CN104137512A - Data backup method, device, and system - Google Patents

Data backup method, device, and system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104137512A
CN104137512A CN201280003654.9A CN201280003654A CN104137512A CN 104137512 A CN104137512 A CN 104137512A CN 201280003654 A CN201280003654 A CN 201280003654A CN 104137512 A CN104137512 A CN 104137512A
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backup
data
transmission state
candidate
target
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CN104137512B (en
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欧雄兵
祈银红
张秦
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Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
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Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
    • H04L67/1095—Replication or mirroring of data, e.g. scheduling or transport for data synchronisation between network nodes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
    • G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
    • G06F11/14—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in operation
    • G06F11/1402—Saving, restoring, recovering or retrying
    • G06F11/1446—Point-in-time backing up or restoration of persistent data
    • G06F11/1458—Management of the backup or restore process
    • G06F11/1464—Management of the backup or restore process for networked environments
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
    • G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
    • G06F11/14—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in operation
    • G06F11/1402—Saving, restoring, recovering or retrying
    • G06F11/1446—Point-in-time backing up or restoration of persistent data
    • G06F11/1448—Management of the data involved in backup or backup restore

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Information Retrieval, Db Structures And Fs Structures Therefor (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed are a data backup method, device, and system, used for adaptively selecting a backup data center (DC), and especially selecting a synchronous backup DC to perform synchronous data backup. The method in the embodiment of the present invention comprises: detecting a transmission state between a main DC and candidate backup DCs, the transmission state comprising transmission bandwidth and transmission delay; according to data sent by a user, the transmission state, and the expected number of copies N, selecting a target backup DC that meets a preset condition from the candidate backup DCs; and sending the data to the target backup DC, so that the target backup DC saves the copies of the data. By means of the technical solution of the embodiment of the present invention, quality of a network between a main DC and a target backup DC in a cloud storage system can be ensured, which improves the success rate of data uploading by a user and also enhances the efficiency of the cloud storage system.

Description

Data backup method, device, and system
A kind of data back up method, device and system technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of data storage, more particularly to a kind of data back up method, device and system.
Background technology
Cloud storage is a kind of emerging data storage method, and data are by network transmission and are stored in the data center that service provider is provided（DC, Data Center), then, user realizes the accessing operation to the data by network insertion.
At present, the data stored are implemented back-up processing by the persistence of service provider's data storage in order to ensure.Logically, the data center of cloud storage system includes：Main DC, backed up in synchronization DC and the classes of async backup DC tri-, wherein, main DC is used to enter row data communication, and the original of data storage with user, and backed up in synchronization DC is used for synchronous preservation copy, and async backup DC is used for asynchronous preservation copy.Number of copies is the service-level agreement signed according to user and service provider（SLA, Service Level Agreement) determine.There was only 1 main DC in one cloud storage system model, but there can be multiple backed up in synchronization DC.Priority can be set in construction system for backed up in synchronization DC, and the number of copies of main DC backed up in synchronization as requested selects the backed up in synchronization DC of the respective numbers of highest priority to carry out the synchronous preservation of copy.Backed up in synchronization DC is preserved after copy, can send backup success message to main DC.If now main DC also successfully preserves original, main DC sends to user and uploads success message.Async backup is then carried out on backstage with asynchronous task.
In above-mentioned prior art, for user, data are successfully preserved only in main DC and backed up in synchronization DC simultaneously after, just count in passing successfully.But, because backed up in synchronization DC priority is fixed, therefore main DC can only fix the high backed up in synchronization DC of selection priority and synchronize backup.Once network channel therebetween is in bad state, data may can not backed up in synchronization to backed up in synchronization DC, or take permanent ability backed up in synchronization to backed up in synchronization DC.Such case causes user to upload data failure, or feels that uploading speed Slow is slow, have impact on the storage efficiency of cloud storage system.
The content of the invention
In order to solve the above problems, the embodiments of the invention provide a kind of data back up method, device and system, the backed up in synchronization of data is carried out for choice of dynamical backed up in synchronization DC.By implementing the present embodiment technical scheme, the network quality between main DC and target backup DC in cloud storage system is ensure that, the success rate that user uploads data is improved, while the efficiency of cloud storage system can be improved. First aspect present invention provides a kind of data back up method, including：
The transmission state between primary data center DC and candidate backup DC is detected, the transmission state includes transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time；
Data, the transmission state and the expectation number of copies N sent according to user chooses the target backup DC for meeting preparatory condition from the candidate backup DC;
The data are sent to the target backup DC so that the target backup DC preserves the copy of the data.
In the first possible implementation, also include after the transmission state between the main DC and candidate backup DC of detection：
Transmission state information table is safeguarded according to the transmission state, the transmission state information table includes：Device name, transmission bandwidth, propagation delay time, transmission bandwidth priority and the propagation delay time priority of the candidate backup DC.
With reference to the first possible implementation of first aspect, in second of possible implementation, the main DC also includes after safeguarding transmission state information table according to the transmission state：
When it is the first kind that the capacity of the data, which is more than the first threshold value or its data type, it is primary sources to determine the data, when it is Second Type that the capacity of the data, which is less than first threshold value or its data type, it is secondary sources to determine the data.
With reference to second of possible implementation of first aspect, in the third possible implementation, the expectation number of copies N, which is equal to, expects backed up in synchronization number of copies Ni plus expectation async backup number of copies N2, the target backup DC include object synchronization backup DC and target async backup DC,
The data sent according to user, the transmission state and it is expected that number of copies N chooses from the candidate backup DC and meet the target backup DC of preparatory condition and include：
If the data are primary sources, then select N number of candidate backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority as target backup DC from the transmission state information table, the transmission bandwidth priority of the object synchronization backup DC is higher than the transmission bandwidth priority of the target async backup DC；
If the data are secondary sources, then select N number of candidate backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority as target backup DC from the transmission state information table, the propagation delay time priority of the object synchronization backup DC is higher than the propagation delay time priority of the target async backup DC；
Wherein, the quantity of the object synchronization backup DC is, the quantity of the target async backup DC For N2。
Second aspect of the present invention provides a kind of data backup device, including：
The transmission state between primary data center DC and candidate backup DC is detected, the transmission state includes transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time；
Data, the transmission state and the expectation number of copies N sent according to user chooses the target backup DC for meeting preparatory condition from the candidate backup DC;
The data are sent to the target backup DC so that the target backup DC preserves the copy of the data.
In the first possible implementation, the data backup device also includes：
Maintenance unit, for safeguarding transmission state information table according to the transmission state, the transmission state information table includes：Device name, transmission bandwidth, propagation delay time, transmission bandwidth priority and the propagation delay time priority of the candidate backup DC.
With reference to the first possible implementation of second aspect, in second of possible implementation, the data backup device also includes：
Judging unit, for when it is the first kind that the capacity of the data, which is more than the first threshold value or its data type, it is primary sources to determine the data, it is additionally operable to when it is Second Type that the capacity of the data, which is less than first threshold value or its data type, it is secondary sources to determine the data.
With reference to second of possible implementation of second aspect, in the third possible implementation, the expectation number of copies N, which is equal to, expects backed up in synchronization number of copies Ni plus expectation async backup number of copies N2, the target backup DC include object synchronization backup DC and target async backup DC,
The selection unit is specifically included：
First choice subelement, if being primary sources for the data, then select N number of candidate backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority as target backup DC from the transmission state information table, the transmission bandwidth priority of the object synchronization backup DC is higher than the transmission bandwidth priority of the target async backup DC；If being additionally operable to the data for secondary sources, then select N number of candidate backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority as target backup DC from the transmission state information table, the propagation delay time priority of the object synchronization backup DC is higher than the propagation delay time priority of the target async backup DC；
Wherein, the quantity of the object synchronization backup DC is that the quantity of the target async backup DC is N2。 As can be seen from the above technical solutions, the embodiment of the present invention has advantages below：
By detecting the transmission state between main DC and candidate backup DC, it will appreciate that the network quality between main DC and each candidate backup DC, when backing up progress, data, transmission state and the expectation number of copies N sent according to user selects suitable candidate backup DC as target backup DC, then is sent to data.The backup procedure is based on network quality, therefore, it is possible to ensure that user uploads the speed and success rate of data to greatest extent, while also just effectively increasing the operating efficiency of cloud storage system.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the data back up method flow chart of first embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 2 is cloud storage system structural representation of the invention；
Fig. 3 is the data back up method flow chart of second embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 4 is a kind of detection order schematic diagram of the invention；
Fig. 5 is another detection order schematic diagram of the invention；
Fig. 6 is the data backup device structure chart of third embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 7 is the data backup device structure chart of fourth embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 8 is the data backup system structure chart of fifth embodiment of the invention；
A kind of network equipment schematic diagram that Fig. 9 provides for the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the Figure of description in the present invention, the technical scheme in invention is clearly and completely described, it is clear that described embodiment is only a part of embodiment of the invention, rather than whole embodiments.Based on the embodiment in the present invention, the every other embodiment that those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained under the premise of creative work is not made belongs to the scope of protection of the invention.
The embodiments of the invention provide a kind of data back up method, the backed up in synchronization of data is carried out for choice of dynamical backed up in synchronization DC.By implementing technical solution of the present invention, the network quality between main DC and target backup DC in cloud storage system is ensure that, the success rate that user uploads data is improved, while the efficiency of cloud storage system can be improved.The embodiment of the present invention also provides the device and system related to the data back up method, will be described in detail respectively below.
A kind of data back up method will be described in detail for first embodiment of the invention, and the present embodiment data back up method idiographic flow to be described refers to Fig. 1, including step：
101st, the transmission state between detection primary data center DC and candidate backup DC. In the present embodiment, cloud storage system structure refers to Fig. 2, including main DC201 and at least one candidate backup DC202, main DC201 are communicated to connect with each candidate backup DC202 respectively, are represented by dotted lines in figure.
Before main DC201 of the user 203 into cloud storage system uploads data, the transmission state between main DC201 and each candidate backup DC202 is detected first.Wherein, the content of transmission state at least includes the transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time between main DC201 and each candidate backup DC202, the network quality that transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time can directly reflect between main DC201 and candidate backup DC202.
102nd, data, the transmission state and the expectation number of copies N sent according to user chooses the target backup DC for meeting preparatory condition from candidate backup DC.
Wherein, it is the copy amount according to determined by SLA to expect number of copies N, under cloud storage system framework, and 1 copy can only be stored in 1 backup DC.
Refer to Fig. 2, the expectation number of copies N of transmission state and user 203 between data, main DC201 and each candidate backup DC202 that main DC201 is uploaded according to user 203, the target backup DC204 for meeting preparatory condition is chosen from candidate backup DC202, target backup DC204 quantity is identical with expecting number of copies N.
In this step, corresponding to the transmission state detected in step 101, the setting of the preparatory condition is related to transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time, will be illustrated in subsequent embodiment.
103rd, data are sent to target backup DC so that target backup DC preserves the copy of the data.Fig. 2 is referred to, after target backup DC204 is determined, data is sent to target backup DC204, is represented in figure with solid line so that target backup DC204 preserves the copy of data, and at the same time, main DC201 also preserves the original of data.
In the present embodiment, by detecting the transmission state between main DC and candidate backup DC, grasp the network quality between main DC and each candidate backup DC, when backing up progress, data, transmission state and the expectation number of copies N sent according to user selects suitable candidate backup DC as target backup DC, then is sent to data.The backup procedure is based on network quality, therefore, it is possible to ensure that user uploads the speed and success rate of data to greatest extent, while also just effectively increasing the operating efficiency of cloud storage system.
Second embodiment of the invention will remark additionally to the data back up method described in first embodiment, and the data back up method idiographic flow described in the present embodiment refers to Fig. 3, including step：
301st, the transmission state between detection primary data center DC and candidate backup DC. In the present embodiment, cloud storage system structure refers to Fig. 2, and its attachment structure is repeated no more.
In this step, the transmission state between detection main DC201 and each candidate backup DC202.Wherein, the content of transmission state at least includes the transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time between main DC201 and each candidate backup DC202, the network quality that transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time can directly reflect between main DC201 and candidate backup DC202.
Preferably, Detection task specifically can be including but not limited to following two：
The first, main DC maintain 1 independent background task.It is transmitted and detects using the first data of the first normal capacity size during detection transmission bandwidth, first data are generally big data, it is transmitted and detects using the second data of the second normal capacity size during detection propagation delay time, second data are generally small data, and detection propagation delay time can also be directly using ping orders.Repeatedly it can measure and average according to detection number of times set in advance during detection, detection number of times is for every 1 candidate backup DC.
Secondth, main DC is in normal operation flow, and according to detection number of times set in advance, the normal upload task by the use of correspondence number of times is used as Detection task.Main DC first determines whether the size of the data in upload task, a kind of method is threshold value of the setting for distinguishes data size, it is big data more than the threshold value, what is be less than is then small data, big data is used to detect transmission bandwidth, small data is used to detect propagation delay time, and detection propagation delay time can also be directly using ping orders.Judge data size can also based on data content type carry out, for example, video stream data be big data, text data is small data.
Preferably, in this step, actually detected operate is：The average transmission state between main DC and candidate backup DC is detected according to default detection number of times.When being detected to each candidate backup DC transmission state, detection order can be including but not limited to following two：
The first, all candidate backup DC are detected using 1 data every time.
Refer to Fig. 4, cloud storage system includes main DC, the first backup DC and the second backup DC, it is 3 times to detect number of times, data for detection are respectively URL1, URL2 and URL3, data transmission interface is HTTP, upload mode is HTTP/Put, and response mode is HTTP/Response.
When detecting for the first time, URL1 is sent to the first backup DC and the second backup DC respectively from main DC, response is then received again.During second of detection, URL2 is sent to the first backup DC and the second backup DC respectively from main DC, response is then received again.When third time is detected, URL3 is sent to the first backup DC and the second backup DC respectively from main DC, response is then received again.The average value of the final transmission state for calculating response. Secondth, all candidate backup DC are detected one by one according to default detection number of times.Refer to Fig. 5, cloud storage system includes main DC, the first backup DC and the second backup DC, it is 3 times to detect number of times, data for detection are respectively URL1, URL2 and URL3, data transmission interface is HTTP, upload mode is HTTP/Put, and response mode is HTTP/Response.
First, URL1, URL2 and URL3 are sent successively from main DC to the first backup DC, and receive corresponding cubic response.Then, from main DC to the second backup DC send successively URL1, URL2 and
URL3, and receive corresponding cubic response.
302nd, transmission state information table is safeguarded according to the transmission state.
Refer to Fig. 2, after each candidate backup DC202 transmission state has been detected, transmission state information table is safeguarded according to the transmission state, concrete operations mode is transmission bandwidth, the average value of propagation delay time in refreshing table, and assigns transmission bandwidth priority and propagation delay time priority to each candidate backup DC202 according to this testing result.For example, the maximum candidate backup DC of transmission bandwidth transmission bandwidth priority is 1, what is taken second place is then 2, and so on.
Wherein, transmission state information table includes：Candidate backup DC device name, transmission bandwidth, propagation delay time, transmission bandwidth priority and propagation delay time priority.Preferably, transmission state information table can also include the setting value of the detection number of times described in step 301, and detection number of times is used for the number of times for indicating to be detected during the average transmission state between the main DC and candidate backup DC of detection.
The instantiation of one transmission state information table refers to table 1 below, and the parameter in the table is citing entirely, without any limiting meaning.
Table 1
303rd, when the capacity of the data sent as user is more than the first threshold value, it is primary sources to determine the data, and when the capacity of the data is less than the first threshold value, it is secondary sources to determine the data.
In this step, the mark for distinguishing size of data is used as using data capacity.Fig. 2 is referred to, when the capacity of the data sent with note is more than the first threshold value, it is primary sources to determine the data, when the capacity of data is less than the first threshold value, it is secondary sources to determine the data.
Preferably, the first threshold value value is 1MB, then primary sources are big data, secondary sources For small data.The capacity of data can be specifically obtained using the Content-Length header fields in HTTP request message, then carries out judgement differentiation.
Another sunset is foretold, in some special application fields, judges that the size of data more facilitates on the contrary using data type.Therefore, this step can also be replaced with：When the data type for the data that user sends is the first kind, it is primary sources to determine the data, and when the data type of the data is Second Type, it is secondary sources to determine the data.
Preferably, the first kind can be multiple media types, and Second Type is text type, then primary sources are big data, and secondary sources are small data.Specifically data type can be determined with the extension name of sniff data file.
In technical solution of the present invention, a cardinal principle is that the larger candidate backup DC of preferred transmission bandwidth is used to preserve big data, and the preferably less candidate backup DC of propagation delay time preserves small data.
In the present embodiment, it is expected that number of copies N is equal to expects backed up in synchronization number of copies plus expectation async backup number of copies Ν2, target backup DC include object synchronization backup DC and target async backup DC.
If the 304, the data are primary sources, then N number of candidate backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority is selected to be used as target backup DC from transmission state information table, object synchronization backup DC transmission bandwidth priority is higher than target async backup DC transmission bandwidth priority, and object synchronization backup DC quantity is NL 5Target async backup DC quantity is N2, Ν=ΝΓΗΝ2。
For example, candidate backup DC quantity is Μ (Μ>Ν), transmission bandwidth priority is selected to be used as target backup DC for 1 ~ Ν Ν candidate backup DC from transmission state information table, wherein, the individual target backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority is used as object synchronization backup DC, remaining N in N number of target backup DC2Individual target backup DC is used as target async backup DC.
If the 305, the data are secondary sources, then N number of candidate backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is selected to be used as target backup DC from transmission state information table, object synchronization backup DC propagation delay time priority is higher than target async backup DC propagation delay time priority, and object synchronization backup DC quantity is NL 5Target async backup DC quantity is N2, Ν=ΝΓΗΝ2。
For example, candidate backup DC quantity is Μ (Μ>Ν), propagation delay time priority is selected to be used as target backup DC for 1 ~ Ν Ν candidate backup DC from transmission state information table, wherein, the individual target backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is used as object synchronization backup DC, remaining N in N number of target backup DC2Individual target backup DC is used as target async backup DC. Preferably, target backup DC, which can only include object synchronization backup DC, candidate backup DC, can only include candidate synchronization backup DC.Then step 304 could alternatively be：If the data are primary sources, N number of candidate synchronization backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority is selected to be used as object synchronization backup DC from transmission state information table.Then step 305 could alternatively be：If the data are secondary sources, N number of candidate synchronization backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is selected to be used as object synchronization backup DC from transmission state information table.
Preferably, target backup DC, which can only include target async backup DC, candidate backup DC, can only include candidate's async backup DC.Then step 304 could alternatively be：If the data are primary sources, N number of candidate's async backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority is selected to be used as target async backup DC from transmission state information table.Then step 305 could alternatively be：If the data are secondary sources, N number of candidate's async backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is selected to be used as target async backup DC from transmission state information table.
306th, data are sent to target backup DC so that target backup DC preserves the copy of the data.Fig. 2 is referred to, after target backup DC204 is determined, data is sent to target backup DC204, is represented in figure with solid line so that target backup DC204 preserves the copy of data, and at the same time, main DC301 also preserves the original of data.
Preferably, when sending data to target backup DC, will also the real-time Transmission state between main DC and target backup DC be detected.
After object synchronization backup DC and main DC successfully preserve the data that user sends, main DC will receive the backup success message that object synchronization backup DC is sent.At this moment, main DC sends to user and uploads success message.In async backup task, main DC will receive the backup success message that target async backup DC is sent.
Preferably, it can be communicatively coupled between user and main DC using HTTP interface, can also use NFS (Network File System, NFS）Or CIFS (Common Internet File System, common internet file system）Interface, is not especially limited here.
307th, when predetermined period expires, the transmission state between perform detection main DC and candidate backup DC is triggered.
In actual use, the real-time Transmission state moment between main DC and each candidate backup DC changes, therefore, it is necessary to set the update mechanism of detection transmission state.In the present embodiment, one is set to preset Cycle, initial time in the cycle starts to detect transmission state between main DC and each candidate backup DC, then detected value is effective within the cycle, but the validity of detected value also can continue aging with the time, therefore when next predetermined period starts, again transmission state is detected, so as to ensure the validity of detected transmission state.For example, predetermined period is set to 300 seconds.
Preferably, the predetermined period described in this step can also be recorded in transmission state information table.The instantiation of another transmission state information table refers to table 2 below, and the parameter in the table is citing entirely, without any limiting meaning.
Table 2
Preferably, the update mechanism can also be designed based on transmission state.Within step 306, when sending data to target backup DC, the real-time Transmission state between main DC and target backup DC can also be detected.This detection generally existing in data transfer flow, is repeated no more here.When either objective backup DC real-time Transmission state deteriorates more than the second threshold value compared with the transmission state of transmission state information table, being specifically as follows target backup DC transmission bandwidth reduces 20%, or propagation delay time adds 20%, the specific manifestation that transmission state deteriorates can be considered.In this case, the transmission state between triggering perform detection main DC and candidate backup DC.
In the present embodiment, the transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time being periodically detected between main DC and candidate backup DC, grasp the network quality between main DC and each candidate backup DC in real time, and these transmission state information are safeguarded in transmission state information table.When backing up progress, suitable candidate backup DC is selected as target backup DC according to the size of data, candidate backup DC transmission state and expectation number of copies, then be sent to data and backed up.The backup procedure is based on network quality, therefore, it is possible to ensure that user uploads the speed and success rate of data to greatest extent, while also just effectively increasing the operating efficiency of cloud storage system.
A kind of data backup device will be described in detail for third embodiment of the invention, and the one or more steps one or more units for realizing preceding method is included in the data backup device described in the present embodiment.Therefore, to the description of each step in preceding method suitable for notebook data back-up device corresponding unit.Data backup device concrete structure described in the present embodiment refers to Fig. 6, including：
First detection unit 601, selection unit 602 and backup units 603.Wherein, the first detection unit 601st, choosing unit 602, backup units 603 can be communicatively coupled with least one candidate backup DC62.Notebook data back-up device can be as independent module loading on main DC60.
First detection unit 601, for detecting the transmission state between main DC60 and candidate backup DC62.Before user 61 uploads data to main DC60, the first detection unit 601 can first detect the transmission state between main DC60 and each candidate backup DC62.Wherein, the content of transmission state comprises at least the transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time between main DC60 and each candidate backup DC62, the network quality that transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time can directly reflect between main DC60 and candidate backup DC62.
Unit 602 is chosen, the target backup DC for meeting preparatory condition is chosen from candidate backup DC62 for the data sent according to user, the transmission state and expectation number of copies N.
Wherein, the data described in the present embodiment refer to the data that user 61 uploads to main DC60, and it is the copy amount according to determined by SLA to expect number of copies N, under cloud storage system framework, and 1 copy can only be stored in 1 backup DC.
Choose the transmission state between data, main DC60 and each candidate backup DC62 that unit 602 is uploaded according to user 61 and the expectation number of copies N of user 61, the target backup DC for meeting preparatory condition is chosen from least one candidate backup DC62, target backup DC quantity is identical with expecting number of copies N.
The setting of the preparatory condition is related to transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time, will be illustrated in subsequent embodiment.
Backup units 603, for sending data to target backup DC so that target backup DC preserves the copy of data.
After selection unit 602 determines target backup DC, backup units 603 send data to target backup DC so that target backup DC preserves the copy of data, and at the same time, the memory cell in main DC60 also preserves the original of data.
In the present embodiment, detection unit 601 is by detecting the transmission state between main DC60 and candidate backup DC62, grasp the network quality between main DC60 and each candidate backup DC62, when backing up progress, data, transmission state and the expectation number of copies N that selection unit 602 is sent according to user select suitable candidate backup DC as target backup DC, and backup units 603 send data to target backup DC again and backed up.The backup procedure is based on network quality, therefore, it is possible to ensure that user 61 uploads the speed and success rate of data to greatest extent, while also just effectively increasing the operating efficiency of cloud storage system.
Fourth embodiment of the invention will remark additionally to the data backup device described in 3rd embodiment, this The one or more steps one or more units for realizing preceding method is included in data backup device described in embodiment.Therefore, to the description of each step in preceding method suitable for notebook data back-up device corresponding unit.Data backup device concrete structure described in the present embodiment refers to Fig. 7, including：
First detection unit 701, maintenance unit 702, judging unit 703, selection unit 704, backup units 705, the first trigger element 706, the second detection unit 707, the second trigger element 708.Wherein, first detection unit 701 is communicated to connect with maintenance unit 702, maintenance unit 702 is communicated to connect with judging unit 703, judging unit 703 is communicated to connect with choosing unit 704, unit 704 is chosen to communicate to connect with backup units 705, choose unit 704, backup units 705 are communicated to connect with candidate backup DC72 respectively, backup units 705 are also communicated to connect with the second detection unit 707, second detection unit 707 is communicated to connect with the second trigger element 708, first trigger element 706, second trigger element 708 is communicated to connect with the first detection unit 701 respectively.
Preferably, the first detection unit 701 is specifically included：Detection sub-unit 7011.Unit 704 is chosen to specifically include：The selection selection subelement 7043 of subelement the 7042, the 3rd of first choice subelement 7041, second.
Transmission state between first detection unit 701, detection primary data center DC70 and candidate backup DC72.
Wherein, the content of transmission state at least includes the transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time between main DC70 and each candidate backup DC72, the network quality that transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time can directly reflect between main DC70 and candidate backup DC72.
Preferably, Detection task specifically can be including but not limited to following two：
The first, main DC maintain 1 independent background task.
Secondth, main DC is in normal operation flow, according to detection number of times set in advance, by the use of the normal upload task of correspondence number of times as inspection ' j tasks.
Both modes of Detection task specifically refer to the related record of second embodiment, repeat no more here.
First detection unit 701 is specifically included：
Detection sub-unit 7011, for detecting the average transmission state between main DC70 and candidate backup DC72 according to default detection number of times.
When first detection unit 701 is detected to each candidate backup DC72 transmission state, detection order can be including but not limited to following two： The first, all candidate backup DC are detected using 1 data every time.The specific related record for referring to Fig. 4 and second embodiment, is repeated no more here.
Secondth, all candidate backup DC are detected one by one according to default detection number of times.The specific related record for referring to Fig. 5 and second embodiment, is repeated no more here.
Maintenance unit 702, the transmission state for being detected according to the first detection unit 701 safeguards transmission state information table.
After the first detection unit 701 has detected each candidate backup DC72 transmission state, maintenance unit 702 safeguards transmission state information table according to the transmission state, specific executive mode is transmission bandwidth, the average value of propagation delay time in refreshing table, and assigns transmission bandwidth priority and propagation delay time priority to each candidate backup DC72 according to this testing result.For example, the maximum candidate backup DC of transmission bandwidth transmission bandwidth priority is 1, what is taken second place is then 2, and so on.
Wherein, transmission state information table includes：Candidate backup DC device name, transmission bandwidth, propagation delay time, transmission bandwidth priority and propagation delay time priority.Preferably, transmission state information table can also include the setting value that number of times is detected to the first detection unit 701, and detection number of times is used to indicate that the first detection unit 701 detects the number of times detected during the average transmission state between main DC70 and candidate backup DC72.
Judging unit 703, for when the capacity for the data that user sends is more than the first threshold value, it to be primary sources to determine the data, is additionally operable to when the capacity of the data is less than the first threshold value, it is secondary sources to determine the data.
In the present embodiment, the mark for distinguishing size of data is used as using data capacity.Preferably, the first threshold value value is 1MB, then primary sources are big data, and secondary sources are small data.The capacity of data can be specifically obtained using the Content-Length header fields in HTTP request message, then carries out judgement differentiation.
Another sunset is foretold, in some special application fields, judges that the size of data more facilitates on the contrary using data type.Therefore, judging unit 703 can be used for：When the data type for the data that user sends is the first kind, it is primary sources to determine the data, is additionally operable to when the data type of the data is Second Type, it is secondary sources to determine the data.
Preferably, the first kind can be multiple media types, and Second Type is text type, then primary sources are big data, and secondary sources are small data.Specifically data type can be determined with the extension name of sniff data file. In technical solution of the present invention, a cardinal principle is that the larger candidate backup DC of preferred transmission bandwidth is used to preserve big data, and the preferably less candidate backup DC of propagation delay time preserves small data.
Unit 704 is chosen, the target backup DC for meeting preparatory condition is chosen from candidate backup DC72 for the data sent according to user, transmission state and expectation number of copies N.
Unit 704 is chosen to specifically include：The selection selection subelement 7043 of subelement 7042 and the 3rd of first choice subelement 7041, second.Three can only select one to perform operation the same time.
First choice subelement 7041, if being primary sources for the data, then N number of candidate backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority is selected to be used as target backup DC from transmission state information table, object synchronization backup DC transmission bandwidth priority is higher than target async backup DC transmission bandwidth priority, and object synchronization backup DC quantity is NLTarget async backup DC quantity is N2, Ν=ΝΓΗΝ2.First choice subelement 7041, if being additionally operable to the data for secondary sources, then Ν candidate backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is selected to be used as target backup DC from transmission state information table, object synchronization backup DC propagation delay time priority is higher than target async backup DC propagation delay time priority, and object synchronization backup DC quantity is NlTarget async backup DC quantity is N2,
Wherein, it is expected that number of copies N is equal to expects backed up in synchronization number of copies ^ plus expectation async backup number of copies N2, target backup DC include object synchronization backup DC and target async backup DC.
One example：Candidate backup DC quantity is M (M>N), transmission bandwidth priority is selected to be used as target backup DC for 1 ~ N N number of candidate backup DC from transmission state information table, wherein, the individual target backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority is used as object synchronization backup DC, remaining N in the N target backup DC2Individual target backup DC is used as target async backup DC.
Another example：Candidate backup DC quantity is M (M>N), propagation delay time priority is selected to be used as target backup DC for l ~ N N number of candidate backup DC from transmission state information table, wherein, the individual target backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is used as object synchronization backup DC, remaining N in the N target backup DC2Individual target backup DC is used as target async backup DC.
Second selection subelement 7042, if being primary sources for the data, then N candidate synchronization backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority is selected to be used as object synchronization backup DC from transmission state information table, if being additionally operable to the data for secondary sources, N number of candidate synchronization backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is selected to be used as object synchronization backup DC from transmission state information table.
Wherein, target backup DC only includes object synchronization backup DC, candidate backup DC and also only includes time Select backed up in synchronization DC.
3rd selection subelement 7043, if being primary sources for the data, then N candidate's async backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority is selected to be used as target async backup DC from transmission state information table, if being additionally operable to the data for secondary sources, N number of candidate's async backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is selected to be used as target async backup DC from transmission state information table.
Wherein, target backup DC only includes target async backup DC, candidate backup DC and also only includes candidate's async backup DC.
Backup units 705, for sending data to target backup DC so that target backup DC preserves the copy of the data.
After selection unit 704 determines target backup DC, backup units 705 send data to target backup DC so that target backup DC preserves the copy of data, and at the same time, main DC70 also preserves the original of data.
Preferably, when backup units 705 send data to target backup DC, the second detection unit 707 is also by the real-time Transmission state between the main DC70 and target backup DC72 of detection.
After object synchronization backup DC and main DC70 successfully preserve the data that user 71 sends, main DC70 will receive the backup success message that object synchronization backup DC is sent.At this moment, main DC70 sends to user 71 and uploads success message.In async backup task, main DC70 will receive the backup success message that target async backup DC is sent.
Preferably, it can be communicatively coupled between user 71 and main DC70 using HTTP interface, can also use NFS (Network File System, NFS）Or CIFS (Common Internet File System, common internet file system）Interface, is not especially limited here.
First trigger element 706, for when predetermined period expires, the first detection unit 701 of triggering to perform operation.
In actual use, the real-time Transmission state moment between main DC70 and each candidate backup DC72 changes, therefore, it is necessary to set the update mechanism of detection transmission state.In the present embodiment, set a predetermined period, in the initial time in the cycle, first detection unit 701 starts to detect transmission state between main DC and each candidate backup DC, then detected value is effective within the cycle, but the validity of detected value also can continue aging with the time, therefore when next predetermined period starts, first trigger element 706 triggers the first detection unit 701 and detects transmission state again, so as to ensure the validity of detected transmission state.For example, Predetermined period is set to 300 seconds.
Preferably, predetermined period can also be recorded in transmission state information table.
Second detection unit 707, for when backup units 705 are performed and operated, detecting the real-time Transmission state between main DC70 and target backup DC72.This detection generally existing in data transfer flow, is repeated no more here.
Second trigger element 708, for when either objective backup DC real-time Transmission state deteriorates more than the second threshold value compared with the transmission state of transmission state information table, the first detection unit 701 of triggering to perform operation.Being specifically as follows target backup DC transmission bandwidth reduces 20%, or propagation delay time adds 20%, can be considered the specific manifestation that transmission state deteriorates.
Wherein, the first trigger element 706 and the same time of the second trigger element 708 can only select one and use.In the present embodiment, detection unit 701 is detected the transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time between main DC70 and candidate backup DC72 by the update mechanism of pre-selection, notebook data back-up device is grasped the network quality between main DC70 and each candidate backup DC72 in real time, and these information are safeguarded in transmission state information table by maintenance unit 702.When backing up progress, unit 704 is chosen according to the size of data, candidate backup DC72 transmission state and it is expected that number of copies N selects suitable candidate backup DC as target backup DC, then is sent to data by backup units 705 and is backed up.The backup procedure is based on network quality, therefore, it is possible to ensure that user 71 uploads the speed and success rate of data to greatest extent, while also just effectively increasing the operating efficiency of cloud storage system.
A kind of data backup system will be described in detail for fifth embodiment of the invention, and the one or more steps one or more devices for realizing preceding method is included in the data backup system described in the present embodiment.Therefore, to the description of each step in preceding method suitable for notebook data standby system corresponding device.Data backup system concrete structure described in the present embodiment refers to Fig. 8, including：
Data backup device 801, main DC80, at least one candidate backup DC82 and user 81.Wherein, user 81 and main DC80 is communicated to connect, and main DC80 is communicated to connect with each candidate backup DC82 respectively.The main DC80 of data backup device 801 building block, is loaded on main DC80.
Preferably, at least one candidate backup DC82 is backed up in synchronization DC, async backup DC or the mixing of the two.
Data backup device 801 can realize the repertoire of aforementioned third embodiment or the data backup device described in fourth embodiment, repeat no more here.At least one candidate backup DC82 and user 81 can Aforementioned third embodiment or candidate backup DC and the repertoire of user described in fourth embodiment are realized, is also repeated no more here.
In the present embodiment, data backup device 801 is by detecting the transmission state between main DC80 and candidate backup DC82, grasp the network quality between main DC80 and each candidate backup DC82, when backing up progress, data, transmission state and the expectation number of copies N sent according to user 81 selects suitable candidate backup DC as target backup DC, then is sent to data and is backed up.The backup procedure is based on network quality, therefore, it is possible to ensure that user 81 uploads the speed and success rate of data to greatest extent, while also just effectively increasing the operating efficiency of cloud storage system.
The embodiment of the present invention also provides a kind of computer-readable storage medium, wherein, the computer-readable storage medium can have program stored therein, the part or all of step including the data back up method described in the above method embodiment when program is performed.
Fig. 9 is referred to, the embodiment of the present invention also provides a kind of network equipment 900, including：
(quantity of the processor 940 in the network equipment can be one or more, in Fig. 9 by taking a processor as an example for input unit 910, output device 920, memory 930 and processor 940；).In some embodiments of the invention, input unit 910, output device 920, memory 930 and processor 940 can be connected by bus or other manner, wherein, in Fig. 9 exemplified by being connected by bus.
Wherein, processor 940 performs following steps：The transmission state between primary data center DC and candidate backup DC is detected, the transmission state includes transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time；Data, the transmission state and the expectation number of copies N sent according to user chooses the target backup DC for meeting preparatory condition from the candidate backup DC;The data are sent to the target backup DC so that the target backup DC preserves the copy of the data.
In some embodiments of the invention, processor 940 can also carry out following steps：
Transmission state information table is safeguarded according to the transmission state, the transmission state information table includes：Device name, transmission bandwidth, propagation delay time, transmission bandwidth priority and the propagation delay time priority of the candidate backup DC.
In some embodiments of the invention, processor 940 can also carry out following steps：
When it is the first kind that the capacity of the data, which is more than the first threshold value or its data type, it is primary sources to determine the data, when it is Second Type that the capacity of the data, which is less than first threshold value or its data type, it is secondary sources to determine the data. In some embodiments of the invention, the expectation number of copies N that memory 930 is stored, which is equal to, expects backed up in synchronization number of copies Ni plus expectation async backup number of copies N2, the target backup DC includes object synchronization backup DC and target async backup DC, and processor 940 can also carry out following steps：
If the data are primary sources, then select N number of candidate backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority as target backup DC from the transmission state information table, the transmission bandwidth priority of the object synchronization backup DC is higher than the transmission bandwidth priority of the target async backup DC；If the data are secondary sources, then select N number of candidate backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority as target backup DC from the transmission state information table, the propagation delay time priority of the object synchronization backup DC is higher than the propagation delay time priority of the target async backup DC；Wherein, the quantity of the object synchronization backup DC is Nl 5The quantity of the target async backup DC is N2。
In some embodiments of the invention, the target backup DC that memory 930 is stored is object synchronization backup DC, and the candidate backup DC is candidate synchronization backup DC, and processor 940 can also carry out following steps：
If the data are primary sources, N number of candidate synchronization backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority is selected to be used as object synchronization backup DC from the transmission state information table;If the data are secondary sources, N number of candidate synchronization backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is selected to be used as object synchronization backup DC from the transmission state information table.
In some embodiments of the invention, the target backup DC that memory 930 is stored is target async backup DC, and the candidate backup DC is candidate async backup DC, and processor 940 can also carry out following steps：
If the data are primary sources, N number of candidate's async backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority is selected to be used as target async backup DC from the transmission state information table;If the data are secondary sources, N number of candidate's async backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is selected to be used as target async backup DC from the transmission state information table.
In some embodiments of the invention, processor 940 can also carry out following steps：
When predetermined period expires, the step of triggering performs the transmission state between the main DC and candidate backup DC of detection, or when the transmission state of the either objective backup DC real-time Transmission state transmission state information table deteriorates more than the second threshold value, the step of triggering performs the transmission state between the main DC and candidate backup DC of detection. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that realizing that all or part of step in above-described embodiment method can be by program to instruct the hardware of correlation to complete, described program can be stored in a kind of computer-readable recording medium, storage medium mentioned above can be read-only storage, disk or CD etc..
A kind of data back up method provided by the present invention, device and system are described in detail above, for those of ordinary skill in the art, thought according to the embodiment of the present invention, it will change in specific embodiments and applications, in summary, this specification content should not be construed as limiting the invention.

Claims (12)

  1. Claim
    1st, a kind of data back up method, it is characterised in that including：
    The transmission state between primary data center DC and candidate backup DC is detected, the transmission state includes transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time；
    Data, the transmission state and the expectation number of copies N sent according to user chooses the target backup DC for meeting preparatory condition from the candidate backup DC;
    The data are sent to the target backup DC so that the target backup DC preserves the copy of the data.
    2nd, according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that also include after the transmission state between the main DC and candidate backup DC of detection：
    Transmission state information table is safeguarded according to the transmission state, the transmission state information table includes：Device name, transmission bandwidth, propagation delay time, transmission bandwidth priority and the propagation delay time priority of the candidate backup DC.
    3rd, method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that the main DC also includes after safeguarding transmission state information table according to the transmission state：
    When it is the first kind that the capacity of the data, which is more than the first threshold value or its data type, it is primary sources to determine the data, when it is Second Type that the capacity of the data, which is less than first threshold value or its data type, it is secondary sources to determine the data.
    4th, method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that the expectation number of copies N, which is equal to, expects backed up in synchronization number of copies plus expectation async backup number of copies N2, the target backup DC include object synchronization backup DC and target async backup DC,
    The data sent according to user, the transmission state and it is expected that number of copies N chooses from the candidate backup DC and meet the target backup DC of preparatory condition and include：
    If the data are primary sources, then select N number of candidate backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority as target backup DC from the transmission state information table, the transmission bandwidth priority of the object synchronization backup DC is higher than the transmission bandwidth priority of the target async backup DC；
    If the data are secondary sources, then select N number of candidate backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority as target backup DC from the transmission state information table, the propagation delay time priority of the object synchronization backup DC is higher than the propagation delay time priority of the target async backup DC； Wherein, the quantity of the object synchronization backup DC is that the quantity of the target async backup DC is N2。
    5th, method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that the target backup DC is object synchronization backup DC, the candidate backup DC is candidate synchronization backup DC,
    The data sent according to user, the transmission state and it is expected that number of copies N chooses from the candidate backup DC and meet the target backup DC of preparatory condition and include：
    If the data are primary sources, N number of candidate synchronization backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority is selected to be used as object synchronization backup DC from the transmission state information table;
    If the data are secondary sources, N number of candidate synchronization backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is selected to be used as object synchronization backup DC from the transmission state information table.
    6th, method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that the target backup DC is target async backup DC, the candidate backup DC is candidate async backup DC,
    The data sent according to user, the transmission state and it is expected that number of copies N chooses from the candidate backup DC and meet the target backup DC of preparatory condition and include：
    If the data are primary sources, N number of candidate's async backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority is selected to be used as target async backup DC from the transmission state information table;
    If the data are secondary sources, N number of candidate's async backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is selected to be used as target async backup DC from the transmission state information table.
    7th, the method according to any one of claim 2 to 6, it is characterised in that
    Transmission state between the main DC and candidate backup DC of detection includes：
    The average transmission state between main DC and candidate backup DC is detected according to default detection number of times.
    8th, the method according to any one of claim 1 to 6, it is characterised in that the data back up method also includes：
    When predetermined period expires, the step of triggering performs the transmission state between the main DC and candidate backup DC of detection.
    9th, the method according to any one of claim 2 to 6, it is characterised in that during the transmission data to the target backup DC, detect the real-time Transmission state between main DC and target backup DC；The data back up method also includes：
    When the transmission state of the either objective backup DC real-time Transmission state transmission state information table When deteriorating more than the second threshold value, the step of triggering performs the transmission state between the main DC and candidate backup DC of detection.
    10th, a kind of data backup device, it is characterised in that including：
    First detection unit, for detecting the transmission state between primary data center DC and candidate backup DC, the transmission state includes transmission bandwidth and propagation delay time；
    Unit is chosen, the target backup DC for meeting preparatory condition is chosen from the candidate backup DC for the data sent according to user, the transmission state and expectation number of copies N;
    Backup units, for sending the data to the target backup DC so that the target backup DC preserves the copy of the data.
    11st, device according to claim 10, it is characterised in that the data backup device also includes：
    Maintenance unit, for safeguarding transmission state information table according to the transmission state, the transmission state information table includes：Device name, transmission bandwidth, propagation delay time, transmission bandwidth priority and the propagation delay time priority of the candidate backup DC.
    12nd, device according to claim 11, it is characterised in that the data backup device also includes：
    Judging unit, for when it is the first kind that the capacity of the data, which is more than the first threshold value or its data type, it is primary sources to determine the data, it is additionally operable to when it is Second Type that the capacity of the data, which is less than first threshold value or its data type, it is secondary sources to determine the data.
    13rd, device according to claim 12, it is characterised in that the expectation number of copies N, which is equal to, expects backed up in synchronization number of copies Ni plus expectation async backup number of copies N2, the target backup DC include object synchronization backup DC and target async backup DC,
    The selection unit is specifically included：
    First choice subelement, if being primary sources for the data, then select N number of candidate backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority as target backup DC from the transmission state information table, the transmission bandwidth priority of the object synchronization backup DC is higher than the transmission bandwidth priority of the target async backup DC；If being additionally operable to the data for secondary sources, then select N number of candidate backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority as target backup DC from the transmission state information table, the propagation delay time priority of the object synchronization backup DC is higher than the propagation delay time priority of the target async backup DC； Wherein, the quantity of the object synchronization backup DC is that the quantity of the target async backup DC is N2。
    14th, device according to claim 12, it is characterised in that the target backup DC is object synchronization backup DC, the candidate backup DC is candidate synchronization backup DC,
    The selection unit is specifically included：
    Second selection subelement, if being primary sources for the data, selects N candidate synchronization backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority to be used as object synchronization backup DC from the transmission state information table;If being additionally operable to the data for secondary sources, N number of candidate synchronization backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is selected to be used as object synchronization backup DC from the transmission state information table.
    15th, device according to claim 12, it is characterised in that the target backup DC is target async backup DC, the candidate backup DC is candidate async backup DC,
    The selection unit is specifically included：
    3rd selection subelement, if being primary sources for the data, selects N candidate's async backup DC of transmission bandwidth highest priority to be used as target async backup DC from the transmission state information table;If being additionally operable to the data for secondary sources, N number of candidate's async backup DC of propagation delay time highest priority is selected to be used as target async backup DC from the transmission state information table.
    16th, the device according to any one of claim 11 to 15, it is characterised in that first detection unit is specifically included：
    Detection sub-unit, for detecting the average transmission state between main DC and candidate backup DC according to default detection number of times.
    17th, the device according to any one of claim 10 to 15, it is characterised in that the data backup device also includes：
    First trigger element, operation is performed for when predetermined period expires, triggering first detection unit.
    18th, the device according to any one of claim 11 to 15, it is characterised in that the data backup device also includes：
    Second detection unit, for when the backup units are performed and operated, detecting the real-time Transmission state between main DC and target backup DC；
    Second trigger element, for when the transmission state of the either objective backup DC real-time Transmission state transmission state information table deteriorates more than the second threshold value, triggering first detection unit and performing operation. 19th, a kind of data backup system, it is characterised in that including：
    Data backup device, primary data center DC and at least one candidate backup DC as described in any one of claim 10 to 18;
    The data backup device is the building block of the main DC, the main DC and at least one candidate backup DC communication connections.
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Inventor after: Ou Xiongbing

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Inventor after: Zhang Qin

Inventor before: Ou Xiongbing

Inventor before: Qi Yinhong

Inventor before: Zhang Qin