CN104120376A - Corrosion-resistant roll and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
Corrosion-resistant roll and manufacturing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN104120376A CN104120376A CN201410281085.5A CN201410281085A CN104120376A CN 104120376 A CN104120376 A CN 104120376A CN 201410281085 A CN201410281085 A CN 201410281085A CN 104120376 A CN104120376 A CN 104120376A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a corrosion-resistant roll which is characterized by comprising a base and a corrosion-resistant coating coated on the base surface, wherein the corrosion-resistant coating is prepared by spraying a corrosion-resistant spraying powder. The corrosion-resistant roll can be widely used as a sink roll, guide roll or support roll in a hot-galvanizing or hot-aluminizing production line, and has favorable corrosion resistance. The corrosion-resistant layer on the roll surface has the advantages of favorable thermal shock resistance, low tendency to cracking or shedding and long service life, and the produced galvanized or aluminized steel plate and the like have higher quality.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to corrosion-resistant roller and manufacture method thereof.Be particularly related to the manufacture method of the roller of anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and the corrosion of aluminium zinc liquation.
Background technology
Protection against corrosion steel product in the world all will be carried out pot galvanize or hot-dip aluminizing mostly at present.Pot galvanize or hot-dip aluminizing become anticorrosion of iron and steel aspect application the most substantially, method the most widely, be widely used in producing steel plate, steel band, steel wire, steel pipe, steel mesh and hardware.Through the workpiece of pot galvanize or hot-dip aluminizing, its life-span can be improved 11～28 times.
In pot galvanize or hot-dip aluminizing production line, the temperature of zinc liquid, aluminium zinc solution reaches 620 DEG C conventionally, and in hot dip aluminum pot, the temperature of aluminium liquid reaches 760 DEG C conventionally.Zinc liquid or aluminium liquid all have strong corrodibility to each parts in zinc pot or aluminum pot (as bearing, sinking roller, guide roller, supporting roll).In addition, the corrosion to parts due to zinc liquid or aluminium liquid, the wearing and tearing of product (as band steel) to parts, can produce hard intermetallic compound particle in zinc pot or aluminum pot, reduce the work-ing life of each parts, the maintenance cycle average out to fortnight of the zinc-plated or aluminum steel of general steel band.Product (the Fe simultaneously forming due to corrosion
2zn series intermetallic compound) be deposited in the zinc of melting, also can destroy the surface of coating, affect the quality of product.It is very serious that the loss causing is keeped in repair in this regular and irregular stopping production.If can suppress the generation of corrosion and reduce the formation of corrosion product, will reduce the off-time, improve quality of coating, reduce maintenance and renewal part cost, save energy, improve production environment.Along with the development of galvanizing technique, high aluminium zinc alloy coating has become the direction of domestic galvanizing technique development.And high aluminum zinc liquid phase is for traditional aluminium zinc liquid, temperature is higher, has stronger corrodibility, and the WC hot spray coating that tradition is used can not effectively have been resisted the erosion of high temperature zinc aluminum solutions, and greatly reduce the work-ing life of coating.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is, in order to overcome deficiency of the prior art, provides a kind of resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder.
For realizing above object, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
Resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder, is characterized in that, comprises carbide and metal simple-substance; Described carbide comprises TiC and WC, also comprises one or both in TaC, NbC; Described metal simple-substance comprises Co, Ni and Cr; The weight of described carbide accounts for 53%～74% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight, and all the other are metal simple-substance.
Preferably, the weight of Cr accounts for 6%～12% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight; The gross weight of Co and Ni accounts for 20%～35% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight; The weight of WC accounts for 6%～12% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight; The gross weight of TaC and NbC accounts for 5%～10% of spray coating powder gross weight; All the other are TiC.
Preferably, the corrosion of anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and aluminium zinc liquation.
Another object of the present invention is to provide the preparation method of a kind of resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder.
For achieving the above object, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
The preparation method of powder for resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
A. to adding one or both in TaC and NbC in TiC and WC, after evenly mixing, pack crystal vessel sealing into; Crystal vessel is put into vacuum sintering furnace, regulate pressure to 20～40MPa, be warming up to 1600～1800 DEG C with the speed of 40～80 DEG C/min, be incubated 1～4 hour, make ceramic block; In said process, TiC and WC can produce WTiC
2compound phase, this compound phase has high rigidity, high antioxygenic property.TaC and NbC all can strengthen oxidation-resistance and the high temperature abrasion resistance of TiC.
B. by ceramic block fragmentation, ball milling, make ceramic particle;
C. ceramic particle is evenly mixed with Co metallic particles, Ni metallic particles, Cr metallic particles, add binding agent to make slurry; Binding agent is conventional adhesives in industry.After spray method granulation, sintering, plasma spheroidization, sub-sieve obtain resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder.The WTiC generating in step a
2compound phase, can improve Co, the Ni wettability to carbide, carbide and metal simple-substance can be overcharged and point contact, and combines closely.
Preferably, in described step a, the particle diameter of TiC, WC, TaC or NbC is 1～2 μ m.
Preferably, in described step b, the particle diameter of the ceramic particle making is 1～3 μ m.
Preferably, in described step c, the particle diameter of Co metallic particles, Ni metallic particles or Cr metallic particles is 1～5 μ m.
Preferably, the weight of Cr accounts for 6%～12% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight; The gross weight of Co and Ni accounts for 20%～35% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight; The weight of WC accounts for 6%～12% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight; The gross weight of TaC and NbC accounts for 5%～10% of spray coating powder gross weight; All the other are TiC.
Preferably, the corrosion of powder anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and aluminium zinc liquation for the resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating making.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of corrosion-resistant finishes.
For achieving the above object, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
Corrosion-resistant finishes, is characterized in that, is made with powder by above-mentioned resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating through spraying coating process, is coated on matrix surface.
Preferably, the corrosion of anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and aluminium zinc liquation.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of preparation method of corrosion-resistant finishes.
For achieving the above object, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
The preparation method of corrosion-resistant finishes, is characterized in that, adopts spraying equipment by being injected into matrix surface after the melting of above-mentioned resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder, forms the corrosion-resistant finishes that is coated on matrix surface.
The corrosion of corrosion-resistant finishes anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and the aluminium zinc liquation preferably, making.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of corrosion-resistant roller.
For achieving the above object, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
Corrosion-resistant roller, is characterized in that, comprises matrix and the corrosion-resistant finishes that is coated on matrix surface; Described corrosion-resistant finishes is made through spraying coating process with powder by above-mentioned resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating.
Preferably, the corrosion of anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and aluminium zinc liquation.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of manufacture method of corrosion-resistant roller.
For achieving the above object, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
The manufacture method of corrosion-resistant roller, is characterized in that, employing spraying equipment with being injected into roll surface after powder melts, forms corrosion-resistant roller by above-mentioned resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating.
The corrosion of corrosion-resistant roller anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and the aluminium zinc liquation preferably, making.
Resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder provided by the invention, uniform component distribution, and there is very high sphericity.The corrosion-resistant finishes being made through spraying coating process by this powder, has anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and the corrosion of aluminium zinc liquation, especially has the excellent properties of zinc liquid, aluminium liquid and the aluminium zinc liquation corrosion of heatproof degree up to 870 DEG C.Effectively avoid zinc, aluminium and alloy molten solution corrosion roll body thereof, extended the work-ing life of roll body, reduce cost, the save energy of off-time, reduction maintenance and renewal part.Can reduce or avoid the generation of corrosion product-intermetallic compound, effectively improve the surface quality of coating, improve steel plate quality simultaneously.The corrosion-resistant finishes being made with powder by resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating provided by the invention, also has good anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and aluminium zinc liquation and adheres to, and resistance to metallic corrosion is anti-oxidant, heat shock resistance, the performance such as high temperature resistant.
Through evidence, resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating accounts for 20%～35% of resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight by the Co of powder and the gross weight of Ni, the wear resistance of the corrosion-resistant finishes being made by it, anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and the corrosion of aluminium zinc liquation, anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and aluminium zinc liquation adhere to, thermal shock resistance optimum.And in corrosion-resistant finishes preparation process, powder deposition efficiency is high.The weight percent content of Co and Ni is too high, can reduce the wear resistance of coating, anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and the corrosion of aluminium zinc liquation, anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and aluminium zinc liquation adhesion property.The weight percent content of Co and Ni is too low, can reduce the thermal shock resistance of coating, powder deposition efficiency in the coating that slows down preparation process.
Resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating accounts for 6%～12% of resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight by the gross weight of the Cr of powder, the resistance to metallic corrosion of the corrosion-resistant finishes being made by it, anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and the corrosion of aluminium zinc liquation, anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and aluminium zinc liquation adhere to, antioxidant property optimum.The weight percent content of Cr is too high, can reduce the resistance to metallic corrosion of coating, anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and the corrosion of aluminium zinc liquation, anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and aluminium zinc liquation adhesion property.The weight percent content of Cr is too low, can reduce the antioxidant property of coating.
The preparation method of powder for resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating provided by the invention, technique is simple, and the resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating making is even respectively with powdery components, and sphericity is high.After granulation, sintering, nodularization can improve powder property greatly.
The preparation method of corrosion-resistant finishes provided by the invention, technique is simple.Can complete spraying at traditional roll surface, without more roll change, reduce the processing and manufacturing cost of steel mill.Spray material is Powdered, makes coating have good thickness evenness.
Be coated with the corrosion-resistant roller of corrosion-resistant finishes provided by the invention, can be widely used in pot galvanize or hot-dip aluminizing production line, use as sinking roller, guide roller or supporting roll, there is good corrodibility.And the anti-corrosion layer of roll surface has good thermal shock resistance, not easy to crack or depart from, long service life, the qualities such as zinc-plated, the aluminium steel plate of production are higher.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the corrosion-resistant roller front view in the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the A-A sectional view of Fig. 1.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is described in detail:
As illustrated in fig. 1 and 2, be corrosion-resistant roller 1.Corrosion-resistant roller 1 comprises the corrosion-resistant finishes 12 of matrix 11 and coated matrix surface.Matrix 11 is traditional sinking roller.Employing thermic lance with the surface that is injected into matrix 11 after powder melts, forms corrosion-resistant finishes 12 by resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating, makes the corrosion-resistant roller 1 that is coated with corrosion-resistant finishes 12.In each embodiment, the component weight percent content of resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating use powder is as shown in Table 1:
Table one
Resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating is as follows by the preparation method of powder:
A. according to the weight part proportioning in table two, to adding one or both in TaC and NbC in TiC and WC, after evenly mixing, pack crystal vessel sealing into.The particle diameter of TiC, WC, TaC or NbC is 1～2 μ m.Crystal vessel is put into vacuum sintering furnace, regulate pressure to lMPa, be warming up to n DEG C with the speed of m DEG C/min, insulation p hour, makes ceramic block.The concrete numerical value of l, m, n, p as shown in Table 3.
B. by ceramic block fragmentation, ball milling, make ceramic particle.The particle diameter of the ceramic particle making is 1～3 μ m.
C. pressing the weight part proportioning in table two, is Co metallic particles, Ni metallic particles and the Cr metallic particles of 1～5 μ m to adding particle diameter in ceramic particle, and evenly mixes, and adds binding agent to make slurry.After spray method granulation, sintering, plasma spheroidization, sub-sieve obtain resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder.The component weight percent content of resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating use powder as shown in Table 1.
Table two
Table three
The technical parameter of the corrosion-resistant roller in each embodiment is as shown in Table 4:
Table four
Data acquisition in form four obtains with the following method:
Fracture toughness property: adopt pressing in method to test, test loading force is 10kg, loading time is 15s, examine under a microscope and measure crack length and Vickers (Vickers) diagonal lines, calculate fracture toughness property (or breaking tenacity) K by following Palmqvist geometric formula
iC,
In formula, Hv is Vickers' hardness, and E is Young's modulus, and D is half diagonal lines of Vickers impression, and a is impression length of fracture.Each sample has at least been beaten five points, adopts ultrasonic technology to measure the Young's modulus of coating.
Microhardness: use microhardness instrument to measure, loading force is 300g, loading time 20s, the microhardness of measurement coating.
Wear-resistant rate: use friction wear testing machine, rotating speed 200rpm, experimental pressure 30N, tests stroke 200m, calculates the wear volume of coating unit pressure unit stroke, for weighing the abrasion resistance properties of coating after weighing.The internally coated wear volume of unit pressure unit's stroke is fewer, and high temperature wear resistant performance is higher, otherwise poorer.
Oxidation weight gain: heat treatment furnace is put in the test block that four sides is coated with to corrosion-resistant finishes, is heated to be incubated 24h at 800 DEG C, takes out cooling and weighs, and the weightening finish of Units of Account time unit area coating, for weighing the antioxidant property of coating.The unit time weightening finish of unit surface coating is fewer, and antioxidant property is stronger, otherwise more weak.
Thermal shock resistance properties: band coating test piece is heated to 900 DEG C of insulation 20min, observes disbonding situation after taking-up Water Quenching.Repeat-heating shrend, until disbonding area exceedes 2% of the coating total area.By making disbonding area exceed the heating shrend number of times of the coating total area 2%, weigh the thermal shock resistance properties of coating.Heating shrend number of times is more, and thermal shock resistance properties is better, otherwise poorer.
The liquid of resistance to aluminium adhesivity and the corrosion of resistance to aluminium: the proof stick of a peek parcel corrosion-resistant finishes, divide two groups, wherein, in one group of overall high temperature aluminum liquid that immerses 850 DEG C, stir after 320 hours and take out; In the high temperature aluminum liquid that another group entirety immersion is 870 DEG C, stir after 320 hours and take out.The adhesion amount of two groups of coatingsurface aluminium films of cooling rear observation.Coatingsurface aluminium film adhesion amount is fewer, and the liquid of the resistance to aluminium adhesivity of coating is stronger.It is excellent, good, general, poor that the coating liquid of resistance to aluminium adhesion property is divided into from high to low.Coatingsurface adheres to for excellent without aluminium film.Again aluminium film is peeled off from proof stick, observed the dropping situations of coating.The area of the coating shedding on proof stick surface is less, and the coating corrosion of resistance to aluminium is stronger.It is excellent, good, general, poor that the coating corrosion of resistance to aluminium performance is divided into from high to low.After aluminium film is peeled off, coating is without coming off for excellent.
Anti-Zn solution adhesivity and liquid zinc corrosion resistant: the proof stick of a peek parcel corrosion-resistant finishes, divide two groups, wherein, in one group of overall high temperature zinc liquid that immerses 850 DEG C, stir after 320 hours and take out; In the high temperature zinc liquid that another group entirety immersion is 870 DEG C, stir after 320 hours and take out.The adhesion amount of two groups of coatingsurface zinc films of cooling rear observation.Coatingsurface zinc film adhesion amount is fewer, and the anti-Zn solution adhesivity of coating is stronger.It is excellent, good, general, poor that coating anti-Zn solution adhesion property is divided into from high to low.Coatingsurface adheres to for excellent without zinc film.Again zinc film is peeled off from proof stick, observed the dropping situations of coating.The area of the coating shedding on proof stick surface is less, and coating liquid zinc corrosion resistant is stronger.It is excellent, good, general, poor that coating liquid zinc corrosion resistant performance is divided into from high to low.After zinc film is peeled off, coating is without coming off for excellent.
The liquation of resistance to aluminium zinc adhesivity and the liquation of resistance to aluminium zinc corrodibility: the proof stick of a peek parcel corrosion-resistant finishes, divide two groups, wherein, in one group of overall high temperature zinc molten aluminium alloy that immerses 850 DEG C, stir after 320 hours and take out; In the high temperature zinc molten aluminium alloy that another group entirety immersion is 870 DEG C, stir after 320 hours and take out.The adhesion amount of two groups of coatingsurface aluminium zinc films of cooling rear observation.Coatingsurface aluminium zinc film adhesion amount is fewer, and the liquation of the resistance to aluminium zinc adhesivity of coating is stronger.It is excellent, good, general, poor that the coating liquation of resistance to aluminium zinc adhesion property is divided into from high to low.Coatingsurface adheres to for excellent without aluminium zinc film.Again aluminium zinc film is peeled off from proof stick, observed the dropping situations of coating.The area of the coating shedding on proof stick surface is less, and the coating liquation of resistance to aluminium zinc corrodibility is stronger.It is excellent, good, general, poor that the coating liquation of resistance to aluminium zinc corrosive nature is divided into from high to low.After aluminium zinc film is peeled off, coating is without coming off for excellent.
Bonding strength: corrosion-resistant finishes is sprayed on to mating plate end face, and face area is S.By the bonding formation tension specimen of binding agent.Adopt omnipotent mechanical test machine above-mentioned mating plate to be carried out to tension test, the ultimate load F while recording coating shedding.The mean value F ' that gets five tension test ultimate loads, anchoring strength of coating is F '/S.
As shown in Table 4, be coated with the corrosion-resistant roller of corrosion-resistant finishes, compared with the running roller without the coated running roller of coating and coated WC coating, the corrodibility of the liquid of resistance to aluminium, zinc liquid, the cementability of aluminium zinc liquation, the liquid of resistance to aluminium, zinc liquid, aluminium zinc liquation, raising greatly.Meanwhile, the running roller of coated WC coating, fracture toughness property, microhardness, wear-resistant rate, antioxidant property, thermal shock resistance properties, all improves greatly with the bonding strength of matrix.
Embodiment in the present invention, only for the present invention will be described, does not form the restriction to claim scope, those skilled in that art can expect other be equal in fact substitute, all in protection domain of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. corrosion-resistant roller, is characterized in that, comprises matrix and the corrosion-resistant finishes that is coated on matrix surface; Described corrosion-resistant finishes is made through spraying coating process with powder by resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating.
2. corrosion-resistant roller according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating comprises carbide and metal simple-substance with powder; Described carbide comprises TiC and WC, also comprises one or both in TaC, NbC; Described metal simple-substance comprises Co, Ni and Cr; The weight of described carbide accounts for 53%～74% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight, and all the other are metal simple-substance.
3. corrosion-resistant roller according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the weight of Cr accounts for 6%～12% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight; The gross weight of Co and Ni accounts for 20%～35% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight; The weight of WC accounts for 6%～12% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight; The gross weight of TaC and NbC accounts for 5%～10% of spray coating powder gross weight; All the other are TiC.
4. corrosion-resistant roller according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the corrosion of anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and aluminium zinc liquation.
5. the manufacture method of corrosion-resistant roller, is characterized in that, employing spraying equipment with being injected into roll surface after powder melts, forms corrosion-resistant roller by resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating.
6. the manufacture method of corrosion-resistant roller according to claim 5, is characterized in that, described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating comprises carbide and metal simple-substance with powder; Described carbide comprises TiC and WC, also comprises one or both in TaC, NbC; Described metal simple-substance comprises Co, Ni and Cr; The weight of described carbide accounts for 53%～74% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight, and all the other are metal simple-substance.
7. the manufacture method of corrosion-resistant roller according to claim 6, is characterized in that, the weight of Cr accounts for 6%～12% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight; The gross weight of Co and Ni accounts for 20%～35% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight; The weight of WC accounts for 6%～12% of described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder gross weight; The gross weight of TaC and NbC accounts for 5%～10% of spray coating powder gross weight; All the other are TiC.
8. the manufacture method of corrosion-resistant roller according to claim 7, is characterized in that, described resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating comprises the following steps by the preparation method of powder:
A. to adding one or both in TaC and NbC in TiC and WC, the particle diameter of TiC, WC, TaC or NbC is 1～2 μ m; After evenly mixing, pack crystal vessel sealing into; Crystal vessel is put into vacuum sintering furnace, regulate pressure to 20～40MPa, be warming up to 1600～1800 DEG C with the speed of 40～80 DEG C/min, be incubated 1～4 hour, make ceramic block;
B. by ceramic block fragmentation, ball milling, make ceramic particle; The particle diameter of ceramic particle is 1～3 μ m;
C. ceramic particle is evenly mixed with Co metallic particles, Ni metallic particles, Cr metallic particles, the particle diameter of Co metallic particles, Ni metallic particles or Cr metallic particles is 1～5 μ m; Add binding agent to make slurry; After spray method granulation, sintering, plasma spheroidization, sub-sieve obtain resistant corrosion-resistant spray-coating powder.
9. the manufacture method of corrosion-resistant roller according to claim 5, is characterized in that, the corrosion of corrosion-resistant roller anti-Zn solution, aluminium liquid and the aluminium zinc liquation making.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109182950A (en) * | 2018-09-14 | 2019-01-11 | 河北工业大学 | A kind of preparation method of TiC/Co-Ni Alloy Composite Coating |
| CN112844995A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-28 | 苏州淼胜环保科技有限公司 | Metal part surface machining process for improving corrosion resistance |
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| CN101316941A (en) * | 2005-08-19 | 2008-12-03 | 杰出金属实业公司 | Hardmetal materials for high-temperature applications |
| CN101517109A (en) * | 2006-09-22 | 2009-08-26 | H.C.施塔克有限公司 | Metal powder |
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| JPS6089557A (en) * | 1983-10-20 | 1985-05-20 | Showa Denko Kk | Powdered material for thermal spray and its manufacture |
| CN101316941A (en) * | 2005-08-19 | 2008-12-03 | 杰出金属实业公司 | Hardmetal materials for high-temperature applications |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109182950A (en) * | 2018-09-14 | 2019-01-11 | 河北工业大学 | A kind of preparation method of TiC/Co-Ni Alloy Composite Coating |
| CN112844995A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-28 | 苏州淼胜环保科技有限公司 | Metal part surface machining process for improving corrosion resistance |
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