CN104276621A - Dam-type DBD (Dibromodulcitol) plasma wastewater treatment device of toothed electrode structure - Google Patents

Dam-type DBD (Dibromodulcitol) plasma wastewater treatment device of toothed electrode structure Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104276621A
CN104276621A CN201410487055.XA CN201410487055A CN104276621A CN 104276621 A CN104276621 A CN 104276621A CN 201410487055 A CN201410487055 A CN 201410487055A CN 104276621 A CN104276621 A CN 104276621A
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China
Prior art keywords
electrode
wastewater treatment
treatment device
dielectric
glass cylinder
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Pending
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CN201410487055.XA
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
姚日生
赵颖
陈龙威
何红波
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Hefei University of Technology
Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS
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Hefei University of Technology
Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS
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Priority to CN201410487055.XA priority Critical patent/CN104276621A/en
Publication of CN104276621A publication Critical patent/CN104276621A/en
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/30Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/30Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
    • C02F1/32Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/30Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
    • C02F1/32Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
    • C02F1/325Irradiation devices or lamp constructions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/72Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
    • C02F1/78Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with ozone
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30Organic compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/78Details relating to ozone treatment devices
    • C02F2201/782Ozone generators
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2305/00Use of specific compounds during water treatment
    • C02F2305/02Specific form of oxidant
    • C02F2305/023Reactive oxygen species, singlet oxygen, OH radical

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a dam-type DBD (Dibromodulcitol) plasma wastewater treatment device of a toothed electrode structure. The dam-type DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of the toothed electrode structure comprises an insulating base; an organic glass cylinder is mounted on the insulating base; a pair of inner electrodes are further symmetrically arranged on the insulating base; medium plate pairs are arranged on the outer sides of the two inner electrodes; a high-voltage electrode is clamped in the middle of each medium plate pair; the side surfaces, facing respective corresponding medium plate pairs, of the two inner electrodes are formed into toothed concave-convex shapes; upper seal covers are mounted to cover the top of the organic glass cylinder and the tops of the two medium plate pairs; a water inlet pipeline and a water outlet pipeline are mounted in the insulating base; air inlet pipelines are mounted on the upper seal covers. The dam-type DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of the toothed electrode structure further comprises a power source; the high-voltage electrodes are connected with the power source; the inner electrodes and the ground terminals of the power source are connected together and grounded. The dam-type DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of the toothed electrode structure can be applied to treating high-concentration organic wastewater.

Description

A kind of dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of pole structure
Technical field
The present invention relates to plasma wastewater treatment device field, specifically a kind of dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of pole structure.
Background technology
Along with industrial expansion, a large amount of trade effluents produces and discharge, brings very large pressure to environment protection.Some compositions are simple, the industrial organic waste water of readily biodegradable can effectively be processed by materialization, chemistry and the conventional combination technique such as biochemical, but biodegradable organic waste water is carried out for high toxicity, high density, difficulty, then because of problems such as the undesirable and processing costs for the treatment of effect are high, become a great problem of end treatment.
Advanced oxidation processes, it is the emerging technology of sewage treatment area in recent decades, be often referred to the hydroxyl radical free radical (OH) by generation under certain envrionment temperature and pressure with high reaction activity, carry out the general oxygenant of oxidative degradation and be difficult to process organic pollutant (generally referring to the organism that biodegradability is poor, concentration is higher, complicated component, the general biochemical process of poisonous and hazardous use cannot process or not reach processing requirements).The hydroxyl radical free radical of same high reaction activity, utilizes non-thermal plasma trap more easily to obtain.Low-temperature plasma is rich in above Strong oxdiative composition, and be a kind of advanced oxidation process means, meanwhile, the comprehensive action of the composition be rich in low-temperature plasma, can obtain the effect of better Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment.
Medium in low-temperature plasma DBD discharging structure can hinder the sharply increase of electric current effectively, (in air) produces stable low-temperature plasma under atmospheric conditions, can produce abundant Sauerstoffatom and the contour active particle of ozone and ultraviolet when there is oxygen in discharge gas, these compositions all have active influence for degradation of organic substances; Equally, because the existence of medium, DBD electric discharge can process the higher trade effluent of electric conductivity (pharmacy waste water) and be unlikely to be formed short circuit; Because the existence of the aqueous solution, the free radical " OH of strong oxidizing property in plasma body, can be produced .", these compositions all have active influence for degradation of organic substances, effectively can process the pollution substance in waste water.
The patent No.: CN 101462021A discloses a kind of harmful gas conversion device with non-thermal plasma induced by dielectric barrier discharge, demonstrate the action effect of DBD plasma body to pollutent, but it is only limitted to the process to waste gas, be not embodied in the application of wastewater treatment aspect.The patent No.: CN101215027 A discloses a kind of dielectric barrier discharge wastewater treatment equipment, and wastewater treatment result is undesirable; The patent No.: CN1022225791 A discloses a kind of radial-flow dielectric barrier discharge low-temperature plasma wastewater treatment equipment, this patent demonstrates the clearance of this device to process Ti304 waste liquid.But this patent take air as discharge gas, involved discharging structure, very large degree is to water electric discharge, can increase discharge power, the concentration of the active particle of generation is lower, thus reduces the action effect of plasma body to pollutent.If effectively can improve the concentration of Strong oxdiative composition in plasma body, the contact area simultaneously increasing plasma body and waste water can reduce the treatment time greatly.
Number of patent application is the patent of invention of 201420014501.0, apply for " a kind of novel dam formula DBD Cement Composite Treated by Plasma pharmaceutical industry waste water technology ", involved dam formula DBD plasma body refers to working gas at one-dimensional square to electric discharge, form uniform and stable plasma body, the feature of large-area treatment can be realized by linear array or Sample Scan etc., effectively can improve the processing efficiency of trade effluent, industry can be realized and amplify.Patent of the present invention will by changing interior electrode shape, namely pole structure is set, density and the intensity of plasma body can be improved on the basis of the dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device involved by this patent, to produce greater concn active group, and then improve ability and the efficiency of dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device process high concentrated organic wastewater.
summary of the inventionthe object of this invention is to provide a kind of dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of pole structure, to be used for processing high concentrated organic wastewater.
In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is:
A kind of dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of pole structure, it is characterized in that: include horizontally disposed insulator foot, insulator foot is vertically provided with synthetic glass cylinder, insulator foot in synthetic glass cylinder is also symmetrically arranged with an inner electrode, dielectric-slab pair is respectively arranged with outside electrode in two, dielectric-slab centering is clamped with high voltage electrode respectively, in two, electrode is set to the concaveconvex shape of dentation respectively towards the side that respective corresponding dielectric-slab is right, synthetic glass cylinder top, two dielectric-slabs cover top and are provided with upper cover, in two, between electrode, inlet channel is installed in described insulator foot, and inlet channel to be communicated in synthetic glass cylinder in two between electrode, in insulator foot each interior electrode and each self-corresponding dielectric-slab between be also separately installed with outlet conduit, and outlet conduit to be communicated to respectively in synthetic glass cylinder each interior electrode and each self-corresponding dielectric-slab between, described upper cover is provided with intake ducting, and intake ducting be communicated to two dielectric-slabs between top, in synthetic glass cylinder, working gas has been filled with by intake ducting, also include the power supply be arranged on outside synthetic glass cylinder, the connector lug of described high voltage electrode is connected with power supply by high-voltage conducting wires, the connector lug of described interior electrode is by grounded transmitting wire and power ground end ground connection altogether.
The dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of described a kind of pole structure, it is characterized in that: in described insulator foot, between each dielectric-slab pair and respective side synthetic glass cylinder barrel, be also respectively arranged with cooling through hole, cooling through hole one end is communicated in synthetic glass cylinder, and the cooling through hole the other end is communicated to outside insulator foot.
The dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of described a kind of pole structure, is characterized in that: described power acquisition high-frequency and high-voltage power supply, or adopts nanometer fast pulse repetition power supply, or adopts pulsed high-frequency high-voltage power supply.
The dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of described a kind of pole structure, it is characterized in that: described interior electrode material selects corrosion-resistant electrode or copper electrode, high voltage electrode material selection copper electrode, dielectric-slab centering each dielectric-slab material selection pyroceram or silica glass.
The dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of described a kind of pole structure, is characterized in that: described working gas selects air, or the gas mixture of air and rare gas element, or oxygen, or the gas mixture of oxygen and rare gas element.
The present invention has the following advantages:
1) the invention provides a kind of dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of pole structure, high voltage electrode and handled waste water can be isolated by this dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device, improve the intensity of electric discharge, improve plasma intensity.
2) technique is by conjunction with traditional wastewater processing technology, as pre-treatment and the aftertreatment technology of the wastewater treatment of DBD plasma body, improves waste water treatment efficiency;
3) involved in the present invention interior electrode can be corrosion-resistant electrode (as graphite), selects corrosion-resistant electrode can adapt to process various wastewater water quality.
4) setting of pole male and female face involved in the present invention, effectively can improve the discharge face of interior electrode, when discharging with outer electrode, the high voltage electrode of scraggly discharge face and plane discharges, can superposition be produced, improve the plasma density of strength of discharge and generation; Meanwhile, the design of this structure can strengthen the strength of electric field at pole place, and then strengthens this place's strength of discharge, improves the concentration that this place produces activeconstituents; Pole increases plasma body and liquid level of solution contact area, the action of plasma produced with recess further simultaneously, improves processing efficiency.
5) the technology of the present invention can produce large-area uniform and stable dam formula plasma body, can be described as again linear plasma body, the plasma body of pulsed or continous way can be produced according to the difference of used power supply, the plasma length produced can reach 3 meters-10 meters, and one-dimensional square can reach 80%-95% to uniformity coefficient; Large-area processing power can be realized by longitudinal arrangement;
6) heat that DBD plasma wastewater treatment device electric discharge of the present invention produces carries out heat exchange cooling by waste water and heat-eliminating medium;
7) working gas used in the present invention can use air, rare gas element doping oxygen or rare gas element doping air, the high energy active particle utilizing oxygen discharge to produce.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is structural representation of the present invention.
Embodiment
Shown in Figure 1, a kind of dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of pole structure, include horizontally disposed insulator foot 109, insulator foot 109 is vertically provided with synthetic glass cylinder 108, insulator foot 109 in synthetic glass cylinder 108 is also symmetrically arranged with an inner electrode 103, dielectric-slab is respectively arranged with to 107 outside electrode 103 in two, dielectric-slab is clamped with high voltage electrode 105 respectively in 107, in two electrode 103 towards respective corresponding dielectric-slab to 107 side be set to the concaveconvex shape of dentation respectively, synthetic glass cylinder 108 top, two dielectric-slabs cover 107 tops and are provided with upper cover, in two, between electrode 103, inlet channel 111 is installed in insulator foot 109, and inlet channel 111 to be communicated in synthetic glass cylinder 108 in two between electrode 103, between each interior electrode 103 and each self-corresponding dielectric-slab are to 107, outlet conduit 112 is also separately installed with in insulator foot 109, and outlet conduit 112 to be communicated in synthetic glass cylinder 108 each interior electrode 103 and each self-corresponding dielectric-slab respectively between 107, upper cover is provided with intake ducting 110, and intake ducting 110 is communicated to two dielectric-slabs to top between 107, in synthetic glass cylinder 108, working gas 202 has been filled with by intake ducting 110, also include the power supply 101 be arranged on outside synthetic glass cylinder 108, the connector lug 106 of high voltage electrode 105 is connected with power supply 101 by high-voltage conducting wires 102, the connector lug 104 of interior electrode 103 is by grounded transmitting wire and power supply 101 ground terminal ground connection altogether.
Also be respectively arranged with between each dielectric-slab pair and respective side synthetic glass cylinder 108 barrel in insulator foot 109 and cool through hole 204, cooling through hole 204 one end is communicated in synthetic glass cylinder 108, and cooling through hole 204 the other end is communicated to outside insulator foot 109.
Power supply 101 adopts high-frequency and high-voltage power supply, or adopts nanometer fast pulse repetition power supply, or adopts pulsed high-frequency high-voltage power supply.
Interior electrode 103 material selection corrosion-resistant electrode or copper electrode, high voltage electrode 105 material selection copper electrode, dielectric-slab centering each dielectric-slab material selection pyroceram or silica glass.
Working gas 202 selects air, or the gas mixture of air and rare gas element, or oxygen, or the gas mixture of oxygen and rare gas element.
The present invention can under atmospheric pressure steady operation, medium in being discharged by DBD hinders the sharply increase of electric current effectively, (in air) stable low-temperature plasma can be produced under atmospheric conditions, abundant Sauerstoffatom and the contour active particle of ozone and ultraviolet can be produced when there is oxygen in discharge gas, after passing into the aqueous solution, the compositions such as hydroxyl can be produced in plasma body, these high energy particles or ray can with the pollution substance effects in waste water, particularly organism, metal ion, bacterium and microorganism etc., thus reach degradation of organic substances, the object of removal of pollutants.
In the present invention, plasma discharge cavity by interior electrode (comprising interior electrode 103, interior electrode connection head 104), outer electrode (comprising high voltage electrode 105, high voltage electrode connector lug 106), dielectric-slab to 107, insulator foot 109 and 107 cooling chambers formed 113 being made up of synthetic glass cylinder 108 and dielectric-slab.In order to improve processing efficiency, design symmetrical plasma discharge chamber, forms 2 plasma discharge.
In the present invention, interior electrode is not the plate electrode of rule, but the surface of interior electrode 103 discharge side is set to the convex-concave profile of dentation.The setting of dentation male and female face, effectively can improve the discharge face of interior electrode, coordinate when discharging with high voltage electrode, and the high voltage electrode of scraggly discharge face and plane discharges, and can strengthen local electric field strength, improves the plasma density of strength of discharge and generation; Meanwhile, the design of this structure can improve plasma body and treatment liq contact area, and the plasma body of generation is fully contacted with the aqueous solution at recess.
In the present invention, power supply 101 selects ns fast pulse (positive rise of 2 ~ 10ns, 30 ~ 80ns pulsewidth, 500 ~ 2000Hz repetition rate) or high-voltage ac power (voltage peak 8 ~ 20Kv, 20 ~ 80kHz); Interior electrode 103 can select copper electrode after corrosion-resistant electrode, and high voltage electrode 105 selects copper electrode, and dielectric-slab can select pyroceram or silica glass to 107; Insulator foot 109 can select the insulating material such as tetrafluoroethylene, nylon, epoxy resin.
Waste water of the present invention enters discharge cavity from inlet channel 111, forms the moisture film 201 of uniformly continous on interior electrode 103 surface; Working gas 202 can use air, rare gas element (as Ar gas) adulterates oxygen or rare gas element doping air etc.; Between internal and external electrode, electric discharge produces thread plasma body, forms highdensity heating region 203; Cooling can be selected air-cooled, and prevent electrode overheating from damaging parts, also can adopt water-cooled, Water cooling medium should adopt deionized water.
Embodiment:
The present invention is with simulated wastewater (aqueous solution of agricultural chemicals oxadiazon) for handling object, and the starting point concentration of the oxadiazon aqueous solution is 40 mg/L, and initial COD value is 97280 mg/L.
This simulated wastewater is the dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device process 30min of two dimensional structure through interior electrode, and COD value has been down to 33159 mg/L, and degradation rate is about 65.9%, and during process 300min, COD value has been down to 4500 mg/L, and degradation rate is about 95.3%;
After the dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device process 30min of pole structure of the present invention, COD value has been down to 15910, degradation rate reaches 83.6%, after 300 min, COD value has been down to 1500mg/L, degradation rate is about 98.5%, compared with being two dimensional structure result with interior electrode, COD degradation is fast and thoroughly, therefore the COD value of pole structure of the present invention to degrading waste water has obvious lifting.Can say, adopt pole structure to improve treatment effect and the processing efficiency of dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device.

Claims (5)

1. the dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of a pole structure, it is characterized in that: include horizontally disposed insulator foot, insulator foot is vertically provided with synthetic glass cylinder, insulator foot in synthetic glass cylinder is also symmetrically arranged with an inner electrode, dielectric-slab pair is respectively arranged with outside electrode in two, dielectric-slab centering is clamped with high voltage electrode respectively, in two, electrode is set to the concaveconvex shape of dentation respectively towards the side that respective corresponding dielectric-slab is right, synthetic glass cylinder top, two dielectric-slabs cover top and are provided with upper cover, in two, between electrode, inlet channel is installed in described insulator foot, and inlet channel to be communicated in synthetic glass cylinder in two between electrode, in insulator foot each interior electrode and each self-corresponding dielectric-slab between be also separately installed with outlet conduit, and outlet conduit to be communicated to respectively in synthetic glass cylinder each interior electrode and each self-corresponding dielectric-slab between, described upper cover is provided with intake ducting, and intake ducting be communicated to two dielectric-slabs between top, in synthetic glass cylinder, working gas has been filled with by intake ducting, also include the power supply be arranged on outside synthetic glass cylinder, the connector lug of described high voltage electrode is connected with power supply by high-voltage conducting wires, the connector lug of described interior electrode is by grounded transmitting wire and power ground end ground connection altogether.
2. the dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of a kind of pole structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in described insulator foot, between each dielectric-slab pair and respective side synthetic glass cylinder barrel, be also respectively arranged with cooling through hole, cooling through hole one end is communicated in synthetic glass cylinder, and the cooling through hole the other end is communicated to outside insulator foot.
3. the dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of a kind of pole structure according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described power acquisition high-frequency and high-voltage power supply, or adopts nanometer fast pulse repetition power supply, or adopts pulsed high-frequency high-voltage power supply.
4. the dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of a kind of pole structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described interior electrode material selects corrosion-resistant electrode or copper electrode, high voltage electrode material selection copper electrode, dielectric-slab centering each dielectric-slab material selection pyroceram or silica glass.
5. the dam formula DBD plasma wastewater treatment device of a kind of pole structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described working gas selects air, or the gas mixture of air and rare gas element, or oxygen, or the gas mixture of oxygen and rare gas element.
CN201410487055.XA 2014-09-22 2014-09-22 Dam-type DBD (Dibromodulcitol) plasma wastewater treatment device of toothed electrode structure Pending CN104276621A (en)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106587251A (en) * 2016-12-29 2017-04-26 南京西普环保科技有限公司 Method and equipment for controlling urban black and odorous water body by using solar energy-plasmas
CN109748373A (en) * 2018-12-11 2019-05-14 浙江工业大学 A kind of immersion sewage-treatment plant based on surface dielectric barrier discharge
CN109775840A (en) * 2019-03-25 2019-05-21 安吉润风空气净化科技有限公司 A kind of wastewater treatment equipment
CN115055140A (en) * 2022-07-12 2022-09-16 南京工业大学 Coaxial DBD powder cladding device of circulation integral type

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101767852A (en) * 2009-12-29 2010-07-07 浙江大学 Pulse plasma device for safe disinfection of drinking water
CN201746368U (en) * 2009-12-29 2011-02-16 浙江大学 Pulse plasma device for safe disinfection of drinking water
CN203754483U (en) * 2014-01-09 2014-08-06 中国科学院等离子体物理研究所 Dam-type DBD (dielectric barrier discharge) plasma based pharmaceutically industrial wastewater treatment device

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101767852A (en) * 2009-12-29 2010-07-07 浙江大学 Pulse plasma device for safe disinfection of drinking water
CN201746368U (en) * 2009-12-29 2011-02-16 浙江大学 Pulse plasma device for safe disinfection of drinking water
CN203754483U (en) * 2014-01-09 2014-08-06 中国科学院等离子体物理研究所 Dam-type DBD (dielectric barrier discharge) plasma based pharmaceutically industrial wastewater treatment device

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106587251A (en) * 2016-12-29 2017-04-26 南京西普环保科技有限公司 Method and equipment for controlling urban black and odorous water body by using solar energy-plasmas
CN109748373A (en) * 2018-12-11 2019-05-14 浙江工业大学 A kind of immersion sewage-treatment plant based on surface dielectric barrier discharge
CN109775840A (en) * 2019-03-25 2019-05-21 安吉润风空气净化科技有限公司 A kind of wastewater treatment equipment
CN115055140A (en) * 2022-07-12 2022-09-16 南京工业大学 Coaxial DBD powder cladding device of circulation integral type

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