CN104217102A - Integrated method for calculating volume and load capacity of low pollution water in lake basin - Google Patents
Integrated method for calculating volume and load capacity of low pollution water in lake basin Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属水污染控制与生态修复技术领域。公开了一种湖泊流域低污染水量及其负荷量计算集成方法。在多个大型湖泊低污染水的调查和研究基础上，针对湖泊流域低污染水的三大主要类型(污水处理厂尾水、农村农田径流、城镇地表径流)，提炼形成一种较为系统的湖泊流域低污染水水量和污染负荷计算的集成方法，从而科学、合理地评估湖泊流域不同类型低污染水的分布特点与规律，为制定湖泊流域低污染水污染负荷的控制措施提供基础。该计算方法具体明确、可操作性强。The invention belongs to the technical field of water pollution control and ecological restoration. Disclosed is an integrated method for calculating low-pollution water volume and its load in a lake basin. Based on the investigation and research of low-pollution water in several large lakes, a relatively systematic lake was refined for the three main types of low-pollution water in the lake basin (tail water from sewage treatment plants, rural farmland runoff, and urban surface runoff). An integrated method for the calculation of low-pollution water volume and pollution load in lake basins, so as to scientifically and reasonably evaluate the distribution characteristics and laws of different types of low-pollution water in lake basins, and provide a basis for formulating control measures for low-pollution water pollution load in lake basins. The calculation method is specific and clear, and highly operable.
Description
技术领域technical field
本方法提供了湖泊流域三大主要类型(污水处理厂尾水、农村农田径流、城镇地表径流)的低污染水量和低污染负荷的计算方法，从而科学、合理地评估湖泊流域不同类型低污染水的分布特点与规律，为制定湖泊流域低污染水污染负荷的控制措施提供基础。本方法属水污染控制与生态修复技术领域。This method provides a calculation method for the three main types of low-pollution water volume and low pollution load in lake basins (sewage treatment plant tail water, rural farmland runoff, and urban surface runoff), so as to scientifically and reasonably evaluate different types of low-pollution water in lake basins. The distribution characteristics and laws of the lake basin provide a basis for formulating control measures for low-pollution water pollution loads in lake basins. The method belongs to the technical field of water pollution control and ecological restoration.
背景技术Background technique
近年来，随着我国湖泊治理力度的加强和湖泊治理新理念的提出，低污染水带来的污染问题越来越受到关注，低污染水治理已经成为湖泊流域点源和面源污染控制之后又一新的挑战。在《湖泊富营养化控制的理论、方法与实践》书中提出了低污染水包括经污水处理设施处理后但对湖泊水体来讲仍为污染源的尾水、地表径流以及污染物浓度较低的农田排水、雨季村落地表径流等，湖泊流域低污染水主要包括污水处理厂二级处理尾水、城镇地表径流、农田排水(含村落地表径流)等3种主要类型。目前关于低污染水的研究，主要集中于低污染水治理技术，其中包括人工湿地技术、自然湿地技术、生态浮床技术、缓冲带技术等，还有针对低污染水去除效率的材料及工艺等方面的研究。但在进行有效治理前，应先了解低污染水量及污染负荷，根据流域不同类型低污染水的产生量、污染负荷量及其空间分布，分析湖泊流域低污染水的特点与规律，进而科学、合理地提出低污染水治理措施。目前，针对湖泊流域低污染水量和污染负荷量的计算方法还未见报道。本方法在近年来主要湖泊研究实践的基础上，通过对多个湖泊流域低污染水量和污染负荷量计算的积累，凝炼形成一种较为系统的计算湖泊流域低污染水量及其负荷量的计算方法。In recent years, with the strengthening of lake governance in my country and the introduction of new concepts of lake governance, the pollution problems caused by low-pollution water have attracted more and more attention. A new challenge. In the book "Theory, Method and Practice of Lake Eutrophication Control", it is proposed that low-pollution water includes tail water, surface runoff and low-concentration pollutants that are still pollution sources for lake water after being treated by sewage treatment facilities. Farmland drainage, village surface runoff in the rainy season, etc. The low-pollution water in lake basins mainly includes three main types: secondary treatment tail water of sewage treatment plants, urban surface runoff, and farmland drainage (including village surface runoff). The current research on low-pollution water mainly focuses on low-pollution water treatment technologies, including artificial wetland technology, natural wetland technology, ecological floating bed technology, buffer zone technology, etc., as well as materials and processes for the removal efficiency of low-pollution water. Research. However, before carrying out effective treatment, we should first understand the amount of low-pollution water and pollution load, and analyze the characteristics and laws of low-pollution water in lake basins according to the production volume, pollution load and spatial distribution of different types of low-pollution water in the basin, and then scientifically and Reasonably propose low-pollution water treatment measures. At present, there are no reports on the calculation methods for low-pollution water and pollution load in lake basins. This method is based on the research practice of major lakes in recent years, through the accumulation of calculations of low-pollution water volume and pollution load in multiple lake basins, and forms a relatively systematic calculation of low-pollution water volume and pollution load in lake basins. method.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明在抚仙湖、洱海、星云湖、杞麓湖、长寿湖等多个大型湖泊开展的低污染水的调查和研究基础上，针对湖泊流域低污染水的三大主要类型(污水处理厂尾水、农村农田径流、城镇地表径流)，提出湖泊流域低污染水量和低污染负荷量的具体计算方法，主要包括如下几方面内容：污水处理厂尾水量与污染负荷量计算；农村农田径流低污染水量与负荷量计算、城镇地表径流水量与污染负荷量计算。该计算方法具体明确、可操作性强。The present invention is based on the investigation and research of low-pollution water carried out in multiple large lakes such as Fuxian Lake, Erhai Lake, Xingyun Lake, Qilu Lake, and Changshou Lake. tail water, rural farmland runoff, and urban surface runoff), a specific calculation method for low-polluted water volume and low pollution load in lake basins is proposed, mainly including the following aspects: calculation of tail water volume and pollution load of sewage treatment plants; low rural farmland runoff Calculation of polluted water volume and load, urban surface runoff water volume and pollution load calculation. The calculation method is specific and clear, and highly operable.
1、水量计算1. Calculation of water volume
湖泊流域低污染水总水量为污水处理厂尾水、农村农田径流和城镇地表径流的水量总和。计算公式为：The total amount of low-pollution water in the lake basin is the sum of the tail water of sewage treatment plants, rural farmland runoff and urban surface runoff. The calculation formula is:
Q＝QW+QN+QC Q＝ QW + QN + QC
三种类型低污染水量QW、QN、QC的计算方法具体如下：The calculation methods of the three types of low-pollution water quantities Q W , Q N , and Q C are as follows:
(1)污水处理厂尾水(1) Tail water of sewage treatment plant
根据已建或在建的污水处理厂的数量和处理规模，计算污水处理厂二级处理尾水水量QW。According to the quantity and treatment scale of the sewage treatment plants that have been built or are under construction, calculate the tail water volume Q W of the secondary treatment of the sewage treatment plants.
(2)农村农田径流(2) Rural farmland runoff
本方法采用根据降雨期农田产流量和灌溉期农田排水量计算和根据稻季径流水量计算2种方法，将计算结果进行对比和验证分析，以准确计算流域农田径流产生的水量，农村农田径流水量的计算公式如下所示。In this method, two methods are used: the calculation based on the farmland production flow in the rainfall period and the farmland drainage during the irrigation period, and the calculation based on the rice runoff. The calculation formula is as follows.
QN＝max(QJ，QG)Q N = max(Q J , Q G )
QJ＝R·A·a·10-3 Q J ＝R·A·a·10 -3
QG＝MG·A·bQ G ＝ M G · A · b
QN＝D·A QN ＝D·A
式中：QN为农田径流排水量，m3/a；QJ降雨期农田产流量，m3/a；QG为灌溉期农田排水量，m3/a；R为降雨量，mm；A为农田面积，m2；a为农田产流系数，％；MG为农田平均灌溉用水量，m3/m2；D为稻季径流水量，m3·hm-2；b为灌溉水利用系数。In the formula: Q N is the discharge of farmland runoff, m 3 /a; Q J is the discharge of farmland during the rainfall period, m 3 /a; Q G is the discharge of farmland during the irrigation period, m 3 /a; R is the rainfall, mm; Farmland area, m 2 ; a is farmland runoff coefficient, %; MG is farmland average irrigation water consumption, m 3 /m 2 ; D is paddy season runoff, m 3 ·hm -2 ; b is irrigation water utilization coefficient.
(3)城镇地表径流(3) Urban surface runoff
本方法采用先计算城镇范围的总降雨量，再根据初期径流的比例计算，城镇地表径流水量的计算公式如下所示。In this method, the total rainfall in the urban area is calculated first, and then calculated according to the proportion of initial runoff. The calculation formula of urban surface runoff is as follows.
QC＝A×P×cQ C ＝A×P×c
式中：QC为城镇地表径流量，m3/a；A为城镇建成区面积，km2；P为城镇年降雨量，mm；c为初期径流比例。In the formula: Q C is the urban surface runoff, m 3 /a; A is the urban built-up area, km 2 ; P is the annual urban rainfall, mm; c is the initial runoff ratio.
2、污染负荷量计算2. Calculation of pollution load
湖泊流域低污染水污染负荷总量为污水处理厂尾水、农村农田径流和城镇地表径流污染负荷量的总和。计算公式为：The total pollution load of low-pollution water in the lake basin is the sum of the pollution load of tail water from sewage treatment plants, rural farmland runoff and urban surface runoff. The calculation formula is:
L＝LWi+LNN+LCi L＝L Wi +L NN +L Ci
三种类型低污染水污染负荷量LWi、LNi、LCi的计算方法具体如下：The calculation methods of three types of low-pollution water pollution loads L Wi , L Ni , and L Ci are as follows:
(1)污水处理厂尾水(1) Tail water of sewage treatment plant
按照GB18918-2002中一级B标准计算污染负荷量，污水处理厂尾水污染负荷量计算公式如下所示。According to GB18918-2002 Class I B standard to calculate the pollution load, the formula for calculating the pollution load of the tail water of the sewage treatment plant is as follows.
LWi＝QW×CWi LWi ＝ QW × CWi
式中：LWi为i污染物污水处理厂尾水污染负荷，t/a；QW为流域城镇污水处理规模，m3/a；CWi为城镇污水处理厂出水中i污染物的质量浓度，mg/L，本方法取相应GB18918-2002中一级B标准。In the formula: L Wi is the tail water pollution load of the i pollutant sewage treatment plant, t/a; Q W is the scale of urban sewage treatment in the basin, m 3 /a; C Wi is the mass concentration of the i pollutant in the effluent of the urban sewage treatment plant , mg/L, this method adopts the corresponding Grade B standard in GB18918-2002.
(2)农村农田径流(2) Rural farmland runoff
本方法采用年均流失量框定范围值，并通过全国污染源普查的系数方法进行数据的具体化，在实际计算中进行系数修正以避免偏差。农田径流污染负荷的计算公式如下所示：In this method, the annual average loss is used to frame the range value, and the data is concretized through the coefficient method of the national pollution source census, and the coefficient is corrected in the actual calculation to avoid deviation. The formula for calculating the pollution load of farmland runoff is as follows:
LNi＝QN×CNi LNi ＝ QN × CNi
式中：LNi为i污染物农田径流污染负荷，m3/a；CNi为农田径流i污染物的质量浓度，mg/L。In the formula: L Ni is the pollution load of farmland runoff of pollutant i, m 3 /a; C Ni is the mass concentration of pollutant i in farmland runoff, mg/L.
(3)城镇地表径流(3) Urban surface runoff
城镇地表径流污染物量的计算有2种方法，一种为按水量与浓度计算，另一种采用单位负荷法。There are two methods for calculating the amount of pollutants in urban surface runoff, one is based on water volume and concentration, and the other is based on unit load method.
按水量与浓度城镇地表径流污染负荷计算公式：The formula for calculating the pollution load of urban surface runoff according to water volume and concentration:
LCi＝QC×CCi L Ci =Q C ×C Ci
式中：LCi为城镇地表径流污染负荷量，m3/a；QC为城镇地表径流量，m3/a；CCi为城镇地表径流i污染物的质量浓度，mg/L。城镇地表径流污染物的质量浓度值可参照不同城市的地表路面径流污染物浓度。In the formula: L Ci is the pollution load of urban surface runoff, m 3 /a; Q C is the urban surface runoff, m 3 /a; C Ci is the mass concentration of pollutant i in urban surface runoff, mg/L. The mass concentration value of urban surface runoff pollutants can refer to the concentration of surface road runoff pollutants in different cities.
采用单位负荷法计算方法详见《湖泊富营养化控制和管理技术》第18页。See page 18 of "Lake Eutrophication Control and Management Technology" for details of the calculation method using the unit load method.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
洱海流域地处云南省大理白族自治州境内，流域面积2565km2。洱海流域低污染水主要包括污水处理厂尾水、农村农田径流和地表径流三大类。按上述方法分别计算其低污染水量与负荷量，进而计算洱海流域低污染水总水量和污染负荷总量。Erhai Lake Basin is located in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, with a drainage area of 2565km 2 . Low-pollution water in the Erhai Lake Basin mainly includes three categories: tail water from sewage treatment plants, rural farmland runoff and surface runoff. Calculate the low-pollution water volume and load respectively according to the above method, and then calculate the total volume of low-pollution water and the total pollution load in the Erhai Lake Basin.
1、污水处理厂尾水1. Tail water of sewage treatment plant
根据洱海流域已建或在建的污水处理厂的数量和处理规模，计算污水处理厂二级处理尾水水量；根据GB 18918-2002中一级B标准计算污染负荷量。洱海流域已经逐步建立城镇、集镇两级污水收集处理系统，其中城市污水处理厂主要处理大理市市区和洱源县县城的生活污水，共计有3座，已经运行和正在建设的集镇污水处理厂有10座。经计算，洱海流域城镇污水处理厂处理能力可达3193万t/a，其中城市生活污水处理厂为2445万t/a，集镇污水处理厂为748万t/a，达标排放尾水中总氮负荷量为639t/a，总磷负荷量为48t/a。According to the number and treatment scale of the sewage treatment plants that have been built or are under construction in the Erhai Lake Basin, the tail water volume of the secondary treatment of the sewage treatment plants is calculated; the pollution load is calculated according to the first-level B standard in GB 18918-2002. The Erhai Lake Basin has gradually established a two-level sewage collection and treatment system for towns and market towns. Among them, the urban sewage treatment plant mainly treats domestic sewage in the urban area of Dali City and Eryuan County. There are 10 seats. According to calculations, the treatment capacity of urban sewage treatment plants in the Erhai Lake Basin can reach 31.93 million t/a, including 24.45 million t/a for urban domestic sewage treatment plants and 7.48 million t/a for market town sewage treatment plants. The amount is 639t/a, and the total phosphorus load is 48t/a.
2、农村农田径流2. Rural farmland runoff
根据降雨期农田产流量与灌溉期农田排水量的计算方法，洱海流域每年农田径流排水量在降雨期为1.0×108t/a，农业灌溉产生量为0.7×108t/a，则洱海流域每年农田径流排水估算为1.7×108t/a；根据稻季径流水量计算，洱海流域每年农田径流排水量为1.4×108t/a。将两方法所得结果对比分析后，洱海流域农田径流排水取1.5×108t/a。According to the calculation method of farmland production flow in the rainy period and farmland drainage in the irrigation period, the annual runoff discharge in the Erhai Lake Basin is 1.0×10 8 t/a during the rainy period, and the output of agricultural irrigation is 0.7×10 8 t/a. Farmland runoff discharge is estimated to be 1.7×10 8 t/a; calculated based on rice season runoff, the annual farmland runoff discharge in the Erhai Lake Basin is 1.4×10 8 t/a. After comparing and analyzing the results obtained by the two methods, the runoff drainage from farmland in the Erhai Lake Basin is 1.5×10 8 t/a.
农田降雨径流污染负荷量估算采取年均流失量方法估算，参考滇池流域农田污染物年均流失量，总氮那为5.07～113.16kg/hm2，总磷为0.15～10.14kg/hm2，总氮负荷量为128-2866t/a，总磷负荷量为3.8-256t/a，采用第一次全国污染源普查系数研究，通过修正农田氮磷流失系数，总氮为661t/a，总磷为18t/a。The estimation of farmland rainfall runoff pollution load is estimated by the method of annual average loss. Referring to the annual average loss of farmland pollutants in the Dianchi Lake Basin, the total nitrogen is 5.07-113.16kg/hm 2 , the total phosphorus is 0.15-10.14kg/hm 2 , and the total The nitrogen load is 128-2866t/a, the total phosphorus load is 3.8-256t/a, using the first national pollution source census coefficient research, and by correcting the loss coefficient of nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland, the total nitrogen is 661t/a, and the total phosphorus is 18t /a.
3、城镇地表径流3. Urban surface runoff
洱海流域城镇面源来源于大理市市区、洱源县县城、大理经济技术开发区和大理古城(大理镇)、凤仪镇、喜洲镇、上关镇等乡镇人口聚居区，面积约71km2。根据调查资料城镇平均年降雨量为1048mm，得出流域城镇范围的总降雨量为7.5×107t/a。在一场降雨过程中，占总径流20％或25％的初期径流，冲刷排放了约50％的总径流污染负荷，按照25％的初期径流比例进行计算，因此城镇地表径流水量为1.875×107t/a。The towns and cities in the Erhai Lake Basin come from the urban area of Dali City, the county seat of Eryuan County, Dali Economic and Technological Development Zone, Dali Ancient City (Dali Town), Fengyi Town, Xizhou Town, Shangguan Town and other villages and towns with an area of about 71km 2 . According to the survey data, the average annual rainfall in cities and towns is 1048 mm, and the total rainfall in the urban area of the basin is 7.5×10 7 t/a. During a rainfall process, the initial runoff, which accounts for 20% or 25% of the total runoff, flushes and discharges about 50% of the total runoff pollution load, calculated according to the initial runoff ratio of 25%, so the water volume of urban surface runoff is 1.875×10 7 t/a.
参照下关镇人口密度，城镇人口密度按1500人/km2计，洱海流域城镇地表径流水量为1.875×107t/a。采用水量与水质计算方法中浓度值参照北京市、上海市、西安市和天津城区的地表路面径流污染物浓度的研究分析，城镇地表径流中按照总氮为8mg/L和总磷为0.6mg/L计算，按公式计算得出总氮为150t/a，总磷为11t/a；采用单位负荷法计算，参考《湖泊富营养化控制和管理技术》，总氮取10kg/cm/km2，总磷取2.5kg/cm/km2，按公式计算得出总氮为144t/a，总氮为20t/a。两种方法计算得到的数值比较一致，考虑科学性，取2种计算结果均值最终确认总氮为147t/a，总磷为15t/a。Referring to the population density of Xiaguan Town, the urban population density is calculated as 1500 persons/km 2 , and the urban surface runoff in the Erhai Lake Basin is 1.875×10 7 t/a. The concentration value in the calculation method of water quantity and water quality refers to the research and analysis of the concentration of surface road runoff pollutants in Beijing, Shanghai, Xi'an and Tianjin urban areas. In the urban surface runoff, the total nitrogen is 8mg/L and the total phosphorus is 0.6mg/L. L calculation, calculated according to the formula, the total nitrogen is 150t/a, and the total phosphorus is 11t/a; use the unit load method to calculate, refer to "Lake Eutrophication Control and Management Technology", the total nitrogen is 10kg/cm/km 2 , The total phosphorus is 2.5kg/cm/km 2 , and the total nitrogen is 144t/a and the total nitrogen is 20t/a calculated according to the formula. The values calculated by the two methods are relatively consistent. Considering the scientific nature, the average value of the two calculation results is taken to finally confirm that the total nitrogen is 147t/a, and the total phosphorus is 15t/a.
综上所述，计算得出洱海流域低污染水总水量为2.0086×108t/a，总氮为1447t/a，总磷为81t/a。To sum up, it is calculated that the total amount of low-pollution water in the Erhai Lake Basin is 2.0086×10 8 t/a, the total nitrogen is 1447 t/a, and the total phosphorus is 81 t/a.
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