CN104298802A - Evaluation method of high-rise housing stair evacuation effect - Google Patents
Evaluation method of high-rise housing stair evacuation effect Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an evaluation method of a high-rise housing stair evacuation effect. The evaluation method comprises the following steps that (1) CFAST area model software is adopted for building an area simulation model; (2) the feasibility of the area simulation model built through the CFAST area model software is verified; (3) the evacuation effect of a classic model is predicted through the area simulation model; (4) an optimal detailed engineering project is determined through the predicted evacuation effect. High-rise housing construction fireproof safety does not just meet functional needs and high-rise fireproof standard requirements, actually a good safety evacuation system does not just meet the standard requirements, and the evacuation effect more needs to be considered. The evacuation-priority high-rise housing fireproof design theory should be built, greater humanization and safety are achieved, the reliability of a traditional evacuation system with 'stairs' as the core is improved from the building strategy, and on the basis, the fireproof evacuation design is enhanced and standardized.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to high residential building fire prevention and evacuation technical field, be specifically related to the evaluation method of evacuating effect between a kind of high residential building stair.
Background technology
Along with the high speed development of China's national economy, population sharply expands and land resource in short supply, high building stands in great numbers one of the principal character of Yi Shi China modern city, and high residential building alleviates soil contradiction as the common form of New Dwelling especially, improves living quality.But, along with high residential building gets more and more, high building fire-proof security crisis starts to highlight, and the sad event in city occurs repeatedly, so the fire safety problem of high residential building has entered the visual field of domestic, external public safety, receives increasing concern.Technically high residential building certain inadequate natural endowment in fire prevention and evacuation, fire attack, it is generally acknowledged global problem, but objective condition restriction, not representing us can ignore at high floor fireproofing and Evacuation Design, and especially evacuating system design aspect can do the work of a lot of not technical difficulty also do not done.
" high rule " 6.1.2 article regulation " point block, two evacuation buildings should independently be arranged, and when truly having at need, can arrange cantilever stair ", " cantilever stair should arrange cup to 6.1.2.3 article of regulation respectively.Tower house truly has and can arrange a cup at need, but two stair should establish pressurization air supply system respectively ".
But the particular problem in commission run into is: the essence of cantilever stair is two independent stair in a stair space, and its fire exit should (>=5m) spaced apart.Be two independent stair, independently fire exit just must be had separately to open to fire compartment by cup; For fire compartment, then should form two independences and the emergency exit pulled open.Therefore, during apartment type high rise employing cantilever stair, can effectively form two independently emergency exits, be the key of design of evacuation of fire prevention.
(1) in actual design, quantitative criterion is not had because tower house and gallery apartment building only have qualitativing concept, to some with " room-longer aisle-stair " to be evacuation system not only can be referred to as gallery apartment building but also can be referred to as tower house (between vestibule formula and tower between) or " Y " type house of forming of multiple vestibule, uncertainly whether can adopt cantilever stair;
(2) according to " high-rise residential houses design fire prevention code " 6.1.2.3 article regulation, tower house cup can arrange an emergency exit can bring three problems: one is the situation easily occurring that cantilever stair two cups and the room before the fire hydrant elevator share " three cups are unified ", and specification provision proposes to adopt in illustrating, more can not promote.Since two is that tower house cantilever stair can share a cup, as safe escape more reliable two independently escape stair is uncertain whether can common antechamber, and common antechamber inherently contradicts with " distance between two fire exits should not be less than 5 meters ".Three be the cantilever stair of common antechamber when possessing natural draught system condition, uncertainly whether also should pressurization air supply system be set;
(3) setting of cantilever stair, if not arranging annular or semiorbicular evacu-ation walk, being all generally that bag shape or formula of holding to the greatest extent are evacuated, being difficult to be formed the two-way evacuation strategy being beneficial to safety evacuation.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the problems of the technologies described above, the aspect problems such as the fire prevention and evacuation of optimization high residential building and fire attack, the invention provides the evaluation method of evacuating effect between a kind of high residential building stair.
Evacuate the evaluation method of effect between a kind of high residential building stair of the present invention, it is characterized in that, comprise the steps:
Regional simulation model set up by step 1, employing CFAST regional model software
First CFAST regional model software is selected to carry out conflagration area simulation, fire compartments is divided into upper and lower two regions to simulate by described CFAST regional model software, the i.e. heat smoke district on top and the cold air district of bottom, and suppose that the parameter in these two regions is uniform, list the mass conservation and energy conservation equation respectively for these two regions, each equation can be expressed according to mass rate and energy fluence; The production rate of the physical dimension then inputting the multiple room of premises in CFAST regional model software and the door being connected each room, window open condition, the thermal physical property parameter of building enclosure, the HRR of burning things which may cause a fire disaster or burn out rate and products of combustion;
The feasibility of regional simulation model that step 2, CFAST regional model software described in checking are set up
According in fire prevention to high buildings specification to the different requirements of the house of different safety class, the CFAST regional model software described in utilization is simulated, thus carries out its feasibility of de-authentication and correctness to described CFAST regional model software;
Step 3, utilize described in the evacuation effect of regional simulation model prediction typical module
According to the contrast effect requirement of the concrete engineering example often run in daily and experiment, the evacuation effect of the concrete engineering example prediction typical module described in utilization; According to concrete engineering example, the maximum heat rate of release of the environment temperature in house during beginning on fire, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, simulated time, fire is input in described CFAST regional model, machine carries out numerical simulation computing as calculated, draw the temperature of flue gas layer in different concrete engineering example and the performance graph of height, and to these tracing analysiss, show that fire arrives precarious position required time;
Step 4, determine best concrete engineering example according to the evacuation effect of prediction
Determine the concrete engineering example evacuating best results according to the evacuation effect of the regional simulation model prediction described in step 3, and then complete the evaluation method of evacuating effect between high residential building stair.
Preferably, described CFAST regional model software is an Integrated Software run under WINDOWS interface, mainly comprises environmental parameter module, room parameter module, horizontal ventilation module, vertical ventilation module, mechanical smoke extraction module, burning things which may cause a fire disaster setting module, shower nozzle and fire detector module, object module and room interface setting module.
The invention has the advantages that: high residential building fire safety is not only the requirement of content with funtion needs and high floor fireproofing specification, and in fact good safe evacuation system not only will meet code requirement, more need to consider to evacuate effect.Should set up and evacuate preferential high residential building fire protection design theory, humanized, safe, improve from building strategy the tradition that " stair " are core and evacuate system reliability, on this basis, strengthen and specification design of evacuation of fire prevention.
Figure of description
Fig. 1 is the structural representation (left side is 1 right side is 2) of arrangement 1 and 2;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation (left side is 3 right sides is 4) of arrangement 3 and 4;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation (left side is 5 right sides is 6) of arrangement 5 and 6.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with detailed description accompanying drawing 1 ~ 3 and embodiment, the present invention is further detailed explanation.
Evacuate the evaluation method of effect between a kind of high residential building stair of the present invention, comprise the steps:
One, CFAST regional model software is adopted to set up regional simulation model
Conflagration area simulation is that fire disaster simulation is carried out Residential Property and designed requisite fire prevention means, it is the most basic model of quantitative examination home fire, the application software developed for regional model of countries in the world is a lot, and the regional model software CFAST developed by American National Standards Institute (NIST) Housing study laboratory (BFEL) is one of wherein the most ripe software.
Fire compartments is divided into upper and lower two regions by conflagration area analogy method usually, the i.e. heat smoke district on top and the cold air district of bottom, and suppose that the parameter in two regions is uniform, list the mass conservation and energy conservation equation respectively for two regions, each equation can be expressed according to mass rate and energy fluence.The change of these two parameters reflects the quality and exchange heat that cause due to physical phenomenons such as plume, nature and mechanical ventilation, convection current, radiation, heat transfer between the two regions.The result of calculation of CFAST software can meet the requirement of common engineering design.Particularly CFAST6.0 version, it is an Integrated Software that can run under WINDOWS interface.This software mainly contains nine module compositions such as environmental parameter module, room parameter module, horizontal ventilation module, vertical ventilation module, mechanical smoke extraction module, burning things which may cause a fire disaster setting module, shower nozzle and fire detector module, object module and room interface setting module, can calculate in the fire be set by the user at, toxic gas components in the diffusion of fire smoke, hot smoke layer temperature, cold air layer temperature and flue gas, along with the situation of time variations, can be undertaken processing by EXCEL software and obtains required fire parameter.
(1) CFAST user's physical dimension of needing to input the multiple room of premises and the production rate being connected the door in each room, window open condition, the thermal physical property parameter of building enclosure, the HRR of burning things which may cause a fire disaster or burn out rate and products of combustion.This program can predict the temperature of each room internal upper part flue gas layer and lower air layer, flue gas layer interface location and gas concentration over time.It can also calculate the temperature of wall, the heat transfer by wall and the mass rate by opening simultaneously.CFAST can also ventilate and there is the situation of multiple burning things which may cause a fire disaster by processing machine.
(2) fire reaches dangerous criterion.For people, the precarious position in fire refers to the state that fire hazard environment causes serious injury to personnel wherein.Hazards in fire are mainly from three aspects: the heat radiation of flame and flue gas, heat smoke toxicity and temperature.Determine that fire reaches the criterion of precarious position herein in two kinds of situation:
1. when flue gas layer is higher than the feature height of human eye, when smoke layer temperature reaches 180 DEG C, think that fire reaches precarious position.
2. when flue gas layer is lower than the feature height (feature height of human eye gets 1.8m) of human eye, think that fire reaches precarious position herein.The criterion that these two kinds of fire reach precarious position uses all in this article, gets the shorter time to reach time needed for precarious position as fire.
The feasibility of the regional simulation model that the CFAST regional model software two, described in checking is set up
According in fire prevention to high buildings specification to the different requirements of the house of different safety class, the CFAST regional model software described in utilization is simulated, thus carries out its feasibility of de-authentication and correctness to described CFAST regional model software;
The method CFAST simulant building fire of authenticating computer fire model has had very believable test basis, and is widely used in building fire simulation, assessment.But be in restriceted envelope and common buildings fire or variant due to stair evacuation space fire, particularly show particularly evident in flow of flue gas.So whether its analog result for stair evacuation space fire reliably just needs inspection.This research is closed for standard, Smoke prevention formula staircase compares simulation, draw the evacuation better effects if of Smoke prevention formula staircase, this result meets the smoke proof staircase of regulation Fire-protection Design of High-rise specification must adopt to(for) the residence form that the requirement of security is higher.Demonstrate and utilize CFAST to have suitable confidence level, although be verify qualitatively to the fire disaster simulation that staircase evacuates restricted clearance.As long as we, by the correct understanding to problem, employing reasonably hypothesis and appropriate processing mode, can utilize CFAST to evacuate effect to simulate between high residential building stair.
Table 1 Fire-protection Design of High-rise specification is for the regulation of staircase
The evacuation effect of the regional simulation model prediction typical module three, described in utilization
(1) arrangement
According to the concrete engineering example often run in daily, and the contrast effect requirement of experiment, the arrangement of the common antechamber using cantilever stair is divided into following 6 kinds, see Figure of description 1 ~ 3 by the author.
1. arrangement 1: this is certain engineering " three-in-one " cup arrangenent diagram when reporting to a higher authorities for approval, becomes " three-in-one " cup, and opens to " three-in-one " cup by two house family doors (second class fire-proof door), as shown in Figure 1 at traffic hub karyomorphism.
2. arrangement 2: add a second class fire-proof door at traffic hub core place, form typical " three-in-one " cup, house family door is not directly opened to cup (see figure 1).
From the cup that arrangement scheme 1, scheme 2 are same types, i.e. " three-in-one " cup.
3. arrangement 3: for solving the problem of " three-in-one " cup, one second class fire-proof door is added in " three-in-one " cup, the cup of one of them fire-fighting stairway and fire-fighting stairway are separated with Fire lift common antechamber, forms two cups (as shown in Figure 2).
4. arrangement 4: make a public short aisle into fire-fighting stairway cup, the cup at traffic hub core place, as the common antechamber of fire-fighting stairway and Fire lift, is separated out two cups like this, meets code requirement (as shown in Figure 2).Scheme 3, scheme 4 belong to same type cup, make full use of the space of house traffic hub core, save area, but existence only has one to evacuate direction, and between two cups, the impact of closed pair two cup safety of fire-proof door is most important.
5. arrangement 5: add one solid wall in traffic hub core, make in traffic hub core, to be separated out a fire-fighting stairway cup, a fire-fighting stairway and Fire lift common antechamber, open aisle in traffic hub core side, solves fire escape problem (as shown in Figure 3).
6. arrangement 6: similar with arrangement five, one solid wall is added in traffic hub core, make in traffic hub core, to be separated out a fire-fighting stairway cup, a fire-fighting stairway and Fire lift common antechamber, around traffic hub core, offer ringwalk, solve two-way evacuation problem (as shown in Figure 3).The advantage of scheme 5, scheme 6 is separated completely by two cups, and two cups are not interacted, and have two to evacuate direction.Shortcoming is that traffic areas is large, causes resident family's shared area too large, does not substantially apply, be used in apartment house in house house.
(2) area condition
Fire disaster simulation condition hypothesis.According to the result of identification of dangerous source, fire point of origin is located at kitchen, fire house is indoor spread after burn to public aisle, common antechamber.Because the flue gas layer situation of change of the outdoor cup of main research house, so house is indoor be simplified to kitchen, parlor and space, three, other rooms.House each room door indoor, window close or open situation on flue gas to spread impact very large, door and window is more, and the situation of premises flue gas is more complicated.Therefore establish each room allly to lead to extraneous door, window is closedown.Thinking that the fire-proof door of stair passage uses door closer, is all closure state in the ordinary course of things.Environment temperature 293.15K during beginning on fire; Relative humidity 30%; Atmospheric pressure 101300Pa; The time 900s of simulation.Suppose that the maximum heat rate of release of fire is the t2 fire of 1.59MW.The generation of CFAST model.By the CFAST of the parameters input everywhere program of project, machine carries out numerical simulation computing as calculated.The filling process of 6 common antechamber arrangements flue gas in typical fire scenario that calculating is determined above, draws the temperature of different arrangement flue gas layer and the data of height, and to these data analyses, show that fire arrives precarious position required time.Smoke layer temperature curve and analysis when door aperture is 100%.First, under considering worst situation, namely suppose that backstairs, entering house door, cup door are after breaking out of fire, do not close when personnel leave, the aperture of all doors is 100%.
(3) simulation and forecast result
Table 2 kind of arrangement cup maximum temperature time of origin
As can be seen from the smoke layer height data (table 2) of 6 kinds of arrangements, the smoke layer height change figure basic simlarity of cup, smoke layer height declines rapidly, until flue gas is full of whole cup after arrival cup.Table 2 is the time that cup arrives risk altitude.As can be seen here: the unlimited degree of family door, cup door had a great impact the safe escape time, along with the aperture of family door diminishes, cup available safe evacuation time is elongated, for scheme 1, and the evacuation time 31.4S more than the evacuation time of 100% aperture of the aperture of 10%.And the gap of both schemes 6 reaches 74S.Therefore keep the closedown at any time of family door, cup door closer is installed very necessary.
Table 3 fellow disciple aperture cup arrives the risk altitude time
(4) best concrete engineering example is determined according to the evacuation effect of prediction:
1. the different arrangement of common antechamber and the difference of door aperture cause smoke layer height to reach the time difference of risk altitude at cup.According to analog result, showing that arrangement 6 evacuates the available time the longest, is secondly scheme 5, scheme 3, scheme 2, scheme 4, scheme 1.But from similar arrangement: scheme 2 is better than scheme 1; Scheme 3 is better than scheme 4; Scheme 6 is better than scheme 5.
2. the unlimited degree of family door, cup door had a great impact the safe escape time, and along with the aperture of family door, cup door diminishes, cup available safe evacuation time is elongated, therefore kept the closedown at any time of family door and install cup door closer very necessary.
3. considering evacuation time and economic factors, can show that arrangement 3 is optimal cases, is secondly scheme 2, scheme 4, scheme 5, scheme 6, scheme 1.
4. from two typical three-in-one cup arrangements, scheme 2 will be far superior to scheme 1.That family door is directly opened to cup from scheme Practical Project 1, premises is once catch fire, to directly threaten the evacuation safety of common antechamber, and family door and cup door are separated by scheme 2, make there be one safety curtain between the two, cup no longer by the direct threat of home fire, the safety of cup is had further guarantee, therefore, the arrangement of scheme 2 will be far superior to the arrangement of scheme 1.
(5) interpretation of result:
1. resident family opens the door can extend available safe evacuation time not directly to cup, improves evacuating system degree of safety.
2. family door, cup door keep normally closed, can improve evacuating system degree of safety, and therefore when Hu Men, cup door do not keep normally closed device, the door of closing fire direction in escape process can extend available safe evacuation time.
3. independent cup has longer available safe evacuation time compared with common antechamber, when conditions permit, first considers independent cup, has higher evacuating system degree of safety.
4. the escape of actual complementary shunting action that has having two spacing to be greater than 5M exports, and plays an important role for raising evacuating system degree of safety.
5. many passways for escaping or passway for escaping can lead to by ring, once certain node of passage is blocked by pyrotechnics, having decisive role to realizing safe escape, improving security of system degree.
Claims (2)
1. evacuate an evaluation method for effect between high residential building stair, it is characterized in that, comprise the steps:
Regional simulation model set up by step 1, employing CFAST regional model software
First CFAST regional model software is selected to carry out conflagration area simulation, fire compartments is divided into upper and lower two regions to simulate by described CFAST regional model software, the i.e. heat smoke district on top and the cold air district of bottom, and suppose that the parameter in these two regions is uniform, list the mass conservation and energy conservation equation respectively for these two regions, each equation can be expressed according to mass rate and energy fluence; The production rate of the physical dimension then inputting the multiple room of premises in CFAST regional model software and the door being connected each room, window open condition, the thermal physical property parameter of building enclosure, the HRR of burning things which may cause a fire disaster or burn out rate and products of combustion;
The feasibility of regional simulation model that step 2, CFAST regional model software described in checking are set up
According in fire prevention to high buildings specification to the different requirements of the house of different safety class, the CFAST regional model software described in utilization is simulated, thus carries out its feasibility of de-authentication and correctness to described CFAST regional model software;
Step 3, utilize described in the evacuation effect of regional simulation model prediction typical module
According to the contrast effect requirement of the concrete engineering example often run in daily and experiment, the evacuation effect of the concrete engineering example prediction typical module described in utilization; According to concrete engineering example, the maximum heat rate of release of the environment temperature in house during beginning on fire, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, simulated time, fire is input in described CFAST regional model, machine carries out numerical simulation computing as calculated, draw the temperature of flue gas layer in different concrete engineering example and the performance graph of height, and to these tracing analysiss, show that fire arrives precarious position required time;
Step 4, determine best concrete engineering example according to the evacuation effect of prediction
Determine the concrete engineering example evacuating best results according to the evacuation effect of the regional simulation model prediction described in step 3, and then complete the evaluation method of evacuating effect between high residential building stair.
2. between a kind of high residential building stair according to claim 1, evacuate the evaluation method of effect, it is characterized in that, described CFAST regional model software is an Integrated Software run under WINDOWS interface, mainly comprises environmental parameter module, room parameter module, horizontal ventilation module, vertical ventilation module, mechanical smoke extraction module, burning things which may cause a fire disaster setting module, shower nozzle and fire detector module, object module and room interface setting module.
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Application publication date: 20150121 |