preferably, low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the present invention is made up of following component:
The base oil of 100 weight parts;
The oxidation inhibitor of 0.5 to 2.5 weight part;
The extreme pressure agent of 0.25 to 3.6 weight part;
The rust-preventive agent nitrogen boric acid ester of 0.09 to 1.2 weight part;
The staining agent of 0.001 to 0.009 weight part; With
The kilfoam methyl-silicone oil of 12ppm.
Further preferably, low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the present invention is made up of following component:
The base oil of 100 weight parts;
The oxidation inhibitor of 1.3 weight parts;
The extreme pressure agent of 1.54 weight parts;
The rust-preventive agent nitrogen boric acid ester of 0.10 weight part;
The staining agent of 0.005 weight part; With
The kilfoam methyl-silicone oil of 12ppm.
According to low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil of the present invention, wherein said base oil is made up of PAO2, sebate and perfluoroalkyl polyethers, and the weight ratio of three kinds of components is PAO2: sebate: perfluoroalkyl polyethers=4.3:3.4:2.3.Described oxidation inhibitor is di-iso-octyldiphenylamine and derivative thereof.Described extreme pressure agent is triphen thiophosphatephosphorothioate.Described rust-preventive agent is nitrogen boric acid ester.Described staining agent is SudanⅣ and oil red O.
In addition, anti-wear agent is not contained according to low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil of the present invention.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of method preparing described low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil, and the method comprises the following steps:
1) PAO2, sebate and perfluoroalkyl polyethers are uniformly mixed about 3 hours in proportion under normal temperature in a kettle., form composite base oil for subsequent use;
2) temperature is risen to about 70 DEG C, then add oxidation inhibitor, extreme pressure agent, rust-preventive agent and staining agent successively, continue that stir about 2 is little mixes up to various component;
3) reaction system is down to room temperature, in reactor, then adds the kilfoam of about 12-15ppm, continue stir about 1 hour, obtain final product.
Beneficial effect
Compare according to same domestic aeronautic hydraulic oil such as Number 10 aviation hydraulic oil, No. 15 aeronautic hydraulic oils and the external analogous products for air fighter at present of low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil of the present invention, can find out more excellent according to physical propertiess such as low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil viscosity of the present invention, flash-points and meet relevant criterion requirement, therefore can broadly for aviation air fighter field.In addition, according to low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil of the present invention not containing anti-wear agent, but still there is the anti-wear effect of conformance with standard requirement.
Embodiment
Hereinafter in detail the present invention will be described.
The work that the low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil that American army mark MIL-PRF-87257 specifies requires is-54 DEG C ~ 200 DEG C, and use temperature wide ranges, product performance are excellent, are therefore internationally recognized low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil standards.But China does not still set up the suitable standard of same MIL-PRF-87257 standard at present, does not have corresponding low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil product yet.
An object of the present invention is to provide a kind of low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil, and this hydraulic efficiency oil at least can meet the requirement of MIL-PRF-87257, carries out certain improvement again for China's present situation simultaneously.
The invention provides a kind of low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil, it comprises:
The base oil of 100 weight parts;
The oxidation inhibitor of 0.3 to 3 weight part;
The extreme pressure agent of 0.1 to 5 weight part;
The rust-preventive agent nitrogen boric acid ester of 0.04 to 0.7 weight part;
The staining agent of 0.0006 to 0.02 weight part; With
The kilfoam methyl-silicone oil of 12ppm.
Wherein said base oil is made up of PAO2, sebate and perfluoroalkyl polyethers, and the weight ratio of three kinds of components is PAO2: sebate: perfluoroalkyl polyethers=4.3:3.4:2.3.Usually general hydraulic efficiency oil often only adopts main body of oil based on two kinds of oil plants, such as PAO4 and pentaerythritol ester, or PAO4 and pentaerythritol ester etc.The domestic hydraulic efficiency oil also not making base oil at present with PAO2, this mainly because it has been generally acknowledged that the viscosity of PAO2 is too little, is not suitable for hydraulic efficiency oil, often adopts oil based on PAO4, PAO6, PAO8 etc. in commercially available prod.And the present inventor finds through large quantity research, adopt the component of oil based on the PAO2 of specified proportion, sebate and perfluoroalkyl polyethers can demonstrate the performance more excellent than the base oil of two kinds of components, particularly under the oil condition of employing three components basis, can not anti-wear agent be added, and the abrasion resistance of the finished product still can be kept not suffer a loss.Particularly have employed a kind of component of oil based on PAO2 and perfluoroalkyl polyethers in the present invention, decrease the use of other additive, significantly reduce production cost, and the physical and chemical performance of the finished product is excellent.
Described oxidation inhibitor is not particularly limited, but is preferably di-iso-octyldiphenylamine and derivative thereof.Described extreme pressure agent is not particularly limited, but is preferably triphen thiophosphatephosphorothioate.Described rust-preventive agent is nitrogen boric acid ester.Described staining agent is SudanⅣ+oil red O.
In addition, in low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the present invention, anti-wear agent is not contained.Usual hydraulic efficiency oil plays the functions such as transmission ofenergy, wear-resistant, system lubrication in hydraulic efficiency system, it is generally acknowledged that anti-wear agent is one of its requisite component.Therefore hydraulic efficiency oil of the prior art all adopts the method for the anti-wear agent adding such as tritolyl phosphate etc. to improve its anti-wear effect, and tritolyl phosphate abrasion resistance is good, but extreme pressure property is poor, and poor with the compatibleness of extreme pressure agent.Along with the development of air fighter hydraulic efficiency system, except resistance to abrasion, requirement be it is also proposed to the extreme pressure property of aeronautic hydraulic oil, but a kind of additive cannot take into account resistance to abrasion and the extreme pressure property of hydraulic efficiency oil, the good extreme pressure property of resistance to abrasion is poor, or the good resistance to abrasion of extreme pressure property is poor.But the present inventor finds need not add anti-wear agent in hydraulic efficiency oil of the present invention, only relies on different components and proportioning in base oil, also can realize enough anti-wear effects.
The fire resistant hydraulic oil use temperature wide ranges that American army mark MIL-PRF-87257 specifies, product performance are excellent, and domesticly do not have corresponding product and standard at present.
An object of the present invention is to provide a kind of low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil, and this low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil can meet the requirement of MIL-PRF-87257, carries out certain improvement again for China's present situation simultaneously.
In low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the present invention, the fundamental property of selection to hydraulic efficiency oil of base oil has material impact, Number 10 aviation hydraulic oil conventional at present, No. 15 aeronautic hydraulic oils adopt oil based on refined mineral oil, hydraulic pressure wet goods for vertiplane often only adopts oil based on two kinds of oil products, general employing PAO4, PAO6, PAO8 etc. and composite as suberate or sebate etc., and substantially do not adopt PAO2, this is mainly because it has been generally acknowledged that the viscosity of PAO2 is too little, high-temperature stability is not good, therefore the domestic hydraulic efficiency oil also not making base oil at present with PAO2.But the present inventor finds, use PAO2 also still can obtain good technique effect even if adopt in the base oil of three kinds of composite formation of oil product, the kind of additive can also be reduced simultaneously.
According to low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil of the present invention, wherein base oil is made up of PAO2, sebate and perfluoroalkyl polyethers, and the weight ratio of three kinds of components is PAO2: sebate: perfluoroalkyl polyethers=4.3:3.4:2.3.The base oil formed by three kinds of components of above specified proportion meets the needs of low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil completely.
Due to the working temperature of the mechanical part such as air fighter or guided missile and Working environment all harsher, have higher requirement to the Corrosion Protection, viscosity, high-temperature stability etc. of hydraulic efficiency oil.Set base oil as 100 weight parts at low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the present invention, other additive calculates all based on this.
Based on the base oil of 100 weight parts, can add the oxidation inhibitor of 0.3 to 3 weight part, described oxidation inhibitor is not particularly limited, but is preferably di-iso-octyldiphenylamine and derivative thereof.Based on the base oil of 100 weight parts, can add the extreme pressure agent of 0.1 to 5 weight part, described extreme pressure agent is not particularly limited, but is preferably triphen thiophosphatephosphorothioate.Based on the base oil of 100 weight parts, the rust-preventive agent nitrogen boric acid ester of 0.04 to 0.7 weight part can be added.Based on the base oil of 100 weight parts, can add the staining agent of 0.0006 to 0.02 weight part, described staining agent is not particularly limited, but is preferably the composite of SudanⅣ and oil red O.In addition as required, in final low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil, kilfoam methyl-silicone oil can also be added, and control its content about between 12ppm to 15ppm.
Embodiment
Following examples are only enumerate as the example of embodiment of the present invention, do not form any restriction to the present invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the amendment in the scope not departing from essence of the present invention and design all falls into protection scope of the present invention.
Embodiment 1
Under normal temperature, the perfluoroalkyl polyethers of the sebate of PAO2,34kg of 43kg and 23kg is uniformly mixed about 3 hours in a kettle., forms composite base oil for subsequent use.Then temperature of reaction kettle is risen to about 70 DEG C, add the oxidation inhibitor di-iso-octyldiphenylamine of 1.3kg, the extreme pressure agent triphen thiophosphatephosphorothioate of 1.54kg, the rust-preventive agent nitrogen boric acid ester of 0.10kg and the staining agent SudanⅣ of 0.005kg and oil red O successively, continue that stir about 2 is little to be mixed up to various component.Reaction system is down to room temperature, in reactor, then adds the concentration of kilfoam methyl-silicone oil to kilfoam for about 12ppm, continue stir about 1 hour, obtain final low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil.
Embodiment 2
Except adding except various component according to the ratio shown in table 1, prepare low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the method that embodiment 1 is identical.
Embodiment 3
Except adding except various component according to the ratio shown in table 1, prepare low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the method that embodiment 1 is identical.
Embodiment 4
Except adding except various component according to the ratio shown in table 1, prepare low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the method that embodiment 1 is identical.
Embodiment 5
Except adding except various component according to the ratio shown in table 1, prepare low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the method that embodiment 1 is identical.
Comparative example 1
Except the weight ratio of three kinds of compositions in base oil is adjusted to PAO2: sebate: perfluoroalkyl polyethers=6:3:1, adds beyond various component according to the ratio shown in table 1, prepare low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the method that embodiment 1 is identical.
Comparative example 2
Except the weight ratio of three kinds of compositions in base oil is adjusted to PAO2: sebate: perfluoroalkyl polyethers=3:5:2, adds beyond various component according to the ratio shown in table 1, prepare low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the method that embodiment 1 is identical.
Comparative example 3
Except adopting weight ratio to be oil based on two kinds of composition PAO2 of 5:5 and sebate, and adding beyond various component according to the ratio shown in table 1, preparing low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the method that embodiment 1 is identical.
Comparative example 4
Except adopting weight ratio to be oil based on two kinds of composition PAO2 of 6:4 and perfluoroalkyl polyethers, and adding beyond various component according to the ratio shown in table 1, preparing low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the method that embodiment 1 is identical.
Comparative example 5
Except adding the anti-wear agent tritolyl phosphate 2.5kg of convention amount, and adding beyond various component according to the ratio shown in table 1, preparing low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to the method that embodiment 1 is identical.
Table 1
Testing example
Testing example 1: wear-resistant test
Four ball experiments are carried out, the low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil obtained in testing example 1 to 5 and comparative example 1 to 5 and the resistance to abrasion of No. 15 aeronautic hydraulic oils according to the testing method of MIL-PRF-87257B.In MIL-PRF-87257B standard, four ball experiments require that grinding defect diameter is not more than 0.65mm under 40kg pressure.Test result is listed in the table below in 2.
Testing example 2: high-temperature stability is tested
According to the high-temperature stability of the low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil obtained in the testing method testing example 1 to 5 of MIL-PRF-87257B and comparative example 1 to 5 and No. 15 aeronautic hydraulic oils.In MIL-PRF-87257B standard, 40 DEG C of viscosity B coefficent rates of standard solution force feed must not be greater than 5%.Test result is listed in the table below in 2.
Testing example 3: corrosion and oxidation stability test
According to corrosion and the oxidation stability of the low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil obtained in the testing method testing example 1 to 5 of GJB 563-1988 and comparative example 1 to 5 and No. 15 aeronautic hydraulic oils, test result is listed in the table below in 2.
Testing example 4: kinematic viscosity is tested
According to the kinematic viscosity of the low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil obtained in the testing method testing example 1 to 5 of GB/T 265-1988 and comparative example 1 to 5 and No. 15 aeronautic hydraulic oils.Kinematic viscosity in GJB/T 265-1988 standard at-54 DEG C of standard solution force feed must not be greater than 2500 mm2/s, and test result is listed in the table below in 2.
Testing example 5: resisting combustibility is tested
According to the resisting combustibility of the low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil obtained in the testing method testing example 1 to 5 of MIL-PRF-87257B and comparative example 1 to 5 and No. 15 aeronautic hydraulic oils.In MIL-PRF-87257B standard, the flame propagation velocity of standard solution force feed must not be greater than 0.5 cm/s (cel), and test result is listed in the table below in 2.
Table 2
Table 2 (Continued)
The test data listed as can be seen from above-mentioned table 2, the hydraulic efficiency oil that the low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil with the base oil of three components of the present invention is equivalent to two component base oils has good high-temperature stability.And there is when not adding any anti-wear agent the abrasion resistance be more or less the same with existing No. 15 aeronautic hydraulic oils, kinematic viscosity simultaneously, preventing metal corrosion is excellent.In addition, the low temperature movement viscosity of hydraulic efficiency oil of the present invention is suitable with No. 15 aeronautic hydraulic oils, and resisting combustibility is better than No. 15 aeronautic hydraulic oils simultaneously.Therefore hydraulic efficiency oil of the present invention can substitute existing No. 15 aeronautic hydraulic oils.
Claims (6)
1. a low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil, it is made up of following component:
The base oil of 100 weight parts;
The oxidation inhibitor of 0.3 to 3 weight part;
The extreme pressure agent of 0.1 to 5 weight part;
The rust-preventive agent nitrogen boric acid ester of 0.04 to 0.7 weight part;
The staining agent of 0.0006 to 0.02 weight part; With
The kilfoam methyl-silicone oil of 12ppm.
2. low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to claim 1, it is made up of following component:
The base oil of 100 weight parts;
The oxidation inhibitor of 0.5 to 2.5 weight part;
The extreme pressure agent of 0.25 to 3.6 weight part;
The rust-preventive agent nitrogen boric acid ester of 0.09 to 1.2 weight part;
The staining agent of 0.001 to 0.009 weight part; With
The kilfoam methyl-silicone oil of 12ppm.
3. low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to claim 1, it is made up of following component:
The base oil of 100 weight parts;
The oxidation inhibitor of 1.3 weight parts;
The extreme pressure agent of 1.54 weight parts;
The rust-preventive agent nitrogen boric acid ester of 0.10 weight part;
The staining agent of 0.005 weight part; With
The kilfoam methyl-silicone oil of 12ppm.
4. low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described base oil is made up of PAO2, sebate and perfluoroalkyl polyethers, and the weight ratio of three kinds of components is PAO2: sebate: perfluoroalkyl polyethers=4.3:3.4:2.3; Described oxidation inhibitor is di-iso-octyldiphenylamine and derivative thereof; Described extreme pressure agent is triphen thiophosphatephosphorothioate; Described rust-preventive agent is nitrogen boric acid ester; Described staining agent is SudanⅣ and oil red O.
5. the low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil according to Claims 1-4 any one, is characterized in that, described low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil is not containing anti-wear agent.
6. prepare a method for low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4, the method comprises the following steps:
1) PAO2, sebate and perfluoroalkyl polyethers are uniformly mixed about 3 hours in proportion under normal temperature in a kettle., form composite base oil for subsequent use;
2) temperature is risen to about 70 DEG C, then add oxidation inhibitor, extreme pressure agent, rust-preventive agent and staining agent successively, continue that stir about 2 is little mixes up to various component;
3) reaction system is down to room temperature, in reactor, then adds the kilfoam of about 12-15ppm, continue stir about 1 hour, obtain final product.
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104673463A (en) * | 2015-03-17 | 2015-06-03 | 中国人民解放军空军油料研究所 | Preparation method of low-temperature anti-flame hydraulic oil |
| CN104987942A (en) * | 2015-07-16 | 2015-10-21 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Hydraulic oil |
| CN106479648A (en) * | 2016-10-17 | 2017-03-08 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | A kind of high viscosity synthetic hydraulic fluid compositionss and its application |
| CN110144257A (en) * | 2019-06-06 | 2019-08-20 | 江苏赛清科技有限公司 | A kind of low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil and preparation method thereof and its application |
| CN110257138A (en) * | 2019-05-31 | 2019-09-20 | 刘凯 | A kind of fire resistant hydraulic oil and preparation method thereof |
| CN115305137A (en) * | 2022-08-12 | 2022-11-08 | 北京航空工程技术研究中心 | Ultralow-temperature aviation hydraulic oil and application thereof |
| CN115678652A (en) * | 2022-10-28 | 2023-02-03 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Lubricating oil composition for aircraft engine and preparation method thereof |
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| CN101812355A (en) * | 2009-12-18 | 2010-08-25 | 益田润石（北京）化工有限公司 | Novel synthetic fire-resistant hydraulic oil composition |
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- 2014-10-17 CN CN201410555432.9A patent/CN104403727B/en active Active
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN101812355A (en) * | 2009-12-18 | 2010-08-25 | 益田润石（北京）化工有限公司 | Novel synthetic fire-resistant hydraulic oil composition |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104673463A (en) * | 2015-03-17 | 2015-06-03 | 中国人民解放军空军油料研究所 | Preparation method of low-temperature anti-flame hydraulic oil |
| CN104673463B (en) * | 2015-03-17 | 2017-06-13 | 中国人民解放军空军油料研究所 | The preparation method of low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil |
| CN104987942A (en) * | 2015-07-16 | 2015-10-21 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Hydraulic oil |
| CN104987942B (en) * | 2015-07-16 | 2017-12-01 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | A kind of hydraulic oil |
| CN106479648A (en) * | 2016-10-17 | 2017-03-08 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | A kind of high viscosity synthetic hydraulic fluid compositionss and its application |
| CN110257138A (en) * | 2019-05-31 | 2019-09-20 | 刘凯 | A kind of fire resistant hydraulic oil and preparation method thereof |
| CN110144257A (en) * | 2019-06-06 | 2019-08-20 | 江苏赛清科技有限公司 | A kind of low temperature fire resistant hydraulic oil and preparation method thereof and its application |
| CN115305137A (en) * | 2022-08-12 | 2022-11-08 | 北京航空工程技术研究中心 | Ultralow-temperature aviation hydraulic oil and application thereof |
| CN115678652A (en) * | 2022-10-28 | 2023-02-03 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Lubricating oil composition for aircraft engine and preparation method thereof |
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