CN104320858A - Method and system for optimizing access to wireless sensor network channel - Google Patents
Method and system for optimizing access to wireless sensor network channel Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for optimizing the access to a wireless sensor network channel based on a mixed MAC protocol. The mixed MAC protocol is obtained by mixing a CSMA/CA protocol and a TDMA protocol. The method for optimizing the access to the wireless sensor network channel includes the steps that firstly, sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network with high loads are divided into multiple sets; secondly, the sets have the access to the channel based on the mixed MAC protocol, wherein the sensor nodes in each set independently have the access to the channel in a CSMA/CA protocol competing manner, and the sensor nodes among the sets share and have the access to the channel in a TDMA protocol scheduling mode. In addition, the invention discloses a system for optimizing the access to the wireless sensor network channel based on the mixed MAC protocol. According to the method and system for optimizing the access to the wireless sensor network channel based on the mixed MAC protocol, the channel is used for sending data, the time delay performance of the network can be improved, the handling capacity of the network is improved, energy consumption of the sensor nodes is reduced, the access fairness is improved, and the access expansibility is improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to wireless sensor network (WSN), particularly a kind of method of the optimization access channel for the hybrid MAC protocols in wireless sensor network.
Background technology
Along with " the wisdom earth " strategy is approved by countries in the world, become scientific and technological developed country to formulate the emphasis of national development strategy with its closely-related Internet of Things, and WSN is as part indispensable in Internet of Things, is just play more and more important role.
WSN architecture as shown in Figure 1, primarily of sensor node, aggregation node and user's composition.Wherein, wireless sensor node comprises: data acquisition module, data processing module, radio receiving transmitting module and power management module.Data acquisition module is set to gather the physical quantity of occurring in nature and carries out A/D conversion, then sends into processor analysis, storage by compression process, give RF (Radio Frequency) transceiver module by the I/O interface of processor; Radio receiving transmitting module is set to the modulation and demodulation to digital signal, keeps the communication with other wireless sensor network nodes; The energy of whole sensor network is by power management module unified management.Its operation principle is: the sensor node being sprinkling upon monitored area in a large number at random gathers environmental information, then by being wirelessly transmitted to aggregation node, data can be sent to public network by the various ways such as network interface card, GPRS, WIFI by aggregation node, user can access public network by the mode such as computer, mobile phone and obtain data, also management control command can be sent to public network simultaneously, then pass to wireless sensor network through aggregation node.
In a WSN, medium access control (MAC) agreement determines the access mode of wireless channel, is the key network agreement ensureing network communication of wireless sensor.Media access control sublayer is between physical layer and network layer, mainly in order to control the access of shared channel, set up the reliable communication links technology of the mesh communication between reliable point-to-point, point and multiple spot and multiple spot, and first will solve two problems based on the wireless sensor network of single-hop, multi-hop: the first, set up the communication chain of network node; The second, realize sharing of communication channel, solve the conflict that internodal data sends.MAC protocol can be divided into according to fixed allocation channel fashion and random competition channel fashion: based on the MAC protocol of competition, the MAC protocol, hybrid protocol etc. based on scheduling.Wherein " MAC protocol of competition " with the Carrier Sense Multiple Access agreement (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance:CSMA/CA) with conflict avoidance for representative, " MAC protocol of scheduling " with time division multiple access protocol (Time Division Multiple Address:TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (Frequence Division Multiple Access:FDMA) for representative.
CSMA/CA agreement is the MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks based on the independent access channel of " competition " mode, the mode that concrete employing " uses channel " as required, when needs send data, adopt the mode contention access channel of competition, when data collision, resend data until data successfully send or abandon to send, but when high load capacity, this agreement is in order to avoid collision, can only to waste the time slot of access channel for cost, the inevitable like this delay performance of network node, the throughput of making can sharply decline, time extend and expansion is poor.
TDMA agreement is that each sensor node distributes certain channel resource based on " scheduling " mode, so just can be interference-free when node needs transmission data, each node is had absolute " fairness " and identical " time ductility ", but because each node takies different time slots, if in this time slot, node does not send data, this time slot will be made to waste, and for the node newly added, owing to not distributing time slot, just data can not be transmitted, therefore, network throughput is restricted, time extend and autgmentability is poor.
Summary of the invention
For the various defects that prior art exists, the present invention proposes one and plants the method and system simultaneously can improving the access channel of the performances such as time delay, capacity, energy consumption, justice, expansion.
For this reason, according to an aspect of the present invention, provide the method for a kind of optimization based on hybrid MAC protocols access radio sensor network channel, wherein, described hybrid MAC protocols is mixing based on CSMA/CA agreement and TDMA agreement, and the method for described optimization access radio sensor network channel comprises: the sensor node in the wireless sensor network of high capacity is divided into multiple groups; Described channel is accessed for described multiple groups based on described hybrid MAC protocols; Wherein, the sensor node in each group adopts the competitive way of CSMA/CA agreement to access separately described channel; Channel described in the scheduling mode share and access of the sensor node employing TDMA agreement between each group.
Adopt the method for the optimization sensor node access channel based on hybrid MAC protocols (YB-MAC agreement) proposed by the invention fully to employ channel and send data, the delay performance of network can be improved, improve the throughput of network, reduce sensor node energy consumption, improve the fairness of access, strengthen the autgmentability of access.
In some embodiments, describedly the step of multiple groups is divided into comprise the sensor node in the wireless sensor network of high capacity: not to be all each node grouping according to each sensor node access wireless sensor network time;
Sensor node between each group adopts the step of channel described in the scheduling mode share and access of TDMA agreement to comprise: when competitive way access channel based on CSMA/CA agreement of the node of one group of transducer, the sensor node not belonging to this group enters sleep pattern, until after the synchronizing signal belonging to the TDMA agreement of this group wakes the processor of sensor node up, then with the mode access channel of CSMA/CA agreement competition.
The described method simple practical divided into groups by network entry time, grouping accurately, belongs to the competitive way access channel of node based on CSMA/CA agreement of the transducer of same group; The sensor node not belonging to this group enters sleep pattern, reduces the energy consumption of the node of transducer.
In some embodiments, the step of multiple groups is divided into comprise the sensor node in the wireless sensor network of high capacity: (1) is added in the sensor node address of transmitting data in time frame based on CSMA/CA mode in synchronizing signal; (2) after having a sensor node Access Network, just the address of the sensor node of this access is joined in group; (3) when the original position of group address is greater than the number of actual node, judge that this group is full, then distribute next group, the original position of described next addresses being set to zero is also this group address assignment; (4) above-mentioned steps (1) is repeated to (3), until all the sensors node grouping completed.
Described group technology is simple and practical, utilizes address assignment to make grouping more accurate.
In some embodiments, described multiple groups of up access control processes of accessing in described channel step based on described hybrid MAC protocols comprise the following steps: by sensor node request access wireless sensor network; The sensor node identical to the network address sends synchronizing signal; Sensor node receives synchronizing signal and judges whether the group membership address in the packet of described synchronizing signal comprises the address of oneself, when sensor node is judged as the address not comprising oneself, then lose this packet, continue to receive synchronizing signal, or, when sensor node is judged as the address comprising oneself, then random delay, and send data with CSMA/CA protocol mode after the delay.
In described up access control process, random delay a period of time, this makes after transmission synchronizing signal, ensure that the initial time of every frame of each sensor node is consistent, reaches synchronisation of nodes requirement.
In some embodiments, described sensor node request access wireless sensor network step to be comprised: described sensor node sends request the order of networking to aggregation node; When allowing new node to add network, return " confirmation " packet, aggregation node notifies the successful access network of this new node; The address of the sensor node this newly added joins in the sensor node address array of described aggregation node.
By being joined in the sensor node address array of aggregation node the address of the sensor node newly added, determine the number of transducer in network, thus convenient grouping, and grouping is accurately.
In some embodiments, based on pseudo random sequence, determine minimum value and the maximum of described random delay.
Above-mentioned minimum value and the maximum determining random delay based on pseudo random sequence, limits random delay with this, thus increases the accuracy of time delay.
In some embodiments, the method combined with timer according to pseudo random sequence generates the numerical value of described random delay.
In some embodiments, the step of the numerical value of the described random delay of described generation comprises: give initial random value according to the timer that the address of each sensor node is each sensor node described, generate the pseudo random sequence comprising pseudorandom values according to described initial random value; When being in up access control process, the pseudorandom values chosen in the count value current according to timer and pseudo random sequence determines the numerical value of described random delay; When the numerical value of determined random delay equals designated value, described designated value can be 0 or other specify numerical value, again give initial random value to described timer; Iteration said process.
Concrete, pseudo random sequence is that one has random statistical characteristic fixed sequence really, can periodically produce.Adopt common m Sequence pseudo random sequence, m sequence is also called the abbreviation of longest linear feedback shift register sequence, the sequence that the cycle produced by linear feedback shifting memory is the longest.
The pseudo random sequence produced with m sequence still has periodically, CSMA/CA random delay performance can't be reached, in order to address this problem, using the timer 2 of Atmega16L-8AU inside as random seed, call srand (unsignedint) and rand () function that avr-gcc compiler carries, srand (unsignedint) is in order to arrange rand () function random seed.Here the random value that rand () produces between 0 ~ MAX_RAND, in order to obtain specifying scope [a, b) random number rand_data, utilize following formula just can obtain [a, b) random number.
rand_data＝rand()％(b-a)+a
In this binary system back off algorithm, random scope is determined by sending times i.The random number range produced is [0,2
i-1) in, therefore the value that above-mentioned formula obtains rand_data can be applied mechanically, i.e. following formula.
rand_data＝rand()％(2
i-1)
In wireless sensor network, each transducer by oneself unique address, so just can using this address produce pseudo random number and with the initial parameter value of timer 2 currency sum as srand (unsignedint) function.Provide main C language specification below.
Unsigned char m_sequence_15 [15]={ 8,12,14,15,7,11,5,10,13,6,3,9,4,2,1}; // delimiting period is the m sequence of 4 grades of feedback shifting memories generation of 15.unsignedcharBBA_delay(unsignedcharBBA_Tx_time)
This mode solves pseudo random sequence still to be had periodically, can not reach the problem of CSMA/CA random delay performance, improve the delay performance of network, improve the throughput of network.
In some embodiments, described multiple groups of descending access control processes of accessing described channel step based on described hybrid MAC protocols adopt the control method of multiple priority to send the control information of sensor node.
The mode of the multiple two priority classes of described employing enhances the real-time of network processes accident and the autgmentability of access, meanwhile, improves the delay performance of network, improves the fairness of access,
In some embodiments, the control method of described multiple priority comprises: the control information needing to process immediately is set to the first priority, the control information can postponing processing is set to the second priority, the control information finally processed is set to the 3rd priority.Certain described priority can also be set to the 4th priority or other priority as required.The setting of described priority, makes sensor node access more reasonable, enhances the real-time of network processes accident and the autgmentability of access.
In some embodiments, the control information with the first priority is selected at sensor node to send in the time period of competitive way access channel; The control information with the second priority is selected being extension of network and sending in the reserved time period; The control information with the 3rd priority is selected to be packaged in the data of synchronizing signal to send to sensor node; Wherein, the time that sensor node enters channel with competitive way is added as extension of network and the reserved time, obtains the time of every frame.
Thisly to set aside some time for extension of network, enhance the autgmentability of access.
In some embodiments, the sensor node between described each group adopts the step of channel described in the scheduling mode share and access of TDMA agreement to comprise: by synchronizing signal, make multiple sensor node group time-sharing send data.
Owing to dividing into groups to each sensor node, and between group, adopt the scheduling mode share and access channel of TDMA agreement, so do not divide into groups and directly adopt the method time slot waste of the scheduling mode share and access channel of TDMA agreement less, improve the throughput of network, reduce sensor node energy consumption, enhance the autgmentability of access.
In some embodiments, the time interval of the transmission of described synchronizing signal is by the set of time of timer based on every frame; Wherein the time of every frame is determined according to sensor node number, time slot and error.
The described timer that utilizes, by the time interval of the set of time of every frame for transmission synchronizing signal, adds synchronous accuracy.
According to a further aspect in the invention, additionally provide the system of a kind of optimization based on hybrid MAC protocols access radio sensor network channel, wherein, described hybrid MAC protocols is mixing based on CSMA/CA agreement and TDMA agreement, the described system optimizing access radio sensor network channel comprises: grouped element, is configured to the sensor node in the wireless sensor network of high capacity to be divided into multiple groups; Channel access unit, is configured to described multiple groups to access described channel based on described hybrid MAC protocols; Wherein, the sensor node in each group adopts the independent access channel of competitive way of CSMA/CA agreement; Sensor node between each group adopts the scheduling mode share and access channel of TDMA agreement.
System according to the optimization sensor node access channel based on YB-MAC agreement of the present invention fully uses channel to send data, the delay performance of network can be improved, improve the throughput of network, reduce sensor node energy consumption, improve the fairness of access, strengthen the autgmentability of access.
In some embodiments, each sensor node divides into groups according to the difference of each sensor node access wireless sensor network time by described grouped element; With described channel access cell location be: when competitive way access channel based on CSMA/CA agreement of the node of one group of transducer, the sensor node not belonging to this group enters sleep pattern, until after the synchronizing signal belonging to the TDMA agreement of this group wakes the processor of sensor node up, then with the mode access channel of CSMA/CA agreement competition.
In some embodiments, described grouped element comprises: for being added in the unit of the sensor node address of transmitting data in time frame based on CSMA/CA mode in synchronizing signal; For after having a sensor node Access Network, just the address of the sensor node of this access is joined the unit in group; For when the original position of group address is greater than the number of actual node, be then dispensed to next group, the original position of described next addresses being set to zero is also the unit of this group address assignment; With for judging the unit whether all the sensors node grouping completes.
Described channel access unit comprises: for the unit by sensor node request access wireless sensor network; The unit of synchronizing signal is sent for the sensor node identical to the network address; Receive synchronizing signal for making sensor node and judge whether the group membership address in the packet of described synchronizing signal comprises the unit of the address of oneself; During for being judged as the address not comprising oneself when sensor node, then lose this packet, continue to receive synchronizing signal, or when sensor node is judged as the address comprising oneself, then the unit of random delay; For sending the unit of data after the delay with CSMA/CA protocol mode to sensor node.
In some embodiments, the described unit for sending synchronizing signal to the identical sensor node in the network address comprises: make this sensor node send request the unit of the order of networking to aggregation node; For when allowing new node to add network, the unit of the successful access network of aggregation node notice new node; For the address of the sensor node newly added being joined the unit in the sensor node address array of described aggregation node.
In some embodiments, described system comprises the unit that the method combined with timer according to pseudo random sequence determines the numerical value of described random delay.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is wireless sensor node architectural schematic;
Fig. 2 is a kind of grouping control procedure schematic diagram based on YB-MAC agreement of an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a kind of up access control process schematic based on YB-MAC agreement of an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 4 be an embodiment of the present invention a kind of based in the up access control process of YB-MAC agreement with competitive way access channel schematic diagram;
Fig. 5 is a kind of based on network expansion schematic diagram in the up access process of YB-MAC agreement of an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is a kind of descending access control process schematic based on YB-MAC agreement of an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 7 is that changing of an embodiment of the present invention is a kind of based on time division multiple access protocol schematic diagram in the descending access control process of YB-MAC agreement;
Fig. 8 is a kind of sensor node based on YB-MAC agreement of an embodiment of the present invention fairness test schematic diagram when being 4;
Fig. 9 is a kind of sensor node based on YB-MAC agreement of an execution mode of an embodiment of the present invention fairness test schematic diagram when being 8;
Figure 10 is a kind of sensor node based on YB-MAC agreement of an embodiment of the present invention fairness test schematic diagram when being 12;
Figure 11 is the delay testing schematic diagram of a kind of downlink data based on YB-MAC agreement of an embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, embodiments of the present invention are described in detail.For person of ordinary skill in the field, from detailed description of the invention, above-mentioned purpose of the present invention, feature and advantage will be apparent.
Hybrid MAC protocols according to the present invention is mixing based on CSMA/CA agreement and TDMA agreement, and the method based on the optimization access radio sensor network channel of this hybrid MAC protocols comprises:
1) according to each sensor node access the wireless sensor network time be not all each node grouping, wherein:
1.1) in synchronizing signal, be added in the sensor node address of transmitting data in time frame based on CSMA/CA mode;
1.2) after having a sensor node Access Network, just the address of the sensor node of this access is joined in group;
1.3) when the original position of group address is greater than the number of actual node, judge that this group is full, then distribute next group, the original position of described next addresses being set to zero is also this group address assignment; 1.4) above-mentioned steps 1.1 is repeated) to 1.3), until all the sensors node grouping is completed.
2) described channel is accessed based on described hybrid MAC protocols for described multiple groups, wherein:
2.1) sensor node in each group adopts the competitive way of CSMA/CA agreement to access separately described channel;
2.2) channel described in the scheduling mode share and access that sensor node between each group adopts TDMA agreement: when competitive way access channel based on CSMA/CA agreement of the node of one group of transducer, the sensor node not belonging to this group enters sleep pattern, until after the synchronizing signal belonging to the TDMA agreement of this group wakes the processor of sensor node up, then with the mode access channel of CSMA/CA agreement competition.
With reference to Fig. 2, it describes above-mentioned steps 1 in detail) grouping process: the grouping based on YB-MAC agreement of the present invention controls mainly CSMA/CA mode to transmit the sensor node address of data by be added in synchronizing signal " Syn " in this frame, in the internal memory of aggregation node, define Node_Addr [MAX_Node_Num] array for this reason, MAX_Node_Num is can maximum numbers of sensor node of Access Network, stored in the sensor node address of Access Network in this array, and define the number of a Node_Num as real sensor node, after often having a sensor node Access Network, the address of this sensor node just joins in array Node_Addr [MAX_Node_Num] by aggregation node.Above-mentioned aggregation node is the operation for maintain whole network, the grouping of primary responsibility sensor node, the transmission of the synchronizing signal of TDMA, the control of the time span of Frame_Time and the distribution etc. of Data_Time and Req_Time.
In aggregation node, define an array Group_Node_Addr [MAX_Group_Node_Num] in YB-MAC agreement of the present invention simultaneously, this array is used for storage needs the sensor address of " the group membership address " joined in synchronizing signal " Syn ", namely can transmit the sensor node node address of data in CSMA/CA mode in lower frame, the maximum node number of data can be transmitted in the every frame of MAX_Group_Node_Num, define one equally and be used for storing the actual sensor node number Group_Node_Num that can transmit data of every frame.
In aggregation node, define a Group_Position be used to refer to the original position needed in Node_Addr [MAX_Node_Num] array to Group_Node_Addr [MAX_Group_Node_Num] storage data, such as, in fig. 2, initial Group_Position is 0, Group_Node_Num is 5, Node_Num is 9, so first time grouping, by Node_Addr [0] ~ Node_Addr [4] stored in Group_Node_Addr [0] ~ Group_Node_Addr [4], after first time grouping, the value of Group_Position becomes 5, just there will be inadequate 5 the node numbers of Node_Addr [5] ~ Node_Addr [8] in second time grouping, so Node_Addr [0] will be added to come in.So just by Node_Addr [5] ~ Node_Addr [8] stored in Group_Node_Addr [0] ~ Group_Node_Addr [4], the value of Group_Position becomes 1, third time grouping then by Node_Addr [1] ~ Node_Addr [5] stored in Group_Node_Addr [0] ~ Group_Node_Addr [4], the like go down, just can obtain each time grouping sensor node address.
It is as follows that sensor node grouping controls C programmer:
Continue, with reference to Fig. 3-7, in figure 3, to have carried out entirety to up access control process and illustrated.First synchronizing signal " Syn " is sent by aggregation node.The data packet format of synchronizing signal is as shown in table 1 below.Wherein lead code and synchronization character are the values of specifying according to channel frequency, antenna impedance, filter circuit etc., generally can not revise.Because may also there is other networks in sensor region, in order to be different from other networks, frame head monitoring character during packet demodulation is set to network address PANID.For synchronizing signal, its Packet Generation address is all the sensors node having identical PANID, a data qualifier bit is comprised in synchronizing signal in sensor node, for " Syn ", group membership address comprises the sensor node address that can send data in the frame, further comprises the inspection of CRC school in packet, this is completed automatically by wireless radio frequency modules.
Table 1YB-MAC protocol synchronization signal data pack arrangement
Transducer is after receiving synchronizing signal, first can judge whether the group membership address in the packet of synchronizing signal comprises the address of oneself, if there is no the address of oneself, then lose packet, again wait for synchronizing signal, if inquired oneself address in group membership address, then random delay a period of time Rand_Data, here random delay algorithm, based on pseudo random sequence, is obtained with rand () function by srand (), sees formula (1).
Rand_Data＝rand()％(Max_Rand-Min_Rand)+Min_Rand(1)
Min_Rand and Max_Rand is minimum value and the maximum of random delay.
After sensor node random a period of time, then send data in CSMA/CA mode.The structure of packet is as shown in table 2, and the type of data is " Data ", does not have " group membership address ", transmission be the information that sensor node collects.
The packet structure that table 2YB-MAC agreement sensor node sends
All the sensors node is defined in Data_Time with the time of the access channel that the mode of CSM/CA is competed, if also not successful within the time of Data_Time, data are sent, then abandon sending, wait again comprise the machine address in next synchronizing signal after and send as the sensor node 2 in Fig. 3 again.
For step 2.1 in up access control process) flow chart as shown in Figure 4, it comprises the steps:
Initialization;
Sensor node sends request the order of networking to aggregation node;
When allowing new node to add network, return " confirmation " packet, the successful access network of notice new node;
By sensor node request access wireless sensor network, and the address of the sensor node newly added is joined in the sensor node address array of aggregation node;
The sensor node identical to the network address sends synchronizing signal;
Sensor node receives synchronizing signal and judges whether the group membership address in the packet of described synchronizing signal comprises the address of oneself;
When sensor node is judged as the address not comprising oneself, then loses packet, again wait for synchronizing signal;
Or, when sensor node is judged as the address comprising oneself, then random delay;
Sensor node sends data with CSMA/CA protocol mode after the delay.
Continue with reference to Fig. 3, can see, the time Frame_Time of every frame comprises Data_Time and Req_Time, Data_Time is that sensor node is with the time of CSMA/CA contention access channel, and Req_Time is the reserved time to the expansion of network, because wireless sensor network is dynamic network, can constantly there is adding of new node, in order to enable new sensor node access network, the flow chart of composition graphs 4 can be seen, sensor node upon initialization, new node can send request the order " Req " of networking within the time of Req_Time to host node, if fruit aggregation node allows new node to add network, then can return " ACK " packet, the successful access network of notice new node.The address of the sensor node newly added is joined the array Node_Addr [MAX_Node_Num] in upper joint simultaneously." Req " is similar to " Syn " to the datagram format of " ACK ", and only have data type different, be respectively " Req ", " ACK ", concrete networking access control as shown in Figure 5.
In YB-MAC agreement of the present invention, Frame_Time is determined by Data_Time and Req_Time, the time span of Req_Time is generally changeless, as can be seen from Figure 5, Req_Time is mainly made up of RA_Time and Code1_Time, Code2_Time, RA_Time sends " Req " to the time receiving " ACK " when being sensor node networking, mainly except the time that a little code performs, and the mainly time of transfer of data.Therefore the value of RA_Time can slightly larger than " Req " transmission time with " ACK ".The calculating of this time obtains by formula (2):
Wherein Req_lemgth and ACK_length is respectively the data packet length of " Req " and " ACK ", Data_Rate is the data transmission rate of wireless radio frequency modules, Code3_Time is the code process time that coordinator node receives " Req " and sends between " ACK ", Other1_Time is the data propagation delay in atmosphere that some external interference cause, generally go possible maximum, depend on the circumstances.
The value of Data_Time is then comparatively complicated, the many factors such as number and Group_Node_Num of its time of random delay time Rand, CSMA/CA contention access channel to sensor node, the time of transfer of data and all contention access channel nodes is relevant, but generally will meet the relation of formula (3).
Data_length is data packet length, Data_Rate is data transmission rate, Transmit_Percenrt is defined as transmission ratio, to represent within the time of a frame and the successful busy channel sensor node number that sends data can account for the ratio of Node_Num, Average_Delay_Time is the average delay of Node_Num sensor node busy channel in a frame, comprise the time delay of Rand_Average and CSMA_Avegage, and the average delay of random delay and CSMA/CA seize the equal time delay of product of channel.Rand_Average calculates and sees formula (4).
The value of CSMA_Average is relevant with the maximum number of retransmissions MAX_Send of binary system back off algorithm, and CSMA_Average calculates and sees formula (5)
In formula (3), specifically greatly how much the actual value of Data_Time can than the result of calculation of right formula greatly a bit, depend on the circumstances.
In YB-MAC agreement of the present invention, have employed the downlink data with two priority classes and send control mode, if namely aggregation node needs to send control information to sensor node downwards, control information is selected to obtain transmitting time according to the priority of control information, the form of packet as shown in Table 3 below, accompanying drawing 6 is access control figure of YB-MAC agreement downlink data of the present invention, therefrom can see that the transmission for downlink data defines 3 priority, the control information with priority 1 represents to be needed to process immediately, adopt the mode sent immediately for this reason, in the practice of a frame, Data_Time occupies the most of the time, for this reason, the ordinary circumstance with priority 1 can send within the time period of Data_Time.The control information with priority 2 represents that control information neither needs to process immediately, can not drag too of a specified duration, therefore selects to send in Req_Time, and the effect of Req_Time is use in order to extension of network, and concrete function is analyzed at lower joint.The control information with priority 3 represents that control information is not eager to process, and selects to send synchronizing signal " Syn " at aggregation node for this reason, control signal is packaged in the data of " Syn " and sends to sensor node.
Table 3YB-MAC protocol convergence node sends packet structure
Fig. 7 further illustrates the improvement sent synchronizing signal.The key issue of TDMA transfer of data is the stationary problem of time, and in order to make node reach synchronous requirement, the initial time of every frame of each sensor node should be consistent,
For this reason, in the present invention suitable improvement is done to TDMA, concrete: first send synchronizing signal " Syn " by aggregation node, the transmission interval of synchronizing signal is arranged by timer, and the time Frame_Time of every frame is determined by total sensor node number N and time slot Solt_Time.For this reason, aggregation node must know the number of sensor node, just knows every frame time interval, just can accurately realize time synchronized, and formula (6) gives computational methods.
Frame_Time＝Solt_Time*N+Code_Time (6)
Wherein Code_Time is the error that causes of time that program is run, generally very little, is determined on a case-by-case basis.
Each sensor node, after receiving the frame initial data of aggregation node, starts timer internal, different according to each address of node, distributes corresponding time slot, namely arranges the corresponding timer interruption time according to address, in timer interruption function, send data.
The design of its C language is as follows:
Initiate the synchronizing signal of every frame.Mainly produce with the timer of Atmega16L and interrupt, the time of interruption is the time of every frame.
In the timer interruption function of aggregation node, send the synchronizing signal of TDMA.
#pragma interrupt_handler timer1_ovf:9//timer/counter 1 overflows interrupt function
void timer1_ovf(void)
{
Close_IRQ; // close and interrupt
ICR1L＝(unsignedchar)(frame_time&0xff)；
ICR1H=(unsigned char) ((frame_time>>8) & 0xff); // value of timer is set
SetTX_Mode (); // radio-frequency module is set to sending mode
RF4432_TxPacket (Syn_data, Syn_data); // send synchronizing signal
Open_IRQ; // opens interrupters
}
As can be seen from the above analysis, YB-MAC agreement of the present invention is based upon the improvement on the basis of CSMA/CA agreement, and to adapt to high capacity, single-hop wireless sensor network that data traffic is large, but the mode of both upstream and downstream datas is but completely different.
YB-MAC agreement of the present invention have employed the mode of grouping, when high capacity, by all nodes with the competitive channel of the mode time-division slot of TDMA.Suppose that sensor node number is Node_Num=4, suppose that node address is 1,2,3,4, packet count Group_Node_Num=Node_Num, when one group, the fair performance of CSMA/CA and YB-MAC of the present invention should be roughly similar, because YB-MAC operation principle of the present invention now and CSMA/CA basically identical, suppose that sensor node 1 on average successful transmission of 3 data within the time of 5 Frame_Time.
When sensor node number becomes Node_Num=2*4=8, newly-increased node address is assumed to be 5, 6, 7, 8, Group_Node_Num is set to Node_Num by YB-MAC agreement of the present invention, so just sensor node is divided into two groups, first group is node 1, 2, 3, 4, second group is 5, 6, 7, 8, two groups of alternations, so in fact, each time slot still only has 4 nodes at competitive channel, work in 5 the Frame_Time times of such sensor node 1 reality before being equivalent to of 10 Frame_Time during Node_Num=4, therefore can judge that sensor node 1 on average successful transmission of 3 data within the time of 10 Frame_Time, on average successful transmission of 1.5 data in the time of i.e. 5 Frame_Time, and CSMA/CA is in fact 8 each nodes within the time of 5 Frame_Time is competing always, its collision probability is obviously greater than YB-MAC of the present invention, the data that sensor node 1 on average successful transmission of at 5 Frame_Time should be less than 1.5.
In sum, for YB-MAC agreement of the present invention, the sensor node number defining one " base group " is Base_Num, when the average successful transmission times of certain sensor node a is Base_Send_Successs_Num, as Node_Num=N*Base_Num, the average successful transmission times of sensor node a is that Send_Succcess_Num should meet formula (7).
Send_Succcess_Num＝Send_Num/N (7)
When downlink data, CSMA/CA is that the mode sent with " on-demand instant transmission " sends data, and as shown in Figure 6, YB-MAC agreement of the present invention sends by " priority ", when sensor/sensor node number is Node_Num=Base_Num, namely organizing number is one group, the delay performance of the downlink data of CSMA/CA and YB-MAC priority 1 of the present invention should be similar, because the priority 1 of YB-MAC of the present invention is also the mode of the transmission of " on-demand instant transmission ", but YB-MAC priority 2 of the present invention and 3 should a little less than CSMA/CA, as Node_Num=N*Base_Num, the downlink data delay performance of CSMA/CA is along with the increase of sensor node number, conflict collision probability rises, delay performance can sharply decline, but, for YB-MAC agreement of the present invention, no matter be priority 1, or first level 2, 3, after pressing component timing gap, the increase of Node_Num can not have an impact to his downlink data time delay, suppose when Node_Num=Base_Num, the priority 1 of YB-MAC agreement of the present invention, 2, the time delay of 3 is one_base_delay_time respectively, two_base_delay_time, three_base_delay_time, then as Node_Num=N*Base_Num, priority 1, 2, the time delay one_delay_time of 3, two_delay_time, three_delay_time should meet formula (8), (9), (10).
one_delay_time＝one_base_delay_time (8)
two_delay_time＝two_base_delay_time (9)
three_delay_time＝three_base_delay_time (10)
Wireless sensor network experiment platform is described in detail to method testing situation of the present invention below in conjunction with accompanying drawing 8-11 and following table 4.
In order to compare CSMA/CA and YB-MAC of the present invention performance between the two, defining two data as with reference to standard, is that aggregation node accepts the times N ode_Accept_Num of large each sensor node data and aggregation node sends the time delay Coordinate_Delay_Time of data to sensor node respectively.Aggregation node can be forwarded to the sensor node data at every turn received in upper computer software, the testing software of host computer calculates number of times and the Node_Accept_Num of the appearance of each node automatically, Coordinate_Delay_Time is that after having upper computer software to send data to aggregation node, data are successfully mail to time delay and the Coordinate_Delay_Time of sensor node by aggregation node again.Here, conveniently test, the relay that sensor node can be opened after receiving the data.
Table 4
According to the parameter of table 4, to recording test result analysis:
First the test of fairness, 12 sensor nodes are opened 4,8,12 respectively and works together, testing time 5min, obtain the number of times that each node receives from host computer, the data obtained are as shown in Fig. 8,9 and 10.
As can be seen from Figure 8, when sensor node book is less, CSMA/CA and YB-MAC is fair, and performance is more or less the same, both curve fluctuating ranges are close, but when sensor node number becomes many, as can be seen from Fig. 9,10, YB-MAC curve fluctuating range is starkly lower than CSMA/CA curve fluctuating range, the number of times that each sensor node in YB-MAC agreement successfully sends is more or less the same, but for CSMA/CA, the number of times that each sensor node successfully sends then differs larger.Such as see in Fig. 10, node 9 and node 1, nearly 30 times of successful transmission times difference.We are passable simultaneously draws, from Fig. 8 to Figure 10, and the substantially proportional relation of the number of times that each node successfully sends, such as in fig. 8, the number of times that node 1 sends about 62 times, in Fig. 9, the number of times that node 1 sends about 30 times, Tu10Zhong, the number of times that node 1 sends about 18 times.Substantially formula is met:
Send_Succcess_Num＝Send_Num/N (11)
Namely for the number of times that sensor node successfully sends, when be sensor node number when sensor node number is 8,12 being 4 1/2 and 1/3.
Carry out the delay testing of downlink data again, host computer sends data to aggregation node, aggregation node again by data retransmission to sensor node, sensor node opens relay after being subject to data, open the indicator light of relay, measure this time with stopwatch, obtain Figure 11.
For the analysis of the delay performance of downlink data, can obtain from Figure 11, when sensor node number is less, the downlink data time delay of CSMA/CA and the priority 1 of YB-MAC similar, slightly better than the priority 2,3 of YB-MAC, but when increasing in sensor node number, the downlink data time delay of CSMA/CA is increasing always, but the decay time of 3 of YB-MAC priority is all substantially constant, substantially meets formula:
one_delay_time＝one_base_delay_time (12)
two_delay_time＝two_base_delay_time (13)
three_delay_time＝three_base_delay_time (14)
To sum up can draw, by the test of experimental protocol under real experimental situation with compare, can find out that the fairness of YB-MAC agreement and delay performance obtain certain improvement than CSMA/CA when high capacity, data volume are larger.
Can be found by the above results analysis, method of the present invention solves the problem of fairness under single-hop, single channel, single transmit power, that high capacity and data traffic is larger wireless sensor network and experimental performance very well.
In addition, present invention also offers the system of a kind of optimization based on hybrid MAC protocols access radio sensor network channel, the problems referred to above are solved for implementing method of the present invention, the described system optimizing access radio sensor network channel comprises: grouped element, is configured to the sensor node in the wireless sensor network of high capacity to be divided into multiple groups; Channel access unit, is configured to described multiple groups to access described channel based on described hybrid MAC protocols; Wherein, the sensor node in each group adopts the independent access channel of competitive way of CSMA/CA agreement; Sensor node between each group adopts the scheduling mode share and access channel of TDMA agreement.
Wherein, each sensor node divides into groups according to the difference of each sensor node access wireless sensor network time by described grouped element; With described channel access cell location be: when competitive way access channel based on CSMA/CA agreement of the node of one group of transducer, the sensor node not belonging to this group enters sleep pattern, until after the synchronizing signal belonging to the TDMA agreement of this group wakes the processor of sensor node up, then with the mode access channel of CSMA/CA agreement competition.
Wherein, described grouped element comprises: for being added in the unit of the sensor node address of transmitting data in time frame based on CSMA/CA mode in synchronizing signal; For after having a sensor node Access Network, just the address of the sensor node of this access is joined the unit in group; For when the original position of group address is greater than the number of actual node, be then dispensed to next group, the original position of described next addresses being set to zero is also the unit of this group address assignment; With for judging the unit whether all the sensors node grouping completes.
Wherein, described channel access unit comprises: for the unit by sensor node request access wireless sensor network; The unit of synchronizing signal is sent for the sensor node identical to the network address; Receive synchronizing signal for making sensor node and judge whether the group membership address in the packet of described synchronizing signal comprises the unit of the address of oneself; During for being judged as the address not comprising oneself when sensor node, then lose this packet, continue to receive synchronizing signal, or when sensor node is judged as the address comprising oneself, then the unit of random delay; For sending the unit of data after the delay with CSMA/CA protocol mode to sensor node.
Wherein, the described unit for sending synchronizing signal to the identical sensor node in the network address comprises: make this sensor node send request the unit of the order of networking to aggregation node; For when allowing new node to add network, the unit of the successful access network of aggregation node notice new node; For the address of the sensor node newly added being joined the unit in the sensor node address array of described aggregation node.
Wherein, described system comprises the unit that the method combined with timer according to pseudo random sequence determines the numerical value of described random delay.
It should be noted that; the foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention; not thereby scope of patent protection of the present invention is limited; the present invention additionally can also improve above-mentioned various unit; or adopt technically equivalent ones to replace, such as: increase other unit optimized further etc.Therefore the equivalent structure change that all utilizations specification of the present invention and diagramatic content are done, or directly or indirectly apply to other correlative technology fields and be all in like manner all contained in the scope that the present invention contains.
Claims (19)
1., based on a method for the optimization access radio sensor network channel of hybrid MAC protocols, described hybrid MAC protocols is mixing based on CSMA/CA agreement and TDMA agreement, and the method that radio sensor network channel is accessed in described optimization comprises:
1) sensor node in the wireless sensor network of high capacity is divided into multiple groups;
2) described channel is accessed based on described hybrid MAC protocols for described multiple groups; Wherein,
2.1) sensor node in each group adopts the competitive way of CSMA/CA agreement to access separately described channel;
2.2) channel described in the scheduling mode share and access of the sensor node employing TDMA agreement between each group.
2. the method for claim 1, wherein described step 1) be not all each node grouping according to each sensor node access wireless sensor network time;
Described step 2.2) comprising: when competitive way access channel based on CSMA/CA agreement of the node of one group of transducer, the sensor node not belonging to this group enters sleep pattern, until after the synchronizing signal belonging to the TDMA agreement of this group wakes the processor of sensor node up, then with the mode access channel of CSMA/CA agreement competition.
3. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein, described step 1) comprising:
1.1) in synchronizing signal, be added in the sensor node address of transmitting data in time frame based on CSMA/CA mode;
1.2) after having a sensor node Access Network, just the address of the sensor node of this access is joined in group;
1.3) when the original position of group address is greater than the number of actual node, judge that this group is full, then distribute next group, the original position of described next addresses being set to zero is also this group address assignment; 1.4) above-mentioned steps 1.1 is repeated) to 1.3), until all the sensors node grouping is completed.
4. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein, described step 2) up access control process comprise the following steps:
2-a) by sensor node request access wireless sensor network;
2-b) identical to network address sensor node sends synchronizing signal;
2-c) sensor node receives synchronizing signal and judges whether the group membership address in the packet of described synchronizing signal comprises the address of oneself,
When sensor node is judged as the address not comprising oneself, then lose this packet, continue to receive synchronizing signal, or,
When sensor node is judged as the address comprising oneself, then random delay, and send data with CSMA/CA protocol mode after the delay.
5. method as claimed in claim 4, wherein, described step 2-a) comprising:
Described sensor node sends request the order of networking to aggregation node;
When allowing new node to add network, aggregation node notifies the successful access network of this new node;
The address of the sensor node this newly added joins in the sensor node address array of described aggregation node.
6. method as claimed in claim 4, wherein, determines minimum value and the maximum of described random delay based on pseudo random sequence.
7. method as claimed in claim 4, wherein, the method combined with timer according to pseudo random sequence generates the numerical value of described random delay.
8. method as claimed in claim 7, wherein, the step of the numerical value of the described random delay of described generation comprises:
Give initial random value according to the timer that the address of each sensor node is each sensor node described, generate the pseudo random sequence comprising pseudorandom values according to described initial random value;
When being in up access control process, the pseudorandom values chosen in the count value current according to timer and pseudo random sequence determines the numerical value of described random delay;
When the numerical value of determined random delay equals designated value, again give initial random value to described timer;
Iteration said process.
9. the method for claim 1, wherein described step 2) descending access control process adopt the control method of multiple priority to send the control information of sensor node.
10. method as claimed in claim 9, wherein, the control method of described multiple priority comprises: the control information needing to process immediately is set to the first priority, the control information can postponing processing is set to the second priority, the control information finally processed is set to the 3rd priority.
11. methods as claimed in claim 10, wherein,
The control information with the first priority is selected at sensor node to send in the time period of competitive way access channel;
The control information with the second priority is selected being extension of network and sending in the reserved time period;
The control information with the 3rd priority is selected to be packaged in the data of synchronizing signal to send to sensor node;
Wherein, the time that sensor node enters channel with competitive way is added as extension of network and the reserved time, obtains the time of every frame.
12. the method for claim 1, wherein described steps 2.2) comprising: by synchronizing signal, make multiple sensor node group time-sharing send data.
13. methods as claimed in claim 12, wherein, time interval of the transmission of described synchronizing signal is by the set of time of timer based on every frame; Wherein the time of every frame is determined according to sensor node number, time slot and error.
The system of 14. 1 kinds of optimizations based on hybrid MAC protocols access radio sensor network channels, wherein, described hybrid MAC protocols is mixing based on CSMA/CA agreement and TDMA agreement, and the system that radio sensor network channel is accessed in described optimization comprises:
Grouped element, is configured to the sensor node in the wireless sensor network of high capacity to be divided into multiple groups;
Channel access unit, is configured to described multiple groups to access described channel based on described hybrid MAC protocols; Wherein,
Sensor node in each group adopts the independent access channel of competitive way of CSMA/CA agreement;
Sensor node between each group adopts the scheduling mode share and access channel of TDMA agreement.
15. systems as claimed in claim 14, wherein, each sensor node divides into groups according to the difference of each sensor node access wireless sensor network time by described grouped element; With
Described channel access cell location is: when competitive way access channel based on CSMA/CA agreement of the node of one group of transducer, the sensor node not belonging to this group enters sleep pattern, until after the synchronizing signal belonging to the TDMA agreement of this group wakes the processor of sensor node up, then with the mode access channel of CSMA/CA agreement competition.
16. systems as described in claims 14 or 15, wherein, described grouped element comprises:
For being added in the unit of the sensor node address of transmitting data in time frame based on CSMA/CA mode in synchronizing signal;
For after having a sensor node Access Network, just the address of the sensor node of this access is joined the unit in group;
For when the original position of group address is greater than the number of actual node, be then dispensed to next group, the original position of described next addresses being set to zero is also the unit of this group address assignment; With
For judging the unit whether all the sensors node grouping completes.
17. systems as claimed in claim 14, wherein, described channel access unit comprises:
For the unit by sensor node request access wireless sensor network;
The unit of synchronizing signal is sent for the sensor node identical to the network address;
Receive synchronizing signal for making sensor node and judge whether the group membership address in the packet of described synchronizing signal comprises the unit of the address of oneself;
During for being judged as the address not comprising oneself when sensor node, then lose this packet, continue to receive synchronizing signal, or when sensor node is judged as the address comprising oneself, then the unit of random delay;
For sending the unit of data after the delay with CSMA/CA protocol mode to sensor node.
18. systems as claimed in claim 17, wherein, the described unit for sending synchronizing signal to the identical sensor node in the network address comprises:
This sensor node is made to send request the unit of the order of networking to aggregation node;
For when allowing new node to add network, the unit of the successful access network of aggregation node notice new node;
For the address of the sensor node newly added being joined the unit in the sensor node address array of described aggregation node.
19. systems as claimed in claim 17, wherein, described system comprises the unit that the method combined with timer according to pseudo random sequence determines the numerical value of described random delay.
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