CN104322656A - Process for drying hemerocallis citrine by using heat pump and hot air together - Google Patents

Process for drying hemerocallis citrine by using heat pump and hot air together Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104322656A
CN104322656A CN201410633171.8A CN201410633171A CN104322656A CN 104322656 A CN104322656 A CN 104322656A CN 201410633171 A CN201410633171 A CN 201410633171A CN 104322656 A CN104322656 A CN 104322656A
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Prior art keywords
chrysanthemum
heat pump
drying
hot air
air
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CN201410633171.8A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
张清平
张辉
张倩芝
王善芬
张伟
张烨
刘建梅
魏洁
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SICHUAN PROVINCE DANFUWANG FOOD Co Ltd
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SICHUAN PROVINCE DANFUWANG FOOD Co Ltd
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Priority to CN201410633171.8A priority Critical patent/CN104322656A/en
Publication of CN104322656A publication Critical patent/CN104322656A/en
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/85Food storage or conservation, e.g. cooling or drying

Abstract

The invention discloses a process for drying hemerocallis citrine by using a heat pump and hot air together. The process comprises the following steps: 1, selecting fresh hemerocallis citrine; 2, pretreating the hemerocallis citrine, namely, soaking, washing, putting into trays, steaming to remove the moisture, and cooling in air; 3, drying by using the heat pump and the hot air together; 4, cooling and detecting, namely, cooling to re-soften, and detecting; and 5, sub-packaging. The process has the beneficial effects that the energy consumption is low, the efficiency is high, the color, the flavor and the nutrient components of materials are effectively preserved, factory-like continuous operation is achieved, the production process is advanced, the procedures are simple, and the production period is short.

Description

The technique of a kind of heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum
Technical field
The invention belongs to the processing technology field that flowers or vegetables among vegetables is drying, be specifically related to the technique of a kind of heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum.
Background technology
Chrysanthemum is being commonly called as tawny daylily among the people, and its another name has: day lily, tawny daylily etc.According to Compendium of Material Medica introduction: chrysanthemum, Gan Liang, nontoxic, can help digestion, profit every, be usually used in treatment stool band blood, hot urination, spit blood, blood-shot eye illness, yctalopia, nosebleed, trachyphonia is mute, toothache, pulmonary tuberculosis, spitting of blood, ulcer, dysentery, lack of lactation after delivery, the illnesss such as mastitis.Modern medicine is thought, chrysanthemum has good brain tonic, intelligence development, anti-senescence function.Japanese Scientists lists 8 kinds of brain-care foods, and chrysanthemum is classified as first place, therefore is " brain tonic dish " also known as it, very useful to development of fetus, is the potion good medicine of degenerate.Multiple anthraquinone analog compound in chrysanthemum, there are the effects such as heat-clearing, removing toxic substances, diuresis, detumescence, but it should be noted that: fresh chrysanthemum contains colchicin, after colchicin in hemerocallis enters human intestines and stomach, through slowly absorbing, be transformed into a kind of noxious material being oxidation two colchicin in vivo, each edible hemerocallis just can cause poisoning more than 100g (colchicum alkali number reaches 0.1 ~ 0.2mg).Oxidizing ferment kind simultaneously in day lily body is a lot, and the chrysanthemum after harvesting can not preserve for a long time, and yellowish-brown change very easily occurs.Have to pass through heating, make it to decompose.
Therefore how while not destroying chrysanthemum beneficiating ingredient, the pot-life of chrysanthemum can be extended, reduce the content of harmful substance in chrysanthemum simultaneously, reduce energy consumption, enhance productivity, become a great technical barrier.
Heat pump drying is a new and high technology, and it utilizes evaporimeter dry to air cooling-down, reclaims condenser release heat simultaneously.Compared with traditional heated-air drying/vacuum freeze drying, heat pump drying has following advantage: (1) is energy-efficient, and it is energy-conservation generally reaches more than 30%; (2) temperature is adjustable, and automaticity is high; (3) baking temperature is gentleer, and product color is good, and quality is high; (4) effectively can protect internal and external environment, what heat pump adopted is environment-friendly type heat medium, and is sealed in EGR, can not damage atmosphere.At present, heat pump drying is applied to the drying of wood gradually, pottery cures, the field such as textile industry, seed drying and food processing, be applied in dewatering vegetable especially, drying as wild cabbage, garlic etc., but at home, have not been reported in the application of the drying upper heat pump techniques of flowers food (chrysanthemum).In the heat pump drying middle and later periods, because between air and dried material, mass tranfer coefficient diminishes, the removal of residual moisture needs drying time of growing very much and more energy; Importing and exporting air condition due to hothouse changes very little, and sensible heat and the latent heat of evaporimeter absorption moisture are limited, and heat pump operating condition is deteriorated, and heat pump drying becomes the heated-air drying under cryogenic conditions, and dry efficiency significantly declines.
Therefore, heat pump, should as the heater of drying system in whole dry run, and should as dehydrating unit.Combined drying solves one of length of single heat pump drying time, inefficient effective ways.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to the shortcoming overcoming prior art, the technique of a kind of heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum is provided.
Heat pump drying is that the latent heat of water vapour condensation release in the waste gas utilizing heat pump dry run to be discharged is converted into sensible heat by condenser, then in order to dried material.In whole dry run, do not have energy loss, energy consumption is low, and power savings advantages is obvious.Heat pump drying is a kind of drying mode of gentleness, and energy-saving effect is remarkable.But in the middle and later periods of drying, because the mass tranfer coefficient between air and dried material diminishes, remove drying time that remaining moisture needs to grow very much and consume more energy.Heat pump-hot air combined drying combines the advantage of heat pump drying and heated-air drying; make up respective shortcoming, reduce energy consumption, and in hot pump dehydration process, material is in low-temperature condition; better protect nutritional labeling and the heat-sensitive materials of chrysanthemum, maintain the color and luster of material, local flavor and form to greatest extent.
Object of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: the technique of a kind of heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, and it comprises the following steps:
S1. the selecting of cadmium yellow flower: pluck cadmium yellow flower, remove etching, bloom, color-changing flower, and remove and take the impurity that naked eyes can see;
S2. the pretreatment of chrysanthemum, comprises following sub-step:
S21. soaking and washing: the chrysanthemum picked out in step S1 is adopted 100 ~ 150mg/L ClO 2 solution soaking sterilization, 10 ~ 20min, then use clean water;
S22. sabot: by the chrysanthemum uniform spreading after soaking and washing on pallet, thickness is 3 ~ 4cm;
S23. steam and complete: the chrysanthemum after sabot is put into enzyme-removal machine, under temperature is 90 ~ 95 DEG C of conditions, steam the 30 ~ 90s that completes;
S24. air-cooled: under the chrysanthemum after completing is placed in room temperature, blows 4 ~ 8min with the wind speed of 4.0 ~ 5.0m/s, be cooled to 35 ~ 40 DEG C;
S3. heat pump-hot air combined drying, comprises following sub-step:
S31. heat pump drying: cooled chrysanthemum is pushed hothouse is 35 ~ 45 DEG C in temperature, and hothouse inlet air humidity is 38.0 ~ 43.0%, air velocity is under the condition of 2.0 ~ 2.5m/s, heat pump drying 3.5 ~ 4.5h;
S32. heated-air drying: hot blast temperature is increased to 60 ~ 70 DEG C, air velocity remains unchanged, heated-air drying 1 ~ 2h;
S4. cool detection, comprise following sub-step:
S41. cooling eases back: dried chrysanthemum is put into clean utensil, is placed on air 24 ~ 48h, until cooling eases back;
S42. detect: carrying out water content detection to cooling the chrysanthemum eased back, requiring moisture≤15%;
S5. packing: the chrysanthemum meeting moisture requirement is carried out packing.
Described cadmium yellow flower is for the dry thick length of bar, meat is big and fleshy, flower bud development is full, middle part golden yellow color, and two ends are in green, and during the great Hua that petal longitudinal furrow obviously reduces, this combined drying raw materials technology is best; Described heat pump drying: temperature is 40 DEG C, hothouse inlet air humidity is 40.0%, and air velocity is 2.2m/s, drying time is 4h, described heated-air drying: temperature is 65 DEG C, when drying time is 1.5h, this combined drying technique products obtained therefrom performance optimal; Described point process of assembling, also comprises step environment, packaging material, equipment and staff being carried out to sterilization.
The standard that in the present invention, dry chrysanthemum product need reach, as shown in table 1.
The dry chrysanthemum product standard of table 1
Present invention employs the technique of a kind of heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, it has following characteristics:
(1) in whole heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum process, process energy consumption is low, and efficiency is high, and power savings advantages is obvious.The energy consumption of this heat pump-hot air combined technique only has 40% of traditional heated air drying energy consumption, is 70% of heat pump drying energy consumption, is about 20% of freeze drying energy consumption.
(2), in hot pump dehydration process, material is in low-temperature condition, and the circulation of heat pump air seal, reduce thermal loss, better can keep the original heat-sensitive substance of material, color and luster, local flavor, form and nutritional labeling, avoid the harmful effect of heat drying method to product quality.
(3) with domestic and international similar technique ratio, in the present invention, utilize heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, comply with the food demand of people to energy-conserving and environment-protective, pollution-free, safety and sanitation, high-quality nutrition.
(4) what the present invention taked spends dry genus domestic initiation without Sulfur, and the key technology of this technique makes a breakthrough, determine in heat pump-hot air combined dry run without the pretreating process of Sulfur flower and heat pump-hot air combined dry without sulphur technique, be on the leading domestic level.
(5) the present invention is by studying the impact of drying curve heat pump drying temperature, time, heat pump air humidity, thickness of feed layer and heated-air drying temperature, time, wind speed etc., optimize chrysanthemum heat pump-hot air combined Drying Technology Parameter: heat pump wind-warm syndrome is 40 DEG C, hothouse Relative humidity of intake air is 40.0%, air velocity is 2.2m/s, the heat pump drying time is 4h, hot blast temperature is 65 DEG C, hothouse air velocity is 2.2m/s, and hot-wind-drying time is 1.5h.
(6) present invention achieves batch production to work continuously, production technology is advanced, and operation is simple, with short production cycle.
Present invention employs the technique of a kind of heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, the chrysanthemum product obtained has following characteristics:
(1) chrysanthemum product is yellow green, and meat is plump, pliable and tough, and bar body is compact, and evenly, without insect pest, free from extraneous odour, has the distinctive fragrance of original color and luster, local flavor, form, nutritional labeling and day lily for thickness and length, can preserve the long period.
(2) chrysanthemum product is in process: the cleaning and the high temperature that have passed through disinfectant steam, and reduce the security risk of colchicin contained by raw material and raw material carrying microbe, ensure that the security of product; In heat pump drying, hot blast is in enclosed environment circular flow, pollutes few, and decreases the discharge outwardly of chrysanthemum fragrance, add the reservation of chrysanthemum fragrance in dry chrysanthemum by outside air; In follow-up heated-air drying, high temperature also plays certain bactericidal effect to microorganism, decreases the content of microorganisms of dry chrysanthemum, improves the security of product storage.
(3) chrysanthemum packing of product process comprises step environment, packaging material, equipment and staff being carried out to sterilization, avoid the secondary pollution of product, so the chrysanthemum product that the present invention obtains is not when adding any anticorrisive agent, the shelf-life also can reach 12 months.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention will be further described, and protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the following stated.
Embodiment 1: the technique of a kind of heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, it comprises the following steps:
S1. the selecting of cadmium yellow flower: pluck cadmium yellow flower, remove etching, bloom, color-changing flower, and remove and take the impurity that naked eyes can see;
S2. the pretreatment of chrysanthemum, comprises following sub-step:
S21. soaking and washing: the chrysanthemum picked out in step S1 is adopted 100mg/L ClO 2 solution soaking sterilization 20min, then uses clean water;
S22. sabot: by the chrysanthemum uniform spreading after soaking and washing on pallet, thickness is 3cm;
S23. steam and complete: the chrysanthemum after sabot is put into enzyme-removal machine, under temperature is 90 DEG C of conditions, steam the 90s that completes;
S24. air-cooled: under the chrysanthemum after completing is placed in room temperature, blows 8min with the wind speed of 4.0m/s, be cooled to 35 DEG C;
S3. heat pump-hot air combined drying, comprises following sub-step:
S31. heat pump drying: cooled chrysanthemum is pushed hothouse is 35 DEG C in temperature, and hothouse inlet air humidity is 38.0%, air velocity is under the condition of 2m/s, heat pump drying 4.5h;
S32. heated-air drying: hot blast temperature is increased to 60 DEG C, air velocity remains unchanged, heated-air drying 2h;
S4. cool detection, comprise following sub-step:
S41. cooling eases back: dried chrysanthemum is put into clean utensil, is placed on air 24h, until cooling eases back;
S42. detect: carrying out water content detection to cooling the chrysanthemum eased back, requiring moisture≤15%;
S5. packing: the chrysanthemum meeting moisture requirement is carried out packing, and sterilization is carried out to environment, packaging material, equipment and staff in packaging process.
Embodiment 2: the technique of a kind of heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, it comprises the following steps:
S1. the selecting of cadmium yellow flower: pluck cadmium yellow flower, remove etching, bloom, color-changing flower, and remove and take the impurity that naked eyes can see;
S2. the pretreatment of chrysanthemum, comprises following sub-step:
S21. soaking and washing: the chrysanthemum picked out in step S1 is adopted 150mg/L ClO 2 solution soaking sterilization 10min, then uses clean water;
S22. sabot: by the chrysanthemum uniform spreading after soaking and washing on pallet, thickness is 4cm;
S23. steam and complete: the chrysanthemum after sabot is put into enzyme-removal machine, under temperature is 95 DEG C of conditions, steam the 30s that completes;
S24. air-cooled: under the chrysanthemum after completing is placed in room temperature, blows 4min with the wind speed of 5.0m/s, be cooled to 40 DEG C;
S3. heat pump-hot air combined drying, comprises following sub-step:
S31. heat pump drying: cooled chrysanthemum is pushed hothouse is 45 DEG C in temperature, and hothouse inlet air humidity is 43.0%, air velocity is under the condition of 2.5m/s, heat pump drying 3.5h;
S32. heated-air drying: hot blast temperature is increased to 70 DEG C, air velocity remains unchanged, heated-air drying 1h;
S4. cool detection, comprise following sub-step:
S41. cooling eases back: dried chrysanthemum is put into clean utensil, is placed on air 48h, until cooling eases back;
S42. detect: carrying out water content detection to cooling the chrysanthemum eased back, requiring moisture≤15%;
S5. packing: the chrysanthemum meeting moisture requirement is carried out packing, and sterilization is carried out to environment, packaging material, equipment and staff in packaging process.
Embodiment 3: the technique of a kind of heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, it comprises the following steps:
S1. the selecting of cadmium yellow flower: pluck cadmium yellow flower, remove etching, bloom, color-changing flower, and remove and take the impurity that naked eyes can see;
S2. the pretreatment of chrysanthemum, comprises following sub-step:
S21. soaking and washing: the chrysanthemum picked out in step S1 is adopted 120mg/L ClO 2 solution soaking sterilization 17min, then uses clean water;
S22. sabot: by the chrysanthemum uniform spreading after soaking and washing on pallet, thickness is 3.5cm;
S23. steam and complete: the chrysanthemum after sabot is put into enzyme-removal machine, under temperature is 92 DEG C of conditions, steam the 70s that completes;
S24. air-cooled: under the chrysanthemum after completing is placed in room temperature, blows 7min with the wind speed of 4.3m/s, be cooled to 37 DEG C;
S3. heat pump-hot air combined drying, comprises following sub-step:
S31. heat pump drying: cooled chrysanthemum is pushed hothouse is 38 DEG C in temperature, and hothouse inlet air humidity is 40.0%, air velocity is under the condition of 2.1m/s, heat pump drying 4h;
S32. heated-air drying: hot blast temperature is increased to 63 DEG C, air velocity remains unchanged, heated-air drying 1.5h;
S4. cool detection, comprise following sub-step:
S41. cooling eases back: dried chrysanthemum is put into clean utensil, is placed on air 32h, until cooling eases back;
S42. detect: carrying out water content detection to cooling the chrysanthemum eased back, requiring moisture≤15%;
S5. packing: the chrysanthemum meeting moisture requirement is carried out packing, and sterilization is carried out to environment, packaging material, equipment and staff in packaging process.
Embodiment 4: the technique of a kind of heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, it comprises the following steps:
S1. the selecting of cadmium yellow flower: pluck cadmium yellow flower, remove etching, bloom, color-changing flower, and remove and take the impurity that naked eyes can see;
S2. the pretreatment of chrysanthemum, comprises following sub-step:
S21. soaking and washing: the chrysanthemum picked out in step S1 is adopted 130mg/L ClO 2 solution soaking sterilization 13min, then uses clean water;
S22. sabot: by the chrysanthemum uniform spreading after soaking and washing on pallet, thickness is 3.5cm;
S23. steam and complete: the chrysanthemum after sabot is put into enzyme-removal machine, under temperature is 93 DEG C of conditions, steam the 50s that completes;
S24. air-cooled: under the chrysanthemum after completing is placed in room temperature, blows 5min with the wind speed of 4.6m/s, be cooled to 39 DEG C;
S3. heat pump-hot air combined drying, comprises following sub-step:
S31. heat pump drying: cooled chrysanthemum is pushed hothouse is 42 DEG C in temperature, and hothouse inlet air humidity is 42.0%, air velocity is under the condition of 2.3m/s, heat pump drying 4h;
S32. heated-air drying: hot blast temperature is increased to 68 DEG C, air velocity remains unchanged, heated-air drying 1.5h;
S4. cool detection, comprise following sub-step:
S41. cooling eases back: dried chrysanthemum is put into clean utensil, is placed on air 40h, until cooling eases back;
S42. detect: carrying out water content detection to cooling the chrysanthemum eased back, requiring moisture≤15%;
S5. packing: the chrysanthemum meeting moisture requirement is carried out packing, and sterilization is carried out to environment, packaging material, equipment and staff in packaging process.
Chrysanthemum product embodiment 1 ~ 4 obtained detects, and testing result is as shown in table 2.
The testing result of table 2 embodiment 1 ~ 4 chrysanthemum product
The examination criteria of chrysanthemum product in the testing result of embodiment 1 ~ 4 chrysanthemum product in table 2 and table 1 is contrasted, known: the chrysanthemum product that in the present invention, a kind of heat pump-technique of hot air combined dry chrysanthemum draws meets quality surveillance examination criteria, and drying chrysanthemum is yellow green, meat is plump, pliable and tough, bar body is compact, thickness and length are even, without insect pest, and free from extraneous odour.

Claims (9)

1. a technique for heat pump-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, it is characterized in that, it comprises the following steps:
S1. the selecting of cadmium yellow flower: pluck cadmium yellow flower, remove etching, bloom, color-changing flower, and remove and take the impurity that naked eyes can see;
S2. the pretreatment of chrysanthemum, comprises following sub-step:
S21. soaking and washing: the chrysanthemum picked out in step S1 is adopted 100 ~ 150mg/L ClO 2 solution soaking sterilization, 10 ~ 20min, then use clean water;
S22. sabot: by the chrysanthemum uniform spreading after soaking and washing on pallet, thickness is 3 ~ 4cm;
S23. steam and complete: the chrysanthemum after sabot is put into enzyme-removal machine, under temperature is 90 ~ 95 DEG C of conditions, steam the 30 ~ 90s that completes;
S24. air-cooled: under the chrysanthemum after completing is placed in room temperature, blows 4 ~ 8min with the wind speed of 4.0 ~ 5.0m/s, be cooled to 35 ~ 40 DEG C;
S3. heat pump-hot air combined drying, comprises following sub-step:
S31. heat pump drying: cooled chrysanthemum is pushed hothouse is 35 ~ 45 DEG C in temperature, and hothouse inlet air humidity is 38.0 ~ 43.0%, air velocity is under the condition of 2.0 ~ 2.5m/s, heat pump drying 3.5 ~ 4.5h;
S32. heated-air drying: hot blast temperature is increased to 60 ~ 70 DEG C, air velocity remains unchanged, heated-air drying 1 ~ 2h;
S4. cool detection, comprise following sub-step:
S41. cooling eases back: dried chrysanthemum is put into clean utensil, is placed on air 24 ~ 48h, until cooling eases back;
S42. detect: carrying out water content detection to cooling the chrysanthemum eased back, requiring moisture≤15%;
S5. packing: the chrysanthemum meeting moisture requirement is carried out packing.
2. the technique of a kind of heat pump according to claim 1-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, is characterized in that, described cadmium yellow flower is for the dry thick length of bar, meat is big and fleshy, flower bud development is full, middle part golden yellow color, and two ends are green, the great Hua that petal longitudinal furrow obviously reduces.
3. the technique of a kind of heat pump according to claim 1-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, is characterized in that, described heat pump drying temperature is 40 DEG C.
4. the technique of a kind of heat pump according to claim 1-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, is characterized in that, described hothouse inlet air humidity is 40.0%.
5. the technique of a kind of heat pump according to claim 1-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, is characterized in that, in described heat pump drying step, air velocity is 2.2m/s.
6. the technique of a kind of heat pump according to claim 1-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, is characterized in that, in described heat pump drying step, the heat pump drying time is 4h.
7. the technique of a kind of heat pump according to claim 1-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, is characterized in that, described heated-air drying temperature is 65 DEG C.
8. the technique of a kind of heat pump according to claim 1-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, is characterized in that, in described hot air drying step, hot-wind-drying time is 1.5h.
9. the technique of a kind of heat pump according to claim 1-hot air combined dry chrysanthemum, is characterized in that, described point process of assembling, also comprises step environment, packaging material, equipment and staff being carried out to sterilization.
CN201410633171.8A 2014-11-11 2014-11-11 Process for drying hemerocallis citrine by using heat pump and hot air together Pending CN104322656A (en)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105716375A (en) * 2015-12-26 2016-06-29 河南勃达微波装备股份有限公司 Method for drying platycodon root by using heat pump
CN107927522A (en) * 2017-11-09 2018-04-20 四川省宕府王食品有限责任公司 A kind of production technology of no Sulfur flower
CN109770284A (en) * 2018-12-04 2019-05-21 四川省宕府王食品有限责任公司 A kind of infrared heat pump united drying technology of day lily

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105716375A (en) * 2015-12-26 2016-06-29 河南勃达微波装备股份有限公司 Method for drying platycodon root by using heat pump
CN105716375B (en) * 2015-12-26 2018-08-10 河南勃达微波装备股份有限公司 A kind of method of heat pump drying campanulaceae
CN107927522A (en) * 2017-11-09 2018-04-20 四川省宕府王食品有限责任公司 A kind of production technology of no Sulfur flower
CN109770284A (en) * 2018-12-04 2019-05-21 四川省宕府王食品有限责任公司 A kind of infrared heat pump united drying technology of day lily

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Application publication date: 20150204

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