CN104167610B - Zero-scattering linear particle and electromagnetic invisible material formed by the same - Google Patents
Zero-scattering linear particle and electromagnetic invisible material formed by the same Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种零散射线形粒子及其构成的电磁隐形材料。粒子中心为金属结构，金属结构包括呈直线周期排列的金属单元，相邻的金属单元之间通过连接柱连接，金属单元和连接柱外包裹有柱体的电介质，构成实心柱体结构的零散射线形粒子，其中金属单元直线排列的排列方向、电介质柱体的高度方向与工作时入射电磁波的电场极化方向相同。本发明结构简单，加工方便，可以针对不同应用加工成任意形状的材料或者结构，实例仿真验证在工作频率上得到了趋向于零的散射宽度；可直接通过结构尺寸缩放拓展到射频、太赫兹乃至光波等各个频段，被广泛用于隐身材料的相关应用领域。
The invention discloses a zero-scattering linear particle and an electromagnetic invisible material formed thereof. The center of the particle is a metal structure. The metal structure includes metal units arranged in a straight line and periodically. Adjacent metal units are connected by connecting columns. The metal units and connecting columns are wrapped with a cylindrical dielectric to form a zero-scattering line of a solid cylindrical structure. Shaped particles, in which the arrangement direction of the metal units in a straight line and the height direction of the dielectric cylinder are the same as the electric field polarization direction of the incident electromagnetic wave during operation. The invention is simple in structure and convenient in processing, and can be processed into materials or structures of arbitrary shapes for different applications. The example simulation verifies that the scattering width tends to zero at the working frequency; it can be directly extended to radio frequency, terahertz and even by scaling the structure size. Various frequency bands such as light waves are widely used in related application fields of stealth materials.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种粒子和隐形材料，特别是涉及一种零散射线形粒子及其构成的电磁隐形材料。The invention relates to a particle and a stealth material, in particular to a zero-scattering linear particle and an electromagnetic stealth material composed thereof.
背景技术Background technique
电磁波在传输媒质中的传播、聚焦以及散射都是由传输媒质的电磁特性决定的，而媒质的电磁特性通常可以用介电常数和磁导率这两个电磁参数来描述。在自然界中，几乎所有的固体和液体都具有和自由空间不同的介电常数和/或磁导率，因此当这些物体放置在自由空间中时，入射到上面的电磁波会不可避免地出现反射和折射。正是由于这种反射和折射使得自由空间中站在各个角度的观察者都可以看到这些物体。反过来说，如果存在一种固体或者液体媒质，他的介电常数和磁导率与自由空间完全一样，则自由空间中的电磁波入射到任意形状的这种媒质上时均不会出现反射和折射，任何角度的观察者都不能看到这个实际存在的可触摸到的固体或者液体媒质，即这种媒质可以实现自我隐形。The propagation, focusing and scattering of electromagnetic waves in the transmission medium are all determined by the electromagnetic properties of the transmission medium, and the electromagnetic properties of the medium can usually be described by two electromagnetic parameters, the dielectric constant and the magnetic permeability. In nature, almost all solids and liquids have different permittivity and/or magnetic permeability than free space, so when these objects are placed in free space, the electromagnetic waves incident on them will inevitably be reflected and refraction. It is because of this reflection and refraction that observers standing in free space from all angles can see these objects. Conversely, if there is a solid or liquid medium whose permittivity and permeability are exactly the same as those of free space, the electromagnetic wave in free space will not appear reflection and Refraction, the observer at any angle cannot see the actual tangible solid or liquid medium, that is, this medium can realize self-invisibility.
近十多年来经历了快速发展的人工电磁媒质研究，产生了各种等效介电常数和磁导率可随意控制的具有特殊电磁特性的人工电磁材料。这种特殊人工复合材料的设计理论同时也使得上述这种理想的具有自我隐形特性的媒质的实现成为了可能。与这个概念相关的隐身衣的研究曾经产生了很大的轰动，它是通过构造某个具有空间色散特性的结构来控制入射电磁波在结构里的传播路径，使得电磁波绕过某个区域，在不改变外面总场的条件下实现某个区域内物体的隐身。然而，这种结构并不能称为一种媒质，因为它的电磁参数具有很大的空间色散性，且结构都是固定的，同时它的实现相对复杂。In the past ten years, the research on artificial electromagnetic media has undergone rapid development, and various artificial electromagnetic materials with special electromagnetic properties that can be freely controlled in equivalent permittivity and magnetic permeability have been produced. The design theory of this special artificial composite material also makes it possible to realize the above-mentioned ideal medium with self-cloaking properties. The research on the invisibility cloak related to this concept has caused a great sensation. It controls the propagation path of the incident electromagnetic wave in the structure by constructing a structure with spatial dispersion characteristics, so that the electromagnetic wave bypasses a certain area, and in different places Realize the invisibility of objects in a certain area under the condition of changing the total field outside. However, this structure cannot be called a medium, because its electromagnetic parameters have great spatial dispersion, and the structure is fixed, and its realization is relatively complicated.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为了解决背景技术中存在的问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种零散射线形粒子及其构成的电磁隐形材料，利用亚波长尺寸的金属电介质复合结构单元在某些频带内具有大幅可调的等效相对介电常数和磁导率的特性，适当调节金属电介质复合结构单元的形状及尺寸，使其等效介电常数和磁导率分别与自由空间的值对应相等，从而实现具有零散射宽度的零散射线形粒子，并以此构造等效均匀且三维各向同性的具有自我隐形特性的人工电磁材料，使得用其构造的任意形状的结构能实现自我隐形，将在雷达天线罩、电磁窗口等军事和民用领域具有广阔的应用前景。In order to solve the problems in the background technology, the object of the present invention is to provide a zero-scattering linear particle and the electromagnetic cloaking material composed of it, which utilizes the metal-dielectric composite structural unit of the sub-wavelength size to have a large adjustable etc. According to the characteristics of effective relative permittivity and magnetic permeability, the shape and size of the metal dielectric composite structural unit are properly adjusted so that the equivalent permittivity and magnetic permeability are equal to the values of free space, so as to achieve zero scattering width. Zero-scattering linear particles, and use this to construct an equivalent uniform and three-dimensional isotropic artificial electromagnetic material with self-invisibility characteristics, so that structures of arbitrary shapes constructed with it can achieve self-invisibility, and will be used in radome, electromagnetic window It has broad application prospects in military and civilian fields.
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案包括：The technical solutions adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problems include:
粒子中心为金属结构，金属结构包括呈直线周期排列的金属单元，相邻的金属单元之间通过连接柱连接，金属单元和连接柱外包裹有柱体的电介质，构成实心柱体结构的零散射线形粒子，其中金属单元沿直线排列的排列方向、电介质柱体的高度方向与工作时入射电磁波的电场极化方向相同。The center of the particle is a metal structure. The metal structure includes metal units arranged in a straight line and periodically. Adjacent metal units are connected by connecting columns. The metal units and connecting columns are wrapped with a cylindrical dielectric to form a zero-scattering line of a solid cylindrical structure. Shaped particles, in which the arrangement direction of the metal units along a straight line and the height direction of the dielectric cylinder are the same as the electric field polarization direction of the incident electromagnetic wave during operation.
所述的金属单元的排列周期小于工作波长的1/4。The arrangement period of the metal units is less than 1/4 of the working wavelength.
所述的金属单元在三对正交方向上均设有连接柱。The metal unit is provided with connection posts in three pairs of orthogonal directions.
所述的连接柱为圆柱、棱柱或者椭圆柱。The connecting columns are cylinders, prisms or elliptical columns.
所述的金属单元为球体或多面体。The metal unit is a sphere or a polyhedron.
所述的金属单元和连接柱的材料采用金、银、铜、铝或铁。The materials of the metal unit and the connecting column are gold, silver, copper, aluminum or iron.
所述的电介质的材料采用聚砜、罗杰斯板、印刷电路板、特氟龙或FR4。The dielectric material is polysulfone, Rogers board, printed circuit board, Teflon or FR4.
所述的电磁隐形材料由零散射线形粒子按照金属结构线性方向平行排列而成任意结构。The electromagnetic stealth material is composed of zero-scattering linear particles arranged in parallel according to the linear direction of the metal structure to form an arbitrary structure.
本发明具有的有益效果是：The beneficial effects that the present invention has are:
1)结构简单，实现方便，成本低廉，可以将所述的零散射线形粒子以任意周期或者随意排列成任意层数、任意形状的三维离散或实体结构，均具有自我隐形的电磁特性。1) The structure is simple, the implementation is convenient, and the cost is low. The zero-scattering linear particles can be arranged in any period or at random into a three-dimensional discrete or solid structure with any number of layers and any shape, all of which have self-invisible electromagnetic properties.
2)匹配效果好，损耗小，透射率高，经过实例仿真验证，在工作频率上的散射宽度低达0.4×10-3倍空间宽度。2) The matching effect is good, the loss is small, and the transmittance is high. After the example simulation verification, the scattering width at the working frequency is as low as 0.4×10 -3 times the space width.
3)折射率稳定，与自由空间的值相差不超过1％。3) The refractive index is stable and does not differ by more than 1% from the value in free space.
4)可通过缩放线形粒子的结构尺寸使其工作在微波、射频、太赫兹以及光波等各个频段。4) By scaling the structural size of linear particles, it can work in various frequency bands such as microwave, radio frequency, terahertz and light waves.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明实施例1的结构示意图。Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
图2是本发明实施例1仿真得到的散射宽度。FIG. 2 is the scattering width obtained by simulation in Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
图3是本发明实施例1粒子构成的三维双平板型电磁隐身材料的示意图。Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional bislab type electromagnetic cloaking material composed of particles in Example 1 of the present invention.
图4是本发明实施例2的结构示意图。Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
图5是本发明实施例2仿真得到的散射宽度。FIG. 5 is the scattering width obtained by simulation in Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
图中：1、零散射线形粒子，2、金属结构，3、金属单元，4、连接柱，5、电介质。In the figure: 1. Zero-scattering linear particles, 2. Metal structure, 3. Metal unit, 4. Connecting column, 5. Dielectric.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面结合附图和具体实施例子，进一步阐明本发明。The present invention will be further clarified below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific implementation examples.
本发明的零散射线形粒子整体呈柱体结构，粒子中心为金属结构2，金属结构2包括呈直线周期排列的金属单元3，金属单元3数量为至少两个，相邻的金属单元3之间通过连接柱4连接，金属单元3和连接柱4外包裹有柱体的电介质5，构成实心柱体结构的零散射线形粒子1，其中金属单元3沿直线排列的的排列方向、电介质5柱体的高度方向与工作时入射电磁波的电场极化方向相同。The zero-scattering linear particles of the present invention have a cylindrical structure as a whole. The center of the particle is a metal structure 2. The metal structure 2 includes metal units 3 arranged in a straight line and periodically. The number of metal units 3 is at least two. Connected by the connecting column 4, the metal unit 3 and the connecting column 4 are wrapped with a columnar dielectric 5, forming a solid columnar structure of zero-scattering linear particles 1, wherein the metal unit 3 is arranged in a straight line, and the dielectric 5 column The height direction is the same as the electric field polarization direction of the incident electromagnetic wave during operation.
金属单元3的排列周期为亚波长，优选的小于工作波长的1/4。The arrangement period of the metal units 3 is sub-wavelength, preferably less than 1/4 of the working wavelength.
优选的金属单元3在立体的三对相互垂直的正交方向均设有连接柱4。Preferably, the metal unit 3 is provided with connecting columns 4 in three pairs of mutually perpendicular orthogonal directions.
优选的连接柱4为圆柱、棱柱或者椭圆柱。The preferred connecting column 4 is a cylinder, a prism or an ellipse.
优选的金属单元3为球体或多面体。Preferred metal units 3 are spheres or polyhedrons.
优选的金属单元3和连接柱4的材料采用金、银、铜、铝或铁。Preferred materials for the metal unit 3 and the connection post 4 are gold, silver, copper, aluminum or iron.
优选的电介质5的材料采用聚砜、特氟龙、罗杰斯板、印刷电路板或FR4。The preferred material of the dielectric 5 is polysulfone, Teflon, Rogers board, printed circuit board or FR4.
本发明的电磁隐形材料由零散射线形粒子1按照金属结构2线性方向平行排列而成任意结构，可以为任何形状的离散或者实体结构。The electromagnetic cloaking material of the present invention is composed of zero-scattering linear particles 1 arranged parallel to the linear direction of the metal structure 2 to form any structure, and can be a discrete or solid structure of any shape.
本发明的原理如下：Principle of the present invention is as follows:
由于上述零散射线形粒子的轴截面为亚波长尺寸，其电磁参数可以用等效的相对介电常数ε(ω)和相对磁导率μ(ω)表示。分别为以下公式：Since the axial section of the above-mentioned zero-scattering linear particles is sub-wavelength, its electromagnetic parameters can be expressed by equivalent relative permittivity ε(ω) and relative permeability μ(ω). They are the following formulas respectively:
ε(ω)＝ε1(ω)+iε2(ω)ε(ω)＝ε 1 (ω)+iε 2 (ω)
μ(ω)＝μ1(ω)+iμ2(ω)μ(ω)＝μ 1 (ω)+iμ 2 (ω)
其中，ε1(ω)为该等效媒质的相对介电常数的实部，ε2(ω)为该等效媒质相对介电常数的虚部(这部分的大小决定了材料的电损耗大小，ε2(ω)越大表示媒质的电损耗越大)。μ1(ω)为该等效媒质的相对磁导率的实部，μ2(ω)为该等效媒质相对磁导率的虚部(这部分的大小决定了媒质的磁损耗大小，μ2(ω)越大表示媒质的磁损耗越大)。上述的ω为入射电磁波的角频率，i为虚数单位。Among them, ε 1 (ω) is the real part of the relative permittivity of the equivalent medium, ε 2 (ω) is the imaginary part of the relative permittivity of the equivalent medium (the size of this part determines the electrical loss of the material , the greater ε 2 (ω) means the greater the electrical loss of the medium). μ 1 (ω) is the real part of the relative permeability of the equivalent medium, and μ 2 (ω) is the imaginary part of the relative permeability of the equivalent medium (the size of this part determines the magnetic loss of the medium, μ 2 (ω) the greater the magnetic loss of the medium is greater). The above-mentioned ω is the angular frequency of the incident electromagnetic wave, and i is the imaginary number unit.
当入射电磁波的电场沿着z方向极化时，线形粒子内部连续的连接柱与电介质混合结构会在微波频段内产生一个等效的等离子体频率，将本来在光波乃至红外波段的金属等离子频率降到所需要的工作频段，具体的工作频段由连接柱的轴截面以及介质层的尺寸和电磁参数决定。同时周期排列的金属颗粒也会在相应的频段产生电谐振。上述两个结构特性使得该线形粒子的等效介电常数色散符合具有两个谐振的Drude-Lorentz模型。其中第一个谐振为Drude模型，对应的谐振频率为0，是由连续的连接柱产生的。第二个谐振为Lorentz模型，对应的谐振是由周期排列的正金属颗粒产生的。两个谐振频率相离很远，其相对介电常数的实部ε1(ω)会在两个谐振频率中间的某个频率上等于1，同时具有很小的虚部ε2(ω)。由于整个结构中不存在磁谐振结构，根据混合媒质理论，其等效磁导率μ(ω)大小可以通过改变金属单元的颗粒尺寸进行调节。When the electric field of the incident electromagnetic wave is polarized along the z direction, the continuous connecting column and the dielectric mixed structure inside the linear particle will generate an equivalent plasma frequency in the microwave frequency band, reducing the metal plasma frequency in the light wave and even the infrared band. To the required working frequency band, the specific working frequency band is determined by the axial section of the connecting column and the size and electromagnetic parameters of the dielectric layer. At the same time, the metal particles arranged periodically will also generate electrical resonance in the corresponding frequency band. The above two structural properties make the equivalent permittivity dispersion of the linear particles conform to the Drude-Lorentz model with two resonances. The first resonance is the Drude model, and the corresponding resonance frequency is 0, which is generated by continuous connecting columns. The second resonance is the Lorentz model, and the corresponding resonance is produced by periodically arranged positive metal particles. The two resonant frequencies are so far apart that the real part ε 1 (ω) of the relative permittivity will be equal to 1 at some frequency midway between the two resonant frequencies, while having a small imaginary part ε 2 (ω). Since there is no magnetic resonance structure in the whole structure, according to the mixed medium theory, its equivalent magnetic permeability μ(ω) can be adjusted by changing the particle size of the metal unit.
适当调节金属单元和连接柱的尺寸即可以实现在某个所需频率上其对应的相对介电常数和磁导率均等于1，从而实现零散射。根据叠加原理，当这种亚波长尺寸的线形粒子无散射时，其任意多个线形粒子排列在任意位置上均具有零散射特性，因此可以基于这种零散射线形粒子构造出任意形状的电大尺寸等效媒质或者结构，使其具有完美的自我隐形特性。Properly adjusting the size of the metal unit and the connecting post can realize that the corresponding relative permittivity and magnetic permeability are both equal to 1 at a certain desired frequency, thereby realizing zero scattering. According to the principle of superposition, when such subwavelength-sized linear particles have no scattering, any number of linear particles arranged in any position have zero-scattering characteristics, so any shape of electrically large size can be constructed based on this zero-scattering linear particles The equivalent medium or structure makes it have perfect self-invisibility characteristics.
本发明的实施例如下：Embodiments of the present invention are as follows:
实施例1Example 1
零散射线形粒子实例1的尺寸及组成媒质如图1所示。呈正方柱结构的零散射线形粒子的轴截面是边长a为7mm的正方形，金属结构为铜，电导率为5.96×107S/m，金属单元的排列周期c为7mm，正方体金属颗粒的边长c为4mm，正方体金属颗粒六个面上突起的细小方柱型连接柱的轴截面边长d为0.6mm，长度为1.5mm。本实例中选择的电介质为聚砜(Polysulfone)，相对介电常数为2.97，损耗正切为0.0013，相对磁导率为1。对应的零散射工作频率为10GHz。仿真结果如图2所示，在工作频率上，电磁波垂直入射时，该零散射线形粒子的散射宽度仅为其空间尺寸的0.4×10-3倍。同时根据反演算法得到的该等效媒质的折射率为1.001，几乎与自由空间完全一致。The size and composition medium of the zero-scattering linear particle example 1 are shown in FIG. 1 . The axial cross-section of the zero-scattering linear particles in a square column structure is a square with a side length a of 7mm . The side length c is 4mm, the side length d of the axial section of the small square column type connecting column protruding from the six faces of the cube metal particles is 0.6mm, and the length is 1.5mm. The dielectric selected in this example is polysulfone (Polysulfone), with a relative permittivity of 2.97, a loss tangent of 0.0013, and a relative permeability of 1. The corresponding zero-scattering operating frequency is 10GHz. The simulation results are shown in Fig. 2. At the working frequency, when the electromagnetic wave is incident vertically, the scattering width of the zero-scattering linear particles is only 0.4×10 -3 times of its spatial size. At the same time, according to the inversion algorithm, the refractive index of the equivalent medium is 1.001, which is almost completely consistent with the free space.
用上述零散射线形粒子构成的三维双层平板型隐形材料的示意图如图3所示，由于其具有三维对称性，所示的隐形材料可以对任意极化的TE波工作。The schematic diagram of the three-dimensional double-layer flat-shaped cloaking material composed of the above-mentioned zero-scattering linear particles is shown in Figure 3. Due to its three-dimensional symmetry, the shown cloaking material can work for any polarized TE wave.
本实例的工作频率为10GHz，如果要工作在其他频率，只需要根据工作波长比例调整金属单元的尺寸。The working frequency of this example is 10GHz. If it is to work at other frequencies, it is only necessary to adjust the size of the metal unit according to the working wavelength ratio.
实施例2Example 2
零散射线形粒子实例2的尺寸及组成媒质如图4所示。呈正方柱结构的零散射线形粒子的轴截面是边长a为7mm的正方形，金属结构为铜，电导率为5.96×107S/m，球体金属单元的排列周期c为7mm，半径为2.5mm，直径b为5mm，球体金属颗粒的三个正交方向上突起的圆柱型连接柱的轴截面是半径为0.148mm的圆，其直径d为0.296mm，长度为1mm。本实例中选择的电介质仍为聚砜(Polysulfone)，对应的零散射工作频率仍为10GHz。仿真结果如图5所示，在工作频率上，电磁波垂直入射时，该零散射线形粒子的散射宽度仅为其空间尺寸的0.45×10-3倍。The size and composition medium of the zero-scattering linear particle example 2 are shown in FIG. 4 . The axial section of the zero-scattering linear particles in a square column structure is a square with a side length a of 7mm, the metal structure is copper, the electrical conductivity is 5.96×10 7 S/m, the arrangement period c of the spherical metal unit is 7mm, and the radius is 2.5 mm, the diameter b is 5mm, the axial section of the cylindrical connecting column protruding in three orthogonal directions of the spherical metal particles is a circle with a radius of 0.148mm, its diameter d is 0.296mm, and the length is 1mm. The dielectric selected in this example is still polysulfone (Polysulfone), and the corresponding zero-scattering working frequency is still 10 GHz. The simulation results are shown in Fig. 5. At the working frequency, when the electromagnetic wave is incident vertically, the scattering width of the zero-scattering linear particles is only 0.45×10 -3 times of its spatial size.
本实例的工作频率仍为10GHz，如果要工作在其他频率，只需要根据工作波长比例调整金属单元的尺寸。The working frequency of this example is still 10GHz. If it is to work at other frequencies, it is only necessary to adjust the size of the metal unit according to the working wavelength ratio.
具体实施中，本发明的金属结构的金属单元3和连接柱4的材料采用金、银、铝或铁等其他金属材料，在微波频段下其各导电特性几乎没有差别，对最终效果几乎没有影响，因此金、银、铝或铁均可用作金属结构的材料进行替换。并且，连接柱4中采用的圆柱、棱柱或者椭圆柱，在亚波长的尺寸下对电磁波的响应相同，对最终效果几乎没有影响，因此可在具体实施中随意替换。In specific implementation, the metal unit 3 and the connecting column 4 of the metal structure of the present invention are made of other metal materials such as gold, silver, aluminum or iron, and there is almost no difference in their conductive properties under the microwave frequency band, which has almost no impact on the final effect , so gold, silver, aluminum or iron can be used as the material of the metal structure for replacement. Moreover, the cylinders, prisms or elliptical cylinders used in the connecting column 4 have the same response to electromagnetic waves in sub-wavelength dimensions, and have almost no impact on the final effect, so they can be replaced at will in specific implementation.
需要注意的是本实施例子仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围，在阅读了本发明后，相关领域的技术人员对本发明所做的各种等价形式的修改均落于本申请所附权利要求限定的范围。It should be noted that this implementation example is only used to illustrate the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. After reading the present invention, all modifications made by those skilled in the relevant art to the present invention fall within the scope of this invention. The scope of the application is defined by the appended claims.
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