CN1042682C - 具有抗宽带干扰的接地故障电路分断器 - Google Patents

具有抗宽带干扰的接地故障电路分断器 Download PDF

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CN1042682C
CN1042682C CN94115329A CN94115329A CN1042682C CN 1042682 C CN1042682 C CN 1042682C CN 94115329 A CN94115329 A CN 94115329A CN 94115329 A CN94115329 A CN 94115329A CN 1042682 C CN1042682 C CN 1042682C
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CN1103997A (zh
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雷蒙德·W·麦肯齐
约瑟夫·C·恩格尔
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H79/00Protective switches in which excess current causes the closing of contacts, e.g. for short-circuiting the apparatus to be protected
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/26Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents
    • H02H3/32Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors
    • H02H3/33Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors using summation current transformers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H1/00Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
    • H02H1/04Arrangements for preventing response to transient abnormal conditions, e.g. to lightning or to short duration over voltage or oscillations; Damping the influence of dc component by short circuits in ac networks

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Abstract

在接地故障电路分断器(1)中,可看到由负载瞬态过程感应的宽带干扰被检测电路中的运算放大器(83)整流,仅把放大器的输出和一阈值相比较来消除此宽带干扰引起的误跳闸,上述阈值与整流后的干扰信号极性相反,并且消除电流传感器和运算放大器之间的耦合电容,这需要低偏压的运算放大器,即在约百分之五或更少的等级上偏置。

Description

具有抗宽带干扰的接地故障电路分断器
本发明涉及响应接地故障的电路分断器,尤其是具有抗误跳闸性能的电路分断器。上述误跳闸是由与开关操作现象相关的负载感应的诸如宽带干扰这样的瞬态过程导致的。
接地故障分断器包括接地故障电路分断器,接地故障插座,以及甚至包括带有软线的接地故障保护装置。接地故障分断器尽管通过全部现有工业标准,但它们仍可产生误跳闸造成麻烦,误跳闸的一个原因是切断供给感性装置的电源,尤其是这些装置脱开。
这些装置的例子包括电剃刀,高亮度灯和如象用来冷却电子设备的小型冷却风扇。拔出这些装置在插头和插座之间产生电弧,导致几伏宽带干扰在电源线上的迭加。由于干扰的宽带特性,既使很小的杂散耦合电容也将从电源线上把干扰耦合到接地故障电路,引起误跳闸。
典型的接地故障分断器包括一运算放大器,该运算放大器放大所感应的接地故障信号,并把放大后的信号加到一个窗口比较器上,该比较器把它与正和负基准信号相比较。如果任一基准值被超过,则产生一跳闸信号,普通类型的接地故障检测电路是休止振荡器检测器。该检测器包括第一传感器线圈,被保护的电路的线和中线穿过该线圈。第一传感器线圈的输出经耦合电容器加到上述运算放大器上,该运算放大器由一窗口比较器接续,线对地故障导致被放大的信号超过所述基准值从而产生一跳闸信号。
休止振荡接地故障检测器包括第二传感器线圈,仅有中线穿过该线圈,一个中线对地故障耦合这两个检测器线圈,导致放大器振荡,也产生跳闸信号。
现已发现,象由拔去感性装置引起的这种由有关开关现象的负载感应的宽带干扰,是导致接地故障分断器的误跳闸的原因。
1993年2月26日申请的序号为023,435的共同享有的美国专利申请公开了一种休止振荡器型的接地故障电路分断器,它利用第二传感器线圈的输出来检测溅射电弧故障(sputtering arcfault)。通过限定di/dt传感器信号的带宽,并将其与在一窗口比较器中的合适阈值相比较来完成上述工作。溅射电弧故障电流一般在幅值上比线对地故障电流小,但是间歇的,使得在阈值以上的连续偏移的检测提供溅射电弧故障的指示。
对于接地故障分断器必要的要求是在被保护电路中不能响应宽带干扰而产生误跳闸。
对于这样的接地故障电路还需要,它能响应溅射电弧故障,上述电路带改进的抗宽带干扰性。
本发明满足这些和其他要求。我们已经发现,在具有由窗口比较器接续的运算放大器的接地故障分断器中所用的典型电子电路中,耦合进该电路的任何大振幅的宽带干扰在运算放大器的输入端被整流,借此使放大器输出以单极性驱动。此外,输入耦合电容开始充电,并且随着干扰脉冲群的终结,电容器电荷以和干扰脉冲群效果相反方向驱使运算放大器输出。这些效果的任何一个可产生误跳闸。
所以,接地分断器的抗干扰通过窗口比较器的电平检测器的取消而得以改善,该检测器检测由干扰产生的输出信号极性的在运算放大器输出上的偏移。此外,取消输入耦合电容器,使得随干扰脉冲群的终结不产生相反极性的偏移,这种偏移会触发现保留的电平检测器的输出。由于耦合电容器的取消,可使用低偏置的运算放大器。
更具体讲,本发明给出一种在受到宽带干扰的所保护的交流电系统中的接地故障电路分断器或电流分断器,包括:
当打开时,分开的触头分断所保护的电气系统中流过的电流;
传感装置,产生一个代表从被保护的电气系统流向地的交流电流的交流传感器信号;
跳闸信号产生装置,包括连接到传感装置上的放大器装置,该放大器装置响应交流传感器信号而输出一个放大了的交流传感器信号,且包含仅第一极性的放大了的宽带干扰;上述跳闸信号产生装置还包括一个比较器装置,该装置连接到放大器装置的输出端,并且仅在放大后的交流信号是与第一极性相反的第二极性,并幅值超过一基准信号时产生接地故障跳闸信号。
响应接地故障跳闸信号以打开可分触头的跳闸装置。
该接地故障分断器可结合一个溅射电弧检测器,从而对电气系统提供更加完备的保护。在本发明的最佳形式中,该接地故障分断器是休止振荡器式的,而溅射电弧故障检测电路利用了来自接地故障检测电路的检测器的一个线圈。
当结合相应的附图阅读时,从下列最佳实施例的描述中可获得本发明的充分理解:
图1是本发明接地故障分断器的一个实施例的电路原理图,该分断器与一个溅射电弧故障检测电路相结合,并共用一个传感线圈。
图2是构成图1电路一部分的集成电路原理图。
图3是一电路原理图,它描绘出图1所示接地故障分断器的局部修改方案,其中溅射电弧故障检测电路在传感溅射电弧故障方面利用中线的电阻率,而不是与接地故障检测器共用一个传感器线圈。
本发明将作为用于普通住宅的断路器来加以描述,但是,对于本领域普通技术人员显而易见的是,该发明可用于其它类型的接地故障分断器上,它包括接地故障插座以及装有软线的接地故障保护装置。特别是,本发明将作为用于在美国专利第4,081,852号上所描述类型的断路器来加以描述。该断路器包括一个热磁过流跳闸机构和一个接地故障检测器,它们被安装在模制外壳内的并排腔中,该接地故障检测器包括一个带有插棒式铁心的跳闸螺线管,该插棒式铁心伸过模制外壳中两个腔之间的壁以激发热磁跳闸机构,从而响应接地故障使断路器跳闸。
如图1所示,本发明最佳实施例中,本发明的断路器1将溅射电弧检测器3与抗干扰度得到改进的接地故障检测器5结合。断路器1保护电气系统7,该系统包括线路导线9和中线11,上述导线给负载13馈电。除了防止由负载13导致的典型过电流和线路对中线的连接故障以外,本发明的断路器1防止线路导线9和中线11之间的溅射电弧故障,以及线对地故障17和中线对地故障19。当由于例如绝缘磨损或剥开线路和中性线的裸露部分接触时,导致溅射电弧事故15发生。
由断路器1通过电流互感器21和23形式的电流传感器检测出电气系统7中的故障,这些电流互感器21和23是环形线圈。线路导线9和中线11穿过环形线圈21的开口构成该电流互感器的初级。电流互感器23具有以中线11形成的单匝初级,该导线穿过该环形线圈的开口。环形线圈21的次级绕组25和电流互感器23的次级绕组27每个都连到集成电路29。
电流互感器21检测线对地故障。电气系统7上没有线对地故障时,穿过构成互感器初级的线路和中线9、11的电流将会相等且反向,以致于在次级绕组25中无感应电流。如线路导线9接地,则会有大电流流过该导线,而很少或没有电流流过中线11,从而在次级绕组25上感应出可测量的电流。这个信号经电阻33经NEGGFI和POSGFI输入端加给IC29。跨接IC输入端的电容器35抑制干扰。反馈电阻37建立IC29中运算放大器的增益。
正如下面将更加详细讨论的,如果电流互感器21的次级绕组25中电流的幅值超过选定用来检测线对地故障的阈值的话,IC29上的OR输出升高从而导通SCR39。SCR39的导通为跳闸螺线管41的激励提供电流,该跳闸螺线管通有来自线路和中性导线上的电流,该电流是由二极管43整流后的半波电流,该SCR39由金属氧化物变阻器(MOV)45保护防止电涌,并由电容57阻止栅极上的干扰,跳闸螺线管41激励如美国专利第4,081,852所描述的跳闸机构49,从而打开至少接在线路导线9上的触头51。
二极管43还给IC29中的并联调节器提供DC功率。由IC汲取的电流不足以起动跳闸螺线管41。供给IC29的电源包括一过滤电容53,一对电阻55和57,这对电阻决定电源的电压电平。DC电源提供给IC29的VPOS输入端。管脚VNEG连接中性导线接地。旁路电容59确保在VPOS输入端上无交流。同样,另一个旁路电容61消除POSGFI输入端上的交流。
试验按钮62连接试验引线64,该引线穿过导线7、11从中通过的线圈21以测试接地故障电路的线对地部分。电阻66限制试验电流。接地故障检测器5是休止振荡器型电流互感器23的次级绕组27经耦合电容63也连接到管脚GAMP上的IC29的运算放大器的输出端。中线对地故障通过电流互感器21和23耦合到次级绕组25和27,形成围绕IC29的反馈环路,导致IC中运算放大器振荡,振荡频率可通过电容63和电容65的值以及电流互感器21和23参数的选择加以设定。在例举的断路器中,该频率为约20KHz。当振荡幅值超过所选阈值时,触发SCR39令该断路器跳闸。
电流互感器23也用来传感检测溅射电弧故障的电流,对于溅射电弧故障检测所需要的电流信号的变化率di/dt通过在电流互感器23中设置铁心来产生,该铁心在要求产生跳闸的电流电平上不饱和。用于铁心的适当材料是粉末化的铁,它具有低增益(mu)和高磁通饱和水准。这样的铁心对中性接地检测的影响仅仅为使振荡频率略增加一些。
在电流互感器23的次级绕组27上产生的di/dt信号是通过使它通过低通滤波器67限定其带宽的。这是一双极低通滤波器,它具有由电容器69和电阻71构成的第一极,和由电容73和电阻75构成的第二极,在举例的断路器中的这个低通滤波器67在约2KHz上有一个半功率点。该di/dt信号可用来提供过电流、线对中线故障和溅射电弧故障的指示。选择限定带宽的低通滤波器67的参数,从而衰减由溅射电弧故障产生的di/dt信号上的尖峰,以及调整电路对过电流线对中线故障的正弦电流和溅射电弧故障的阶跃函数的相对灵敏度。检测器3通过对在一预定时间周期内所检出的阶跃函数计数,从某些装置所引起的冲击电流区分溅射电弧故障。电容77和电阻79用下面将讨论的方法设定所选定的时间间隔。
图2是IC29的电路原理图,芯片29带有电源81,该电源经VPOS和VNEG管脚由上述半波整流电源供电。运算放大器(opamp)83把电流互感器21次级上的信号放大,供给由比较器89构成的信号电平检测器。该比较器89被由电源81提供的基准电压提供偏压,该电压对检测线对地故障是负向阈值。给运算放大器83的非反向输入端加偏压,该偏压大致是电源电压的中点。一个负载电阻(pull vp resistor)91被连接到比较器89的输出和VPOS。比较器89的输出还连接到或门电路93的反相输入端,其输出经IC29的OR脚连接到SCR39的栅极。一般,比较器89的输出是高电平,以致于SCR39不开启。线对地故障的存在使电流互感器21次级绕组25上产生的信号在负载电流的负半周期间超过施加给比较器89的阈值。接地故障电流的负半周导致比较器89的输出变低,使或门电路93的输出变高,从而开启SCR39并激励跳闸螺线管41。
上述引证专利申请中IC29的接地故障检测部分使用一个取代单极比较器89的窗口比较器,在接地故障信号的正负半周上产生一跳闸信号。然而,我们发现,该接地故障检测器受到误触发,该检测器具有由一窗口比较器接续的运算放大器。已查出误触发有宽带干扰,象由感性负载的拔除在被保护电路上所感应的那样。足够大幅值的宽带干扰被运算放大器83整流。整流后的干扰信号极性取决于该运算放大器的电路。决定因素是该运算放大器中输入晶体管的型号和放大级数。如果输入晶体管是一种n-p-n型晶体管,则该晶体管输出中直流干扰成份是正的。接续的奇数放大级数会把它转换成负输出,而接续的偶数放大级数会保留信号的正极性。一个p-n-p晶体管产生相反极性的整流后的信号,假定接续的放大级数一样的话。
由于出现在运算放大器83输出上的整流后的宽带干扰信号的极性能因此被预测,本发明的接地故障电路利用单一信号电平检测比较器89,该比较器仅从那些超过所选阈值的干扰信号中检测相反极性的信号。电流互感器次级绕组25的极性被这样设定,使用电流的正半周对接地故障测试。这使得将适当地对跳闸信号调相,从而开启供给SCR39和跳闸线圈41的半波电源。这样的安排提供了这样一点,即接地故障跳闸信号仅能产生在负载电流的正半周。但是,如果SCR39用半波整流后的电流供电的话,不管怎样它仅能在交变的半周上导通。进一步讲,在大多数应用中跳闸信号延迟到二分之一周是无意义的。
我们也发现由运算放大器83进行的接地故障传感信号的半波整流导致在上述引证申请中接地故障电路上电流互感器21的次级绕组25和到运算放大器83的输入之间的耦合电容充电。在该电容上的充电导致当干扰终止时,在运算放大器上产生一个输出,该输出在极性上与整流后的干扰信号相反。这还能导致电路分断器的误跳闸。根据本发明,通过避免传感器线圈与运算放大器的容性耦合来消除这种反冲。因此,在耦合电路中仅包括电阻33。
去除耦合电容导致运算放大器的偏移电压加到传感器线圈21的次级绕组25上。因此应使用低偏移运算放大器。大约百分之五或更小的偏移可提供令人满意的工作。基本上,该偏移要低的足以使它不掩盖交流接地故障信号。
正如前面所讨论的,对于中线对地故障,第二电流互感器23经连接到IC29的GAMP管脚的耦合电容63连接到运算放大器83的输出。任何中线对地故障在连接到运算放大器83输出的电流互感器23和连接到输入端的电流互感器21之间形成一个反馈环路。当振荡的幅值超过比较器89的阈值时,经OR93开启SCR39。
如所述的,电流互感器23也用于检测溅射电弧故障。在次级绕组27上产生的di/dt信号经跟随运算放大器95施加到由比较器99和101构成的窗口比较器97上,上述di/dt信号是由低通滤波器67限制带宽的。比较器99和101将限制带宽的di/dt信号与由电源81设定的正和负阈值比较。连接到VPOS的负载电阻103在限制带宽的di/dt信号在所选限制内时在比较器99和101的输出上保持高逻辑信号。当检测出代表溅射电弧故障的电流波形时,窗口比较器97的输出变低。如果某些仪器在接通时产生类似波形,尽管一般幅值较低,在窗口比较器97的输出上也设置了一个计数器电路107。该计数器电路107计数这样的过程,即超过窗口比较器97阈值的情况。在最佳实施例中,该计数器电路107根据在选定时间间隔内出现两次这样的过程来产生一个跳闸信号。
计数器电路107包括一个D触发器109。该触发器109被窗口比较器97的输出经反相器111计时。窗口比较器97的输出还经二极管113连接到比较器115的反相输入端。比较器115把窗口比较器97的输出与由电源81产生的正阈值电压相比较。一般是,该基准电压约为电源电压的四分之三。比较器115的输出被加到触发器109的数据输入D上。触发器109的 Q输出当把时钟脉冲加到CLK输入端时,在D端上为信号的逻辑值,上述输出在图2的电路上未使用。因此,触发器的Q输出在触发器被计时时,变成逻辑上相反的信号,该信号施加给D输入。Q连接到OR93的反相输入端。
比较器115的反相输入端还经IC29的RC管脚连接到定时电容器77(见图1)上。电容器77的另一端连接到VPOS。在正常情况下,电容器77由并联电阻79放电。因此,比较器115的输出为低。当窗口比较器97的输出首次变低,指示一次溅射电弧故障发生时,由脉冲前沿对触发器109计时。当在时钟脉冲下D输入变低时, Q输出保持高电平,没有门信号经OR93加给SCR39。当窗口比较器97的输出变低时,电容器77经二极管113快速充电到约VPOS。当当时的非反相输入端上的电压超过基准值时,比较器115的输出变高。在溅射电弧电流达到其峰值幅值,窗口比较器97的输出再次变高时,电容77经电阻79开始放电。选择这些元件的值,使电容器77上的电压保持在基准电压以上,该电压是对所选时间间隔加在比较器115上的。如所述的,一个适当的时间间隔约为一秒。如果在计时器计时完毕之前窗口比较器97的输出变低,这指示一次溅射电弧故障,在触发器计时时触发器109的D输入将为高,因此 Q输出将变低,导致OR93的输出变高,并开启SCR39,激励跳闸螺线管41。
本发明的接地故障电路分断器可带或不带溅射电弧保护功能来使用。同样,作为一种替换,可用中线11的电阻来检测溅射电弧的故障而不用由电流互感器23传感的信号,图3表示具有如此修改的溅射电弧检测器3′的断路器1的局部电路,如图所示,中线11的一段的电阻117产生一电压,该电压经过由电阻121和电容123组成的低通滤波器119。然后该低通滤波器的输出由高通滤波器125差分,该高通滤波器包括电容器127和电阻器129。由高通滤波器125接续的低通滤波器119的组合产生同图1线圈电路一样的限制带宽的di/dt信号,虽然这是在很低的信号电平上。正由于这种很低的信号电平,高通滤波器125的输出加到反相输入端,该输入端被认为是运算放大器95的NEGENH,使得由反馈电阻131确定的增益被加到它上面,从而增加信号电平用来施加给窗口比较器97。
虽然已详细描述了本发明的特殊实施例,但对于本领域普通专业技术人员显而易见的是,对这些内容的各种修改和替换必须出现在所公开的全部指教的视野之中。因此,所公开的具体安排仅意味着举例,并不限制本发明的范围,而这一范围由附带的权利要求书和任何以所有等同物的整个宽度所给定。

Claims (5)

1.一种用于分断受宽带干扰的被保护的交流电气系统中电流的接地故障电路分断器(1),其特征在于,所述的分断器包括:
可打开的触头(51),当打开时用于分断流过所述被保护电气系统的电流;
传感装置(21,23),产生代表从所述被保护电气系统流向地的交流电流的交流传感器信号;
跳闸信号产生装置(29),包括放大器装置(83)和比较器装置(89),上述放大器装置(83)与所述的传感装置连接,在其输出端产生一个放大后的交流传感器信号,并且包含仅具有第一极性的直流分量的放大后的宽带干扰;上述比较器装置(89)与所述放大器装置的所述输出相连,并且仅当所述的放大后的交流传感器信号具有与所述第一极性相反的第二极性,并在幅值上超过一基准信号时产生接地故障跳闸信号;以及
跳闸装置(49),响应所述接地故障跳闸信号,打开所述可打开的触头。
2.根据权利要求1的接地故障分断器,其特征在于,所述放大器装置包括具有不大于约百分之五偏移的运算放大器。
3.根据权利要求1或2的接地故障分断器,其特征在于,所述跳闸信号产生装置(29),包括溅射电弧故障检测装置(95,97,99,101),根据在所述电气系统中溅射电弧故障的检测,所述传感装置(23)产生一溅射电弧故障跳闸信号,以及其中所述跳闸装置进一步响应所述的溅射电弧跳闸信号,以打开所述可打开的触点。
4.根据权利要求1或2的接地故障分断器,其特征在于,所述跳闸信号产生装置包括非容性输入装置,该装置把所述放大器装置(83)与所述传感装置(21,23)相连。
5.根据权利要求3的接地故障电路分断器,其特征在于,所述跳闸信号产生装置包括非容性输入装置(33),该装置把所述放大器装置(83)连接到所述传感装置(21,23)。
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