CN104392064A - Optimal urban form design method for relieving heat island effect on mesoscale - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses an optimal urban form design method for relieving heat island effect on mesoscale. The method includes the followings steps and stages: firstly, arranging vector diagrams of a to-be-designed region, and inputting information of the design region through an input module; secondly, starting an optimization module 1, relating to an SVF evaluation module, performing automatic generation and optimization of plot capacity layout schemes, and generating various plot capacity layout schemes with the lowest heat island intensity; thirdly, selecting one plot capacity layout scheme as initial conditions to be inputted to a building form generation module, and automatically generating a building group mass form set with features of various types and meeting the capacity requirement for each plot capacity set by one capacity distribution pattern scheme; fourthly, starting an optimization module 2, relating to the SVF evaluation module, taking the building group mass form set as a form selection set, and finally generating and outputting a plurality of building mass form schemes with the lowest heat island intensity based on the optimal land capacity layout. By the method, the urban form schemes with scientific bases are provided for designers.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to city planning and urban design field, specifically alleviate the Optimizing City form Design method of tropical island effect under a kind of medium measure, realizing with Heat Island index by the method is the multivariant automatic generation of medium measure urban morphology and optimization of leading, thus realizes the adaptability planning and design to heat island in level of practice.
Background technology
Along with Global climate change, the microcosmic weather (micro climate) in city becomes the problem of people's concern day by day.In planning and design field, development can acclimatization change, alleviate the planning and design technology of moist heat, become one of following important developing direction of industry.By moulding urban material morphology, to produce the urban environment with good microclimate effect, be called micro climate adaptability planning and design (microclimate resilient design).Alleviating the tropical island effect that day by day increases the weight of of city, is wherein main contents.Tropical island effect refers to that city is formed and suburb physical environment difference to some extent due to material, forms the phenomenon of urban area temperature higher than periphery natural region.Urban heat island all causes larger negative effect in the thermal comfort, building energy consumption, air pollution etc. of the exterior space.
Current stage, fundamental research discloses: heat island in city and non-uniform Distribution, but by some heat island centers (Heat Island is maximum) and between transitional region form.Heat island center is city high-density region place often.Reduce heat island center intensity, not only to local, also to the alleviation of overall urban heat island, there is value.The tight association of heat island and medium measure city geometric shape.The change of geometric shape can cause the change of Heat Island.Large quantity research real example shows that the sky visibility parameter (Sky View Factor, SVF) of medium measure city geometric shape can as the index characterizing Heat Island.
But at the application of planning and design, above-mentioned Basic Research Results does not also obtain good conversion, about slowing down the adaptability planning and design technology of heat island, also remains at low levels.It has two kinds of main modes at present:
1) the adaptability planning and design of slogan formula.As similar ' by soil and the architectural composition of making rational planning for, reduce heat island in design section ' Design guidance of this typical slogan formula, wishy-washy, lack concrete operation link, fine vision is only proposed, enforcement means are replaced with target, at all cannot in the practical alleviation realizing heat island of application.
2) with the planning and design of principle of design for instructing qualitatively.Such conceptual design is slightly better than the design of slogan formula in feasibility, but still there is very large defect, show: need designer to use principle of design in a manual fashion, generate urban morphology, cause design efficiency low, be difficult to be formed in the design phase multivariant than choosing, with therefrom optimization preferred plan.Because principle exists in mode qualitatively, designer application principles instruct generate urban morphology time, random subjectivity is all very large, and the level of enforcement of principle is without collateral security.Because principle does not relate to quantitative problem, the scheme formed is in the degree alleviating heat island, and the evaluation and test of the quantification that cannot carry out, cannot provide compellent data supporting for scheme.
In sum, the subject matter of the domestic urban morphology planning and design technical method about alleviating heat island is at present: lack the effective conversion to Basic Research Results, cause the inefficiency of level of practice, subjective randomness large, scientific not enough, have a strong impact on the implementation result of the adaptability planning and design for urban heat island.
Summary of the invention
Technical matters to be solved by this invention is to provide a kind of to alleviate the medium measure urban morphology planning and designing method that tropical island effect is target, thus conscientiously realizes the adaptability planning and design to heat island in level of practice.Use this method can at the design initial stage, computing machine is relied on automatically to produce the Optimizing City form draft of some alleviation Heat Island, the calculating that these drafts are evaluated and tested based on Heat Island, there is the data supporting of science, deepen on this basis for designer and submit the urban morphology scheme provided and have scientific basis to, providing technique and method guarantee.
The method uses computing machine as calculating and design tool, and this computing machine comprises load module, optimization module 1, module 2 of optimizing, Form of Architecture generation module, SVF evaluation and test module and output module, and its course of work comprises the following steps:
1) polar plot of design section to be planned is arranged, comprise plot, neighboring buildings, road information, by " load module " typing design section relevant information, comprise ground block message plots (j), exploitation total amount FAR, neighboring buildings information surbui (i), and setup algorithm precision, comprise computer capacity Area, the precision sunvecs of SVF projection vector, ground SVF observation station precision SVFpts;
2) start " optimizing module 1 ", and associate " SVF evaluates and tests module ", carry out automatic generation and the optimization of plot Distribution of Capacity scheme, Optimization Mechanism takes genetic algorithm, and with the SVF numerical value of the form individuality of each generation for fitness, fitness is higher, individuality is more outstanding, genetic operator takes Crossover Operator and the mutation operator of standard, produces the plot Distribution of Capacity scheme that several have minimum Heat Island afterwards, Output rusults (CMfar0);
3) select step 2) in a kind of plot Distribution of Capacity scheme, as starting condition, input Form of Architecture generation module, run Form of Architecture generation module, for each plot capacity of certain capacity Distribution Pattern design of scheme, take the parallel search of many solutions formula, automatically generate and meet capacity requirement, there is the building group block form set (CMbui (j) (id)) of polytype feature;
4) start " optimizing module 2 ", and associate " SVF evaluates and tests module ", the form choice set that the building group block form set (CMbui (j) (id)) produced with step 3) is this optimization module, carry out automatic generation and the optimization of building body block form aspect, Optimization Mechanism takes genetic algorithm, with the SVF numerical value of the form individuality of each generation for fitness, fitness is higher, individuality is about outstanding, genetic operator takes Crossover Operator and the mutation operator of standard, finally produce some based on optimum land used Distribution of Capacity, optimum building body block form scheme (CMarr0),
5) optimum building body block form scheme (CMarr0) generated in step 4) is passed to output module, exported by the graphic platform (as Rhino software) of conventional design software, output content is: three-dimensional building body block appearance model, can directly as the basis of the follow-up in-depth work of designer; The average SVF numerical value of this body block models.
Above-mentioned steps 1) in, the plot figure in ground block message, building profile diagram and zoning all represent, so that Computer Automatic Recognition and extraction with the pline line closed; Computer capacity Area gets the region of the outside offset200 rice of design plot scope.
Above-mentioned steps 2) in, when starting guide module 1, first set evolution parameter, comprise total algebraically Generation1, every generation number of individuals population1, survival rate sv1, mutation rate mu1.
Above-mentioned steps 3) detailed process be: optimum Distribution of Capacity scheme CMfar0 is inputted this module; Setting evolution parameter, comprises total algebraically Generation2, every generation number of individuals population2, survival rate sv2, mutation rate mu2; Program starts the parallel search automatically carrying out many solutions formula, and search mechanisms takes genetic algorithm, and fitness is the difference between the plot ratio of individual morphology and target volume rate, and fitness numerical value is about low, and individuality is about outstanding, and the appropriate threshold value meeting output condition is 0-0.05; Genetic operator takes the Crossover Operator of standard and mutation operator to guarantee to find out the polytype Form of Architecture scheme each plot meeting and sets capacity requirement.
Above-mentioned steps 3) in, when starting guide module 2, first set evolution parameter, comprise total algebraically Generation3, every generation number of individuals population3, survival rate sv3, mutation rate mu3.
The present invention is directed to day by day serious urban heat island problem, in Urban Planning and Design aspect, use PC Tools, automatically generate the Optimizing City form scheme having and alleviate heat island performance.At the scheme initial stage, for projector provides the technical scheme with science data basis.Overcoming present stage alleviation heat island adaptability design only relies on slogan, principle of design as technological means, thus there is the problem of wretched insufficiency in science, the property evaluated, accuracy.The present invention passes through the powerful arithmetic capability of computing machine, compensate for current methods and relies on manpower manual operation, the time caused, the problem that human cost is high, achieves and is automatically generating the optimization ratio choosing on multi-scheme basis.In PRACTICE OF DESIGN aspect, there is significant engineering effort.Compared with the prior art, also there is following advantage in the present invention:
1) the present invention is screened by the case of magnanimity, is optimized, and on average can optimize the index parameter SVF about about 5% of Heat Island.Mean and can reduce Heat Island about 0.5 degree Celsius, at air conditioner energy saving, reduce air pollution, improve in outdoor thermal comfort there is significant social effect and ecological significance.
2) the present invention relies on the data operation processing power of computing machine, has the multivariant ability of quick generation that Traditional Man method for designing can not be compared.On general figures workstation, use this instrument, to the multi-scheme Optimization Work of the city high-density region of general scale, a working day about consuming time.This makes the stage in the early stage, for projector provides multi-scheme rapid feedback to become possibility.
3) the present invention has good operability.The present invention can conventional design software platform (as Rhino), ensure that large absolutely number projector can operate freely.As the multinomial draft of Output rusults, take 3dm form, there is the good software compatibility, can at multiple conventional design software, as opened in Rhino, AutoCad, Sketchup, 3dmax, and further edit, revise.For the follow-up in-depth work of projector, provide convenient.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the techniqueflow chart of this method.
Fig. 2 is design section (high-density development business district, southern side, Qing Ao street, the west of a river, Nanjing) original vector figure.
Fig. 3 is that design section base map arranges and input.
The sample distribution of Tu4Shi plot Distribution of Capacity optimizing process and the Optimal Curve (individual of sample wherein in pore record optimization process; Lines are the broken line graph of the individual average SVF desired value of every generation; Circle represents two optimum samples).
Fig. 5 is two optimum plot Distribution of Capacity schemes.
Fig. 6 is under setting plot Distribution of Capacity, the Form of Architecture alternatives set of the multiple features type automatically generated.
Fig. 7 is sample distribution and the Optimal Curve (individual of sample wherein in pore record optimization process of building body block form optimizing process; Lines are the broken line graph of the individual average SVF desired value of every generation; Circle represents an optimum sample).
Fig. 8 is Output rusults (optimum building body block form scheme, and the SVF numerical value of correspondence).
Embodiment
The parametric modeling software Rhino that the present invention relies on planning and design field conventional in an embodiment, as graphic platform, utilizes Rhino Script script to realize the secondary development of this method tool model.Tool model comprises: load module, optimization module 1, module 2 of optimizing, Form of Architecture generation module, SVF evaluate and test module, output module.This method by calling different functions of modules, to realize generation and the optimization of urban morphology, for designer provides the design draft of optimization.
Case below in conjunction with a urban area form optimization describes technical scheme of the present invention in detail.Case place is high-density development commercial affairs region, southern side, Qing Ao street, Nanjing.According to upper control concrete plan, region comprises 20 plot, and total land area is about 26 hectares, and planning total volume is 1,680,000 square metres (average volume rate is 6.5).
As shown in Figure 1, under the medium measure that proposes of the present invention, the Optimizing City form Design method of alleviating urban heat island comprises the steps:
1)the original vector figure of design section (is comprised the information such as plot, neighboring buildings, road, as shown in Figure 2), setup algorithm scope, imports Rhino platform, as the base map (as shown in Figure 3) that form is optimized.Requirement plot figure, building profile diagram, zoning all represent, so that Computer Automatic Recognition and extraction with the pline line closed.Computer capacity generally gets the region of the outside offset200 rice of design plot scope.
Start " load module ", select 20 plot loading routines on base map, be stored as plots (j); By the total volume (1,680,000 square metres) of planning and design with parameter FAR loading routine; On base map, seletion calculation region, is stored as Area; The neighboring buildings profile on base map selected automatically by computing machine, is stored as surbui (i); The computational accuracy correlation parameter (the precision sunnvec=1.5 of SVF projection vector, ground SVF observation station precision SVFpt=50) of setting heat island index.Input preliminary work completes.
2)start " optimizing module 1 ", and associate " SVF evaluates and tests module ", carry out automatic generation and the optimization of plot Distribution of Capacity scheme.First evolutionization parameter (total algebraically Generation1=80, every generation number of individuals population1=50, survival rate sv1=0.7, mutation rate mu1=0.1) is set by operating personnel.After completing setting parameter, program starts Automatic Optimal.Optimization Mechanism takes genetic algorithm, with the SVF numerical value of each form individuality for fitness.Fitness is higher, and individuality is about outstanding.Genetic operator takes Crossover Operator and the mutation operator (as shown in appropriate section in Fig. 1) of standard.
After completing 80 generation evolutionary process, program obtains the plot capacity Distribution Pattern scheme of multiple optimization, and exports wherein optimum individual CMfar0(and select 2 outputs herein, also can be set as exporting several), as shown in Figure 5.
Fig. 4 illustrate reflection optimizing process in sample distribution and Optimal Curve.During the 80th generation, by circles mark is two plot capacity Distribution Pattern schemes with most high target value (schemes also namely exported in Fig. 5).Can see that the average SVF index of this generation is in close proximity to this two optimal cases, except meaning two optimum solutions except exporting, this method also obtains the capacity distribution scheme of large quantities of closely optimum solution simultaneously.Optimum sample index (0.500) from the index (0.460) of the most difference sample in initial generation to the 80th generation, difference is 0.04.Mean in the plot capacity stage, the optimizable space of SVF index is 4%.
3)select step 2) in the optimum Distribution of Capacity scheme (scheme 1) that obtains, input " Form of Architecture generation module ".On each plot, with the plot capability value of optimum Distribution of Capacity design of scheme for target, the building body block form of carrying out based on high stored building group type generates automatically.Concrete, optimum Distribution of Capacity scheme CMfar0 is inputted this module; Evolution parameter (total algebraically Generation2=30, every generation number of individuals population2=80, survival rate sv2=0.7, mutation rate mu2=0.1) is set by operating personnel; Program starts the parallel search automatically carrying out many solutions formula, to guarantee to find out the polytype Form of Architecture scheme each plot meeting setting capacity requirement.Search mechanisms takes genetic algorithm, and fitness is the difference between the plot ratio of individual morphology and target volume rate (being set by CMfar0).Fitness numerical value is about low, and individuality is about outstanding.The fitness threshold value meeting output condition is 0-0.05.Genetic operator takes Crossover Operator and the mutation operator (as shown in appropriate section in Fig. 1) of standard.
After completing 30 generation optimizing processs of setting, program obtains set CMbui (j) (id) of the Form of Architecture each plot meeting capacity requirement.As shown in Figure 6, each plot has eurypalynous form scheme, quantity from ten several to dozens of not etc.It should be noted that and plot8, plot12 do not generate building body block, because according to the optimizing capacity placement scheme obtained in step 2, the capacity in this two plot is 0.
4)start " optimizing module 2 ", and associate " SVF evaluates and tests module ", the Form of Architecture set (CMbui (j) (id)) produced with step 4, for choice set, carries out the Form of Architecture scheme optimization based on optimum plot Distribution of Capacity scheme 1.Concrete, by (CMbui (j) (id)) as input data, pass to and optimize module 2.Evolution parameter (total algebraically Generation3=50, every generation number of individuals population3=50, survival rate sv3=0.7, mutation rate mu3=0.1) is set by operating personnel.After completing above-mentioned setting, program starts Automatic Optimal and generation.Optimization Mechanism takes genetic algorithm, with the SVF numerical value of each form individuality for fitness.Fitness is higher, and individuality is about outstanding.Genetic operator takes Crossover Operator and the mutation operator (as shown in appropriate section in Fig. 1) of standard.
After completing 50 generation optimizing processs of setting, program obtains the building body block form scheme of multiple optimization.
Fig. 7 illustrate reflection optimizing process in sample distribution and Optimal Curve.During the 50th generation, by circles mark is the building body block form scheme (scheme 1 also namely in Fig. 8) with most high target value.Can see that the average SVF index of this generation is in close proximity to this optimal case, mean except this optimum solution, program also obtains the building body block form scheme of large quantities of closely optimum solution.It is pointed out that the double definition owing to having plot ratio and SVF index, cause these optimum solutions morphologically to have certain homoplasy.Thus this stage generally selects output optimal case.Optimum sample index (0.521) from the index (0.505) of the most difference sample in initial generation to the 50th generation, difference is 0.016.Mean in the building body block stage, the optimizable space of SVF index is 1.6%.
5)optimum building body block form scheme (CMarr0) generated in step 4), is passed to " output module ", is exported by the graphic platform of Rhino.Output content is as shown in the prioritization scheme 1 in Fig. 8: 3d building body block appearance model; SVF numerical value (the heat island index that the program is corresponding).
In step 2, another optimum plot Distribution of Capacity scheme (scheme 2 in Fig. 5) is as input, repeats above-mentioned steps 3 to 5, then obtain another building body block form optimal case (as shown in scheme in Fig. 8 2).
By above-mentioned case, can see the optimized space of SVF index in the plot Distribution of Capacity stage, be the space optimized of SVF in whole optimizing process: 0.521-0.460=0.0621 in the intersection in the space optimized in building body block form stage with it.Thus this case is about 6% for the space optimized of Heat Island index S VF.
Embody rule approach of the present invention is a lot, and the above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, should be understood that; for those skilled in the art; under the premise without departing from the principles of the invention, can also make some improvement, these improvement also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. under a medium measure, alleviate the Optimizing City form Design method of tropical island effect, it is characterized in that, the method uses computing machine as calculating and design tool, this computing machine comprises load module, optimization module 1, module 2 of optimizing, Form of Architecture generation module, SVF evaluation and test module and output module, and its course of work comprises the following steps:
1) polar plot of design section to be planned is arranged, comprise plot, neighboring buildings, road information, by load module typing design section relevant information, comprise ground block message plots (j), exploitation total amount FAR, neighboring buildings information surbui (i), setup algorithm scope Area, and setup algorithm precision, comprise the precision sunvecs of SVF projection vector, ground SVF observation station precision SVFpts;
2) starting guide module 1, and associate SVF evaluation and test module, carry out automatic generation and the optimization of plot Distribution of Capacity scheme, Optimization Mechanism takes genetic algorithm, and with the SVF numerical value of the form individuality of each generation for fitness, fitness is higher, individuality is more outstanding, genetic operator takes Crossover Operator and the mutation operator of standard, produces the plot Distribution of Capacity scheme that several have minimum Heat Island afterwards, Output rusults (CMfar0);
3) select step 2) in a kind of plot Distribution of Capacity scheme, as starting condition, input Form of Architecture generation module, run Form of Architecture generation module, for each plot capacity of certain capacity Distribution Pattern design of scheme, take the parallel search of many solutions formula, automatically generate and meet capacity requirement, there is the building group block form set (CMbui (j) (id)) of polytype feature;
4) starting guide module 2, and associate SVF evaluation and test module, the form choice set that the building group block form set (CMbui (j) (id)) produced with step 3) is this optimization module, carry out automatic generation and the optimization of building body block form aspect, Optimization Mechanism takes genetic algorithm, with the SVF numerical value of the form individuality of each generation for fitness, fitness is higher, individuality is about outstanding, genetic operator takes Crossover Operator and the mutation operator of standard, finally produce some based on optimum land used Distribution of Capacity, optimum building body block form scheme (CMarr0),
5) optimum building body block form scheme (CMarr0) generated in step 4) is passed to output module, exported by conventional design software Graphics platform, output content is: 3d building body block appearance model, can directly as the basis of the follow-up in-depth work of designer; Average SVF numerical value.
2. under medium measure according to claim 1, alleviate the Optimizing City form Design method of tropical island effect, it is characterized in that: in step 1), plot figure in ground block message, building profile diagram and zoning all represent, so that Computer Automatic Recognition and extraction with the pline line closed; Computer capacity Area gets the region of the outside offset200 rice of design plot scope.
3. under medium measure according to claim 1 and 2, alleviate the Optimizing City form Design method of tropical island effect, it is characterized in that: described step 2) in, when starting guide module 1, first evolution parameter is set, comprise total algebraically Generation1, every generation number of individuals population1, survival rate sv1, mutation rate mu1.
4. alleviate the Optimizing City form Design method of tropical island effect under medium measure according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterized in that: the detailed process of step 3) is: optimum Distribution of Capacity scheme CMfar0 is inputted this module; Setting evolution parameter, comprises total algebraically Generation2, every generation number of individuals population2, survival rate sv2, mutation rate mu2; Program starts the parallel search automatically carrying out many solutions formula, and search mechanisms takes genetic algorithm, and fitness is the difference between the plot ratio of individual morphology and target volume rate, and fitness numerical value is about low, and individuality is about outstanding, and the appropriate threshold value meeting output condition is 0-0.05; Genetic operator takes the Crossover Operator of standard and mutation operator to guarantee to find out the polytype Form of Architecture scheme each plot meeting and sets capacity requirement.
5. under medium measure according to claim 1 and 2, alleviate the Optimizing City form Design method of tropical island effect, it is characterized in that: in step 3), when starting guide module 2, first evolution parameter is set, comprise total algebraically Generation3, every generation number of individuals population3, survival rate sv3, mutation rate mu3.
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