CN104130066B - A kind of spherex slow release fertilizer and its preparation method and application - Google Patents
A kind of spherex slow release fertilizer and its preparation method and application Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a kind of spherex slow release fertilizer and preparation method thereof, this slow release fertilizer has the spherex of high adsorption capacity and slow dissolution characteristics for slow-release material.Its preparation method is joined in the chemical fertilizer aqueous solution by starch to be heated with stirring to gelatinization, adopts the spherex of inverted emulsion method synthesis load fertilizer.Slow release fertilizer of the present invention selects biodegradable native starch to be starting material, be a kind ofly have that fertilizer releasing period is long, with low cost, carrier type slow-release fertilizer that environmental friendliness etc. is excellent, there is market using value.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to slow release fertilizer field, particularly a kind of take spherex as slow release fertilizer of carrier and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
China is large agricultural country, and along with agrotechnical development, agricultural produce is more and more higher for the degree of dependence of chemical fertilizer, and the amount of application of current China chemical fertilizer occupies first place in the world, and presents the trend increased year by year.But traditional chemical faces two large problems in agriculture production use procedure: one is that fertilizer amount is large, and utilization ratio is low, and China's this season utilization rate of fertilizer nitrogenous fertilizer is 30-35%, and phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency is 10-25%, and potash fertilizer is 35%-50%; Two is that chemical fertilizer application is unreasonable, and the chemical fertilizer application of current China is still used based on quick acting fertilizer gradation, and utilization ratio is low, and the fertilizer efficiency cycle is short, and cost is high, contaminate environment.
Cause the low chief reason of utilization rate of fertilizer to be leaching loss and the volatilization of fertilizer, a large amount of leaching losses of fertilizer not only make soil fertility decline, and crop reduces, and causes a large amount of financial losses, but also can cause environmental pollution.Therefore, how to improve utilization rate of fertilizer, give full play to the effect of fertilizer to plant, China's agricultural sustainable development is of great immediate significance.
Slow release fertilizer is a kind of new-type fertilizer, its nutrient releasing speed and quantity have certain controllability, can need Releasing nutrient according to plant growth, make it permanently effective within the whole vegetative period of farm crop, greatly can improve the utilization ratio of fertilizer, reduce consumption and application times.
Slow release fertilizer domestic is at present based on enveloped slow release fertilizer, although enveloped slow release fertilizer effect is better, but its production cost is higher, complicated process of preparation, be only applicable to the field that the economic worth such as flowers, vegetables is higher, simultaneously coated fertilizer uses the macromolecular material of not degrading and has the coated fertilizer of pollution as sulphur, paraffin etc., polluted agricultural land, is therefore not suitable for large face use in farmland.Carrier slow release fertilizer is disperseed by fertilizer nutrient or be adsorbed in certain specific function material equably, fertilizer nutrient discharges gradually in the degradation process of functional materials, its manufacturing process is simple, production cost is low, environmental friendliness, is applicable to the development of Production of Large Fields and harmless agricultural.
China Patent Publication No. CN103553849A discloses a kind of sulfur-coated urea slow release fertilizer and manufacture method thereof, the method urea granules of molten sulfur coating preheating, with certain pressure, natural bee Wax composition is coated in sulphur coating layer again, improves coating toughness and the controlled capability of sulfur-coated urea.The method take sulphur as raw material, and relatively large elemental sulfur is administered in soil and can has an impact to soil, accelerates the acidifying of soil; Production unit is more complicated, needs to use the main equipment such as solid heat-exchanger, coating rotary drum, fluidized-bed, sifter, and in preparation process, also add natural beeswax adds production cost simultaneously.
China Patent Publication No. CN103708917A discloses a kind of slow release fertilizer and preparation method thereof, the method is mixed with into slow release fertilizer with attapulgite after water-soluble for fertilizer, utilize the duct adsorption fertilizer nutrient in attapulgite laminated structure, owing to being simple physical adsorption, limited to the adsorptive capacity of fertilizer, the consumption of carrier is larger to fertilizer slow release influential effect; Because the water-absorbent of attapulgite is very strong, be applied in soil by this slow-release fertilizer, the attapulgite very soon moisture absorbed in soil makes fertilizer dissolve, and fertilizer nutrient discharges from duct, does not reach long-term sustained release effect.
China Patent Publication No. is that CN1470485A discloses carrier type slow-release fertilizer and preparation method thereof, and chemical fertilizer and carrier substance are uniformly mixed by the method, add linking agent and fully react and obtain.Directly by macromolecule organic carrier as polyvinyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene glycol mix with fertilizer solution, part fertilizer molecule can only be polymerized with macromolecular material by linking agent, need the consumption increasing carrier substance and linking agent could increase the charge capacity of fertilizer, but cost also increase to some extent; The polymer carrier simultaneously adopted has certain solvability in water, and the rate of release of fertilizer nutrient, than very fast, effectively can not delay the solvability of fertilizer.
At present, be that the slow release fertilizer of carrier limits its widespread use due to shortcomings such as charge capacity are little, slow release effect is undesirable with inorganics.Starch is a kind of wide material sources and natural macromolecular material cheap and easy to get, has biodegradable, and China is again Starch Production and consumption big country, has certain application prospect using starch as slow-release material.But the shortcomings such as ative starch poor stability, bad dispersibility, adsorptive power are relatively weak, make it be restricted in industrial application.Therefore, modification carried out to starch material significant to improve its stability, dispersiveness and adsorptive power.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the deficiency and defect that exist in above-mentioned slow release fertilizer technology, provide a kind of spherex slow release fertilizer, this fertilizer adopts spherex to be slow-released carrier.Spherex is a kind of artificial derivatives of native starch, is generally spherical and form rounding, has certain particle diameter and size distribution.Starch is a kind of polymer substance, and when its size is reduced to micron even after nano level, its structural performance changes a lot, and main manifestations is that surface-area sharply increases, and density and the adsorptive power of functional group also increase, and the stability of colloid also significantly improves.Spherex is compared with native starch, not only there is the character of native starch, its surface also presents micropore shape, and micropore is covered with whole starch granules and gos deep into center by surface, there is stronger adsorptive power, after mixing with fertilizer solution, under the effect of linking agent, a large amount of fertilizer molecule by adsorb and cohere act synergistically be fixed on spherex surface and micropore in, reduce mobility and the volatility of fertilizer molecule, change solvability and the releasability of fertilizer molecule, fertilizer molecule is made to be fixed on crop root, by the degraded release fertilizer nutrient of spherex, extend the validity period that crop absorbs fertilizer nutrient, utilization rate of fertilizer can be improved, alleviate the pollution to environment.
Further aim of the present invention is to provide a kind of preparation method of spherex slow release fertilizer, the method is mixed with native starch by fertilizer solution, while adopting antiphase emulsifiable method synthetic starch microballoon, in fertilizer parcel, the hole being adsorbed on spherex and surface, thus reached the slow release effect of fertilizer nutrient by the slow degraded of spherex carrier.
A kind of spherex slow release fertilizer of the present invention, it is characterized in that the slow-release fertilizer formed by porous-starch micro-ball load chemical fertilizer, the specific surface area of porous-starch microballoon is 60-100m
2/ g, size distribution is between 10-100 μm, and porous aperture is 1-20nm, and pore volume is 0.3-2.5cm
3/ g, porosity is 50-90%, and raw material composition (weight part) of this slow release fertilizer is as follows:
Chemical fertilizer 70-80 part,
Plant amylum 10-20 part,
Emulsifying agent 0.5-1.0 part,
Organic solvent 100-150 part,
Epoxy chloropropane 0.5-1.0 part.
Wherein said plant amylum be W-Gum, one or more in wheat starch, tapioca (flour), yam starch, sweet potato starch or Rhizoma Nelumbinis starch; Said chemical fertilizer is that nitrogenous fertilizer is as urea, bicarbonate of ammonia, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, SODIUMNITRATE, nitrocalcite, ammonium sulfate nitrate, phosphate fertilizer is as calcium superphosphate, double superhosphate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, potash fertilizer is as potassium sulfate, Repone K, saltpetre, potassium phosphate,monobasic, plant ash, and trace element fertilizer is as containing one or more in the fertilizer such as Fe, Mg, Zn, B, Cu, Mn; Said organic solvent is one or both mixtures in vegetables oil, hexanaphthene, whiteruss, toluene, chloroform; Said emulsifying agent is any one in Span20, Span40, Span60, Span80, Tween20, Tween60, Tween80.
The preparation method of a kind of spherex slow release fertilizer of the present invention, it is characterized in that, concrete preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) dropped in reaction vessel by the plant amylum of the chemical fertilizer of 70-80 weight part, 10-20 part weight part, add 80-120 part distilled water mixed dissolution, heat 60-80 DEG C of stirring, mixing speed is 500r/min, and reaction 30min-1h, is cooled to 50 DEG C, stand-by;
(2) dropped in reaction vessel by 100-150 weight parts organic solvent, add the emulsifying agent of 0.5-1.0 weight part, heat 60 DEG C and stir 1-2h, mixing speed is 500r/min, makes it dissolve completely;
(3) step (1) gained starch solution is dropwise joined in the system of step (2), with the stirring velocity of 10000r/min dispersion 1-2min, starch drop is made to be dispersed in oil phase, add the linking agent epoxy chloropropane of 0.5-1.0 weight part, 1-3h is stirred under 50 DEG C of constant temperatures, stirring velocity is 500r/min, cooling standing separation, removing oil phase, lower sediment is put into whizzer, add acetone cleaning, the add-on of acetone is 1/3-1 times of precipitation volume, with the centrifugal 15min of 4000-5000r/min, isolate microballoon, microballoon is placed in drying machine, 40-50 DEG C of dry 1-2h, obtain spherex slow release fertilizer, size is 10-100 μm.
Reaction vessel described in above-mentioned steps (1) be paddle stir stainless steel cauldron, vertical mixing mixing machine, mulser at the bottom of still or vertical emulsion machine any one.
Described in above-mentioned steps (3), whizzer is filtering centrifuge, comprises 3-foot, horizontal helical type and piston material pushing filtering centrifuge.
Drying machine described in above-mentioned steps (3) is any one in low temperature continuous drier, disc driers, bipyramid rotary dryer, rake type drier.
Outstanding feature of the present invention and beneficial effect are:
1, the present invention adopts spherex as the solid support material of slow release fertilizer, due to adsorptive power and the rate of adsorption raising of spherex, only needs a small amount of carrier and adsorbable a large amount of fertilizer, can not increase cost.
2, in the present invention, fertilizer needs experience 2 processes in the release of spherex carrier: the fertilizer molecule release being adsorbed on spherex surface before this on a small quantity, be the fertilizer slow releasing that is combined with matrix subsequently and continue for some time, extend slow release effect, be conducive to the absorption of plant to fertilizer nutrient.
3, process of the present invention is prepared into spherex after being mixed with starch by fertilizer solution, and fertilizer molecule is fully adsorbed in the hole of spherex, improves the adsorptive capacity of fertilizer.
4, the present invention selects native starch as raw material, wide material sources, and cost is low, has biodegradable, produces and does not pollute the environment in use.
Spherex slow release fertilizer of the present invention and coated with resin slow release fertilizer, Zeolite support slow release fertilizer carry out performance comparison, and wherein slow-release material spherex, resin, the zeolite massfraction in slow release fertilizer is 10%, and result is as follows:
Accompanying drawing explanation
Accompanying drawing 1. 1 kinds of spherex slow release fertilizer preparation technology flow processs are shown in figure;
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the spherex slow release fertilizer of accompanying drawing 2. embodiment 5 preparation.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is explained in detail, is not restricted to the present invention.When not departing from aforesaid method thought of the present invention, the various replacement made according to ordinary skill knowledge and customary means or improvement, all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
embodiment 1
(1) W-Gum of the trace element fertilizer of the Repone K of the calcium superphosphate of the bicarbonate of ammonia of the urea of 30 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 5 weight parts, 15 parts of weight parts is dropped in stirred autoclave, add the distilled water mixed dissolution of 100 weight parts, heat 70 DEG C of stirrings, mixing speed is 500r/min, reaction 30min, be cooled to 50 DEG C, stand-by;
(2) vegetables oil measuring 140 weight parts, in vertical emulsion machine, adds the emulsifying agent Span40 of 0.5 weight part, and heat 60 DEG C and stir 1h, mixing speed is 500r/min, makes it dissolve completely;
(3) step (1) gained starch solution is dropwise joined in the system of step (2), with the stirring velocity of 10000r/min dispersion 1min, starch drop is made to be dispersed in oil phase, add the linking agent epoxy chloropropane of 0.5 weight part, 1h is stirred under 50 DEG C of constant temperatures, stirring velocity is 500r/min, cooling standing separation, removing oil phase, lower sediment is put into tripodia filtering centrifuge, the acetone adding 1 times of precipitation volume cleans, with the centrifugal 15min of 5000r/min, isolate microballoon, microballoon is placed in the continuous dry machine of low temperature, 40 DEG C of dry 1h, obtain spherex slow release fertilizer, size is 30-70 μm.
embodiment 2
(1) tapioca (flour) of the potassium sulfate of the diammonium phosphate of the monoammonium phosphate of the ammonium nitrate of the ammonium sulfate of 20 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 20 parts of weight parts is dropped in stirring mixer, add the distilled water mixed dissolution of 120 weight parts, heat 65 DEG C of stirrings, mixing speed is 500r/min, reaction 40min, be cooled to 50 DEG C, stand-by;
(2) measure 150 weight parts hexanaphthene in vertical emulsion machine, add 0.5 weight part Span20 and 0.5 weight part Span80, heat 60 DEG C stir 1.5h, mixing speed is 500r/min, makes it dissolve completely;
(3) step (1) gained starch solution is dropwise joined in the system of step (2), with the stirring velocity of 10000r/min dispersion 1.5min, starch drop is made to be dispersed in oil phase, add the linking agent epoxy chloropropane of 0.6 weight part, 2h is stirred under 50 DEG C of constant temperatures, stirring velocity is 500r/min, cooling standing separation, removing oil phase, lower sediment is put into Horizontal helical type centrifuge, the acetone adding 0.5 times of precipitation volume cleans, with the centrifugal 13min of 5000r/min, isolate microballoon, microballoon is placed in disc driers, 50 DEG C of dry 1h, obtain spherex slow release fertilizer, size is 10-40 μm.
embodiment 3
(1) wheat starch of the potassium phosphate,monobasic of the Repone K of the double superhosphate of the ammonium nitrate of the SODIUMNITRATE of 20 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 20 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 5 weight parts, 15 parts of weight parts is dropped in stirred autoclave, add the distilled water mixed dissolution of 120 weight parts, heat 70 DEG C of stirrings, mixing speed is 500r/min, reaction 1h, be cooled to 50 DEG C, stand-by;
(2) measure 140 weight parts whiteruss mulser at the bottom of still in, add 0.5 weight part Tween20 and 0.3 weight part Tween60, heat 60 DEG C stir 2h, mixing speed is 500r/min, makes it dissolve completely;
(3) step (1) gained starch solution is dropwise joined in the system of step (2), with the stirring velocity of 10000r/min dispersion 2min, starch drop is made to be dispersed in oil phase, add the linking agent epoxy chloropropane of 0.8 weight part, 2h is stirred under 50 DEG C of constant temperatures, stirring velocity is 500r/min, cooling standing separation, removing oil phase, lower sediment is put into piston material pushing filtering centrifuge, the acetone adding 1 times of precipitation volume cleans, with the centrifugal 12min of 4500r/min, isolate microballoon, microballoon is placed in bipyramid rotary dryer, 45 DEG C of dry 2h, obtain spherex slow release fertilizer, size is 40-100 μm.
embodiment 4
(1) Rhizoma Nelumbinis starch of the trace element fertilizer of the plant ash of the ammonium chloride of the urea of 30 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 20 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 10 parts of weight parts is dropped in stirred autoclave, add the distilled water mixed dissolution of 80 weight parts, heat 70 DEG C of stirrings, mixing speed is 500r/min, reaction 1h, be cooled to 50 DEG C, stand-by;
(2) measure 120 weight parts toluene and chloroform mixed solution (volume ratio is 3:1) vertical emulsion machine in, add the emulsifying agent Span60 of 0.5 weight part and the Tween80 of 0.2 weight part, heat 60 DEG C and stir 2h, mixing speed is 500r/min, makes it dissolve completely;
(3) step (1) gained starch solution is dropwise joined in the system of step (2), with the stirring velocity of 10000r/min dispersion 2min, starch drop is made to be dispersed in oil phase, add the linking agent epoxy chloropropane of 1.0 weight parts, 3h is stirred under 50 DEG C of constant temperatures, stirring velocity is 500r/min, cooling standing separation, removing oil phase, lower sediment is put into 3-foot filtering centrifuge, the acetone adding 1/3 times of precipitation volume cleans, with the centrifugal 15min of 4000r/min, isolate microballoon, microballoon is placed in rake type drier, 50 DEG C of dry 2h, obtain spherex slow release fertilizer, size is 10-30 μm.
embodiment 5
(1) the potato starch of the trace element fertilizer of the ammonium sulfate nitrate of the urea of 40 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 10 weight parts, 10 parts of weight parts, the sweet potato starch of 10 parts of weight parts are put in vertical mixing mixing machine, add the distilled water mixed dissolution of 60 weight parts, heat 70 DEG C of stirrings, mixing speed is 500r/min, reaction 1h, be cooled to 50 DEG C, stand-by;
(2) measure 100 weight parts vegetables oil in vertical emulsion machine, add the emulsifying agent Span60 of 0.7 weight part and the Tween60 of 0.2 weight part, heat 60 DEG C stir 2h, mixing speed is 500r/min, makes it dissolve completely;
(3) step (1) gained starch solution is dropwise joined in the system of step (2), with the stirring velocity of 10000r/min dispersion 2min, starch drop is made to be dispersed in oil phase, add the linking agent epoxy chloropropane of 0.7 weight part, 2h is stirred under 50 DEG C of constant temperatures, stirring velocity is 500r/min, cooling standing separation, removing oil phase, lower sediment is put into whizzer, the acetone adding 1 times of precipitation volume cleans, with the centrifugal 15min of 4800r/min, isolate microballoon, microballoon is placed in drying machine, 40 DEG C of vacuum-drying 2h, obtain spherex slow release fertilizer, size is 10-30 μm.
Claims (9)
1. a spherex slow release fertilizer, is characterized in that the slow-release fertilizer formed by porous-starch micro-ball load chemical fertilizer, and the specific surface area of porous-starch microballoon is 60-100m
2/ g, size distribution is between 10-100 μm, and porous aperture is 1-20nm, and pore volume is 0.3-2.5cm
3/ g, porosity is 50-90%, and raw material composition (weight part) of this slow release fertilizer is as follows:
Chemical fertilizer 70-80 part,
Plant amylum 10-20 part,
Emulsifying agent 0.5-1.0 part,
Organic solvent 100-150 part,
Epoxy chloropropane 0.5-1.0 part.
2. a kind of spherex slow release fertilizer according to claim 1, is characterized in that said plant amylum is one or more in W-Gum, wheat starch, tapioca (flour), yam starch, sweet potato starch or Rhizoma Nelumbinis starch.
3. spherex slow release fertilizer according to claim 1, is characterized in that said chemical fertilizer is one or more in urea, bicarbonate of ammonia, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, SODIUMNITRATE, nitrocalcite, ammonium sulfate nitrate, calcium superphosphate, double superhosphate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate, Repone K, saltpetre, potassium phosphate,monobasic, plant ash, trace element fertilizer Fe, Mg, Zn, B, Cu, Mn fertilizer.
4. spherex slow release fertilizer according to claim 1, is characterized in that said organic solvent is one or both mixtures in vegetables oil, hexanaphthene, whiteruss, toluene, chloroform.
5. spherex slow release fertilizer according to claim 1, is characterized in that said emulsifying agent is at least one in Span20, Span40, Span60, Span80, Tween20, Tween60, Tween80.
6. the preparation method of a kind of spherex slow release fertilizer according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, concrete preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) dropped in reaction vessel by the plant amylum of the chemical fertilizer of 70-80 weight part, 10-20 part weight part, add 80-120 part distilled water mixed dissolution, heat 60-80 DEG C of stirring, mixing speed is 500r/min, and reaction 30min-1h, is cooled to 50 DEG C, stand-by;
(2) dropped in reaction vessel by 100-150 weight parts organic solvent, add the emulsifying agent of 0.5-1.0 weight part, heat 60 DEG C and stir 1-2h, mixing speed is 500r/min, makes it dissolve completely;
(3) step (1) gained starch solution is dropwise joined in the system of step (2), with the stirring velocity of 10000r/min dispersion 1-2min, starch drop is made to be dispersed in oil phase, add the linking agent epoxy chloropropane of 0.5-1.0 weight part, 1-3h is stirred under 50 DEG C of constant temperatures, stirring velocity is 500r/min, cooling standing separation, removing oil phase, lower sediment is put into whizzer, add acetone cleaning, the add-on of acetone is 1/3-1 times of precipitation volume, with the centrifugal 15min of 4000-5000r/min, isolate microballoon, microballoon is placed in drying machine, 40-50 DEG C of dry 1-2h, obtain spherex slow release fertilizer, size is 10-100 μm.
7. the preparation method of a kind of spherex slow release fertilizer according to claim 6, it is characterized in that said reaction vessel in step (1), (2) be paddle stir mulser or vertical emulsion machine at the bottom of stainless steel cauldron, vertical mixing mixing machine, still any one.
8. the preparation method of a kind of spherex slow release fertilizer according to claim 6, is characterized in that the whizzer used in step (3) is filtering centrifuge, comprises 3-foot, horizontal helical type and piston material pushing filtering centrifuge.
9. the preparation method of a kind of spherex slow release fertilizer according to claim 6, is characterized in that the drying machine used in step (3) is any one in low temperature continuous drier, disc driers, bipyramid rotary dryer, rake type drier.
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Effective date of registration: 20181122 Address after: No. 26-2-6 Xuefeng Road, Hunnan New District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110000 Patentee after: Rio Tinto Fertilizer (Shenyang) Co., Ltd. Address before: 610091 Donghai Road, Jiao long industrial port, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan 4 Patentee before: Chengdu Xinkeli Chemical Sci-Tech Co., Ltd. |