CN104101135B - Light pipe evaporators and refrigerator - Google Patents

Light pipe evaporators and refrigerator Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104101135B
CN104101135B CN201310114004.8A CN201310114004A CN104101135B CN 104101135 B CN104101135 B CN 104101135B CN 201310114004 A CN201310114004 A CN 201310114004A CN 104101135 B CN104101135 B CN 104101135B
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China
Prior art keywords
evaporation tube
tube
wall
inner container
refrigeration plant
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CN201310114004.8A
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CN104101135A (en
Inventor
肖长亮
卞伟
刘越
成俊亮
芦小飞
姚书强
刘占起
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Qingdao Haier Special Refrigerator Co Ltd
Haier Group Corp
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Qingdao Haier Special Refrigerator Co Ltd
Haier Group Corp
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Priority to CN201310114004.8A priority Critical patent/CN104101135B/en
Publication of CN104101135A publication Critical patent/CN104101135A/en
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  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a light pipe evaporator and a refrigerator. The light pipe evaporator is formed by intertwining an evaporating pipe on an inner container of refrigeration equipment; the evaporating pipe of the light pipe evaporator comprises a first partial evaporating pipe and a second partial evaporating pipe; the first partial evaporating pipe is intertwined from top to bottom along the wall of the inner container of the refrigeration equipment, and a first connecting port for connecting a first capillary tube is formed in the first partial evaporating pipe and is positioned at the position of the upper part of the wall of the inner container of the refrigeration equipment; the second partial evaporating pipe is intertwined from bottom to top along the wall of the inner container of the refrigeration equipment, and a second connecting port for connecting a compressor is formed in the second partial evaporating pipe and is positioned at the position of the upper part of the wall of the inner container of the refrigeration equipment. The invention further provides another light pipe evaporator and a refrigerator. According to the light pipe evaporators and the refrigerator provided by the invention, the heat absorption capacity of refrigerant can be balanced to the maximum degree, so that the temperatures of everywhere of the inner container of the refrigeration equipment are approximate, and a refrigeration effect can be played to the maximum degree.

Description

Light pipe evaporator and refrigerator
Technical field
The present invention relates to Refrigeration Technique, more particularly, to a kind of smooth pipe evaporator and refrigerator.
Background technology
Vaporizer is the important component part of refrigeration system, in existing refrigerator class refrigeration plant, especially horizontal refrigerator In application, vaporizer is usually used light pipe evaporator, will light pipe be wrapped on the wall of inner container of refrigerating chamber, and cold-producing medium passes through steaming Send out in pipe and flow, take away the indoor heat of freezing, realize refrigeration, such light pipe evaporator have low cost, be wound around easy for installation Feature, be therefore widely used.
Winding side on the wall of inner container of refrigeration plant, such as on the refrigerating chamber wall of inner container of refrigerator for the above-mentioned smooth pipe evaporator Formula, can be generally divided into down-feed and up-return and lower confession last time two ways, and down-feed and up-return refers to that vaporizer is located on refrigerating chamber inner bag The interface in portion connects capillary tube, and the interface positioned at refrigerating chamber inner bag bottom connects compressor, and it is indoor that cold-producing medium is located at freezing by vaporizer The interface input on gallbladder top, is located at the interface output of refrigerating chamber inner bag bottom, and is transmitted back to compressor from vaporizer;Lower confession last time Refer to that vaporizer is located at the interface of refrigerating chamber inner bag bottom and connects capillary tube, the interface positioned at refrigerating chamber inner bag top connects compressor, Cold-producing medium is located at the interface input of refrigerating chamber inner bag bottom by vaporizer, and the interface being located at refrigerating chamber inner bag top from vaporizer is defeated Go out, and be transmitted back to compressor, be equivalent to a flooded evaporator.
The canoe of above two vaporizer cuts both ways, but all there is the initial segment evaporation that cold-producing medium enters vaporizer Temperature is higher, and heat absorption capacity is stronger, and ending segment evaporating temperature in vaporizer reduces, and heat absorption capacity also reduces so that cold Freeze the indoor inconsistent problem of temperature up and down.
Content of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of smooth pipe evaporator and refrigerator, in order to play the refrigerating capacity of refrigerator to greatest extent.
The first aspect of the invention is to provide a kind of smooth pipe evaporator, by evaporation tube around the inner bag winding of refrigeration plant Become, the evaporation tube of described smooth pipe evaporator includes Part I evaporation tube and Part II evaporation tube, described Part I evaporation Pipe is wound around from top to bottom along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant, and described Part I evaporation tube is located at the inner bag of described refrigeration plant Wall upper position is provided with the first interface for connecting the first capillary tube;Described Part II evaporation tube is along described refrigeration plant Wall of inner container be wound around from bottom to top, described Part II evaporation tube be located at described refrigeration plant wall of inner container upper position be provided with For connecting the second interface of compressor.
Above-mentioned Part I evaporation tube and described Part II evaporation tube are connected by tee T, the outlet of described tee T It is connected with described Part II evaporation tube, the first import of described tee T is connected with described Part I evaporation tube, described three Second import of siphunculus is used for being connected with the second capillary tube.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a kind of smooth pipe evaporator, by evaporation tube around the inner bag winding of refrigeration plant Become, the evaporation tube of described smooth pipe evaporator includes Part I evaporation tube and Part II evaporation tube, described Part I evaporation Pipe is wound around from bottom to top along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant, and described Part I evaporation tube is located at the inner bag of described refrigeration plant Wall lower position is provided with the first interface for connecting the first capillary tube;Described Part II evaporation tube is along described refrigeration plant Wall of inner container be wound around from top to bottom, described Part II evaporation tube be located at described refrigeration plant wall of inner container lower position be provided with For connecting the second interface of compressor.
Wherein, Part I evaporation tube and described Part II evaporation tube are connected by tee T, the going out of described tee T Mouth is connected with described Part II evaporation tube, and the first import of described tee T is connected with described Part I evaporation tube, described Second import of tee T is used for being connected with the second capillary tube.
An additional aspect of the present invention is to provide a kind of refrigerator, adopts above-mentioned light pipe to steam in the refrigeration system of described refrigerator Send out device.
Light pipe evaporator and refrigerator that the present invention provides, smooth pipe evaporator therein, by from top to bottom, and from lower On canoe so that cold-producing medium also can from top to bottom, and from bottom to top intersection circulation;Or by from lower and On, but top-down canoe so that cold-producing medium also can from bottom to top, and top-down intersect circulation, can be The heat absorption capacity of the equilibrium cold-producing medium of big degree, so that liner of refrigeration equipment temperature close everywhere, can be sent out to greatest extent Wave heat exchange refrigeration, can both improve the utilization ratio of refrigerating capacity, the refrigerating speed experience on top can be improved again..
Brief description
Fig. 1 is the structural representation one of light pipe evaporator in the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation two of light pipe evaporator in the embodiment of the present invention
Fig. 3 is the structural representation three of light pipe evaporator in the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the structural representation four of light pipe evaporator in the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the structural representation of tee T in the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is the structural representation of the refrigeration system using the light pipe evaporator shown in Fig. 2.
Specific embodiment
For the defect of prior art, embodiments provide a kind of smooth pipe evaporator, Fig. 1 is the embodiment of the present invention The structural representation one of middle smooth pipe evaporator, as shown in figure 1, this light pipe evaporator is wound around around the inner bag of refrigeration plant by evaporation tube Form, the evaporation tube of light pipe evaporator includes Part I evaporation tube 11 and Part II evaporation tube 12, and described Part I steams The wall of inner container sending out pipe 11 along described refrigeration plant is wound around from top to bottom, and described Part I evaporation tube 11 is located at described refrigeration plant Wall of inner container upper position be provided with the first interface for connecting the first capillary tube 21;Described Part II evaporation tube 12 is along institute The wall of inner container stating refrigeration plant is wound around from bottom to top, and described Part II evaporation tube 12 is located on the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant Position installs the second interface being equipped with for connecting compressor 22.
The light pipe evaporator that the above embodiment of the present invention provides, by from top to bottom, and canoe from bottom to top, make Obtaining cold-producing medium also can from top to bottom, and intersection from bottom to top circulates, and can farthest equalize the heat absorption energy of cold-producing medium Power, so that liner of refrigeration equipment temperature close everywhere, can play heat exchange refrigeration to greatest extent, can both improve system The utilization ratio of cold, can improve the refrigerating speed experience on top again.
In addition, Fig. 2 is the structural representation two of light pipe evaporator in the embodiment of the present invention, as shown in Figure 2, can be at this In the light pipe evaporator that invention above-described embodiment provides, between Part I evaporation tube 11 and described Part II evaporation tube 12 Connected by tee T 13, the outlet of described tee T 13 is connected with described Part II evaporation tube 12, described tee T 13 First import is connected with described Part I evaporation tube 11, and the second import of described tee T is used for the second capillary tube 23 even Connect.In the present embodiment, by tee T, vaporizer is divided into the vaporizer of two kinds of different sizes, one of disengagement area is relatively Big vaporizer, the vaporizer being made up of Part I evaporation tube and Part II evaporation tube;And a disengagement area is relatively Little vaporizer, only includes the vaporizer of Part II evaporation tube, and this vaporizer takes canoe from bottom to top to arrange On the inner bag of refrigeration plant, be equivalent to and freeze paragraph by paragraph from bottom to top, the utilization ratio of refrigerating capacity is higher, and power consumption is less.
The above-mentioned vaporizer with two kinds of disengagement areas providing in the present embodiment, can adapt in two kinds of refrigeration energy of needs In the refrigeration system of power, when needing big refrigerating capacity, it is possible to use the larger vaporizer of disengagement area, that is, pass through the first capillary Pipe injects cold-producing medium, and when needing less refrigerating capacity, it is possible to use the less vaporizer of disengagement area, that is, pass through second Capillary tube injects cold-producing medium.
The light pipe evaporator that the above embodiment of the present invention provides can be wound around in many ways and be distributed on wall of inner container, example As above-mentioned Part I evaporation tube is equidistantly arranged along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant or with the arrangement of ladder spacing, its scala media When terraced spacing arrangement is to be wound around evaporation tube on wall of inner container, the spacing between adjacent evaporation tube is gradually increased from top to bottom, or Be gradually reduced from top to bottom, above-mentioned Part II evaporation tube can also along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant equidistantly arrangement or with Ladder spacing is arranged.And specific, evaporation tube therein is metal tube, such as copper pipe, aluminum pipe or coating steel pipe, described evaporation tube Wall thickness be 0.5mm-1.0mm.
The embodiment of the present invention additionally provides another kind of light pipe evaporator, and Fig. 3 is light pipe evaporator in the embodiment of the present invention Structural representation three, the mentality of designing of this light pipe evaporator is essentially identical with the light pipe evaporator shown in Fig. 1, differs only in, The evaporation tube of this light pipe evaporator is from bottom to top, and top-down canoe, specifically, as shown in figure 3, this light pipe steams Send out device to be entwined around the inner bag of refrigeration plant by evaporation tube, the evaporation tube of light pipe evaporator includes Part I evaporation tube 31 He Part II evaporation tube 32, described Part I evaporation tube 31 is wound around from bottom to top along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant, described The wall of inner container upper position that Part I evaporation tube 31 is located at described refrigeration plant is provided with for connecting the first capillary tube 41 First interface;Described Part II evaporation tube 32 is wound around from top to bottom along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant, described Part II The wall of inner container upper position that evaporation tube 32 is located at described refrigeration plant is provided with the second interface for connecting compressor 42.
The light pipe evaporator that the above embodiment of the present invention provides, by from bottom to top, and top-down canoe, make Obtaining cold-producing medium also can from bottom to top, and top-down intersection circulates, and can farthest equalize the heat absorption energy of cold-producing medium Power, so that liner of refrigeration equipment temperature close everywhere, can play heat exchange refrigeration to greatest extent.
In addition, Fig. 4 is the structural representation four of light pipe evaporator in the embodiment of the present invention, as shown in Figure 4, can be at this In the light pipe evaporator that invention above-described embodiment provides, between Part I evaporation tube 31 and described Part II evaporation tube 32 Connected by tee T 33, the outlet of described tee T 33 is connected with described Part II evaporation tube 12, described tee T 33 First import is connected with described Part I evaporation tube 31, and the second import of described tee T is used for the second capillary tube 43 even Connect.In the present embodiment, by tee T, vaporizer is divided into the vaporizer of two kinds of different sizes, one of disengagement area is relatively Big vaporizer, the vaporizer being made up of Part I evaporation tube and Part II evaporation tube;And a disengagement area is relatively Little vaporizer, only includes the vaporizer of Part II evaporation tube, and top-down canoe setting taken by this vaporizer On the inner bag of refrigeration plant, this kind of refrigeration modes, preferentially freeze top, then progressively freeze bottom, from top health check-up to Refrigerating speed is very fast.
The above-mentioned vaporizer with two kinds of disengagement areas providing in the present embodiment, can adapt in two kinds of refrigeration energy of needs In the refrigeration system of power, when needing big refrigerating capacity, it is possible to use the larger vaporizer of disengagement area, that is, pass through the first capillary Pipe injects cold-producing medium, and when needing less refrigerating capacity, can inject cold-producing medium by the second capillary tube.
The light pipe evaporator that the above embodiment of the present invention provides can be wound around in many ways and be distributed on wall of inner container, example As above-mentioned Part I evaporation tube is equidistantly arranged along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant or with the arrangement of ladder spacing, its scala media When terraced spacing arrangement is to be wound around evaporation tube on wall of inner container, the spacing between adjacent evaporation tube is gradually increased from top to bottom, or Be gradually reduced from top to bottom, above-mentioned Part II evaporation tube can also along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant equidistantly arrangement or with Ladder spacing is arranged.And specific, evaporation tube therein is metal tube, such as copper pipe, aluminum pipe or coating steel pipe, described evaporation tube Wall thickness be 0.5mm-1.0mm.
Fig. 5 is the structural representation of tee T in the embodiment of the present invention, as shown in figure 5, this tee T includes the first import 51st, the second import 52 and outlet 53, specifically, this tee T may apply in the embodiment shown in above-mentioned Fig. 2 or Fig. 4.
The embodiment of the present invention additionally provides a kind of refrigerator, adopts arbitrary in above-mentioned Fig. 1-Fig. 4 in the refrigeration system of this refrigerator Light pipe evaporator given by embodiment.
Fig. 6 is the structural representation of the refrigeration system using the light pipe evaporator shown in Fig. 2, as shown in fig. 6, this refrigeration system System in addition to including compressor 22 and controller 28, heat exchanger therein can include the first condenser 24, the first electromagnetic valve 26, the One capillary tube 21, Part I evaporation tube 11, the second condenser 27, the second capillary tube 23 and Part II evaporation tube 12;
One end of first condenser 24 is connected with the outfan of compressor 22, the second end of the first condenser 24 and described the The input of one electromagnetic valve 26 connects, and the first outfan of described first electromagnetic valve 26 is connected with one end of described second capillary tube 23 Connect, the other end of described second capillary tube 23 connects to the input of described Part II evaporation tube 12, specifically can pass through Tee T is connected with the input of Part II evaporation tube 12, the outfan of described Part II evaporation tube 12 and described compressor 22 input connects;
The input of described second condenser 27 is connected with the second outfan of described first electromagnetic valve 26, and described second is cold The outfan of condenser 27 is connected with one end of described first capillary tube 21, and the other end of described first capillary tube 21 connects to described The input of Part I evaporation tube 11, the outfan of described Part I evaporation tube 11 is passed through tee T and is evaporated with Part II The input of section 12 connects;
When described controller 28 is used for controlling described heat exchanger to be operated in the first mode of operation, open described first electromagnetic valve 26 the first outfan, cuts out the second outfan of described first electromagnetic valve 26, and is used for controlling described heat exchanger to be operated in During the second mode of operation, open the second outfan of described first electromagnetic valve 26, close described first electromagnetic valve 26 first is defeated Go out end.In the particular embodiment, device for drying and filtering 25 can also be increased, this device for drying and filtering 25 is arranged on the first condenser 24 With first between electromagnetic valve 26.
The refrigeration system that the present embodiment provides, when being wherein operated in the first mode of operation, cold-producing medium exports from compressor 22, It is re-entered into after passing sequentially through the first condenser 24, the first electromagnetic valve 26, the second capillary tube 23 and Part II vaporizer 12 Compressor, when being operated in the second mode of operation, cold-producing medium exports from compressor 22, passes sequentially through first condenser the 24, first electricity Re-enter after magnet valve 26, the second condenser 27, the first capillary tube 21, Part I evaporation tube 11 and Part II evaporation tube 12 To compressor 22 it can be seen that, with respect to the first mode of operation, second mode of operation increased the second condenser 27 first Part evaporation tube 11, increased heat exchange area, and its exchange capability of heat can be significantly improved.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the light pipe evaporator shown in Fig. 3 is equally applicable in the refrigeration system shown in Fig. 5, and difference is only It is that wherein there is the vaporizer of less heat exchange area, that is, Part II evaporation tube is to be wound around from top to bottom;There is larger area Vaporizer, that is, the vaporizer of Part I evaporation tube and Part II evaporation tube composition is first from bottom to top, after from top to bottom Mode be wound around.
Finally it is noted that various embodiments above, only in order to technical scheme to be described, is not intended to limit;To the greatest extent Pipe has been described in detail to the present invention with reference to foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those within the art that: its according to So the technical scheme described in foregoing embodiments can be modified, or wherein some or all of technical characteristic is entered Row equivalent;And these modifications or replacement, do not make the essence of appropriate technical solution depart from various embodiments of the present invention technology The scope of scheme.

Claims (6)

1. a kind of refrigerator is it is characterised in that described refrigerator includes light pipe evaporator, compressor, electromagnetic valve, the first condenser and Two condensers, described smooth pipe evaporator is entwined around the inner bag of refrigeration plant by evaporation tube, the evaporation of described smooth pipe evaporator Pipe includes Part I evaporation tube and Part II evaporation tube, and described Part I evaporation tube is along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant It is wound around from top to bottom, the wall of inner container upper position that described Part I evaporation tube is located at described refrigeration plant is provided with for connecting The first interface of the first capillary tube;Described Part II evaporation tube is wound around from bottom to top along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant, institute State Part II evaporation tube and be located at the wall of inner container upper position of described refrigeration plant and be provided with and second connect for connect compressor Mouthful;
The input of described first condenser is connected with described compressor, the outfan of described first condenser and described electromagnetic valve Input connect, the first outfan of described electromagnetic valve passes through the second capillary tube with described Part II evaporation tube in succession;Institute The second outfan stating electromagnetic valve is connected with the input of described second condenser, and the outfan of described second condenser passes through the One capillary tube is connected with described Part I evaporation tube;Wherein,
Described Part I evaporation tube and described Part II evaporation tube are connected by tee T, the outlet of described tee T and institute State Part II evaporation tube to connect, the first import of described tee T is connected with described Part I evaporation tube, described tee T The second import be connected with described second capillary tube.
2. refrigerator according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that described Part I evaporation tube is along along described refrigeration plant Gallbladder wall is equidistantly arranged or with the arrangement of ladder spacing, and described Part II evaporation tube is equidistant along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant Arrange or with the arrangement of ladder spacing.
3. refrigerator according to claim 1 it is characterised in that described evaporation tube be metal tube, the wall thickness of described evaporation tube For 0.5-1.0mm.
4. a kind of refrigerator is it is characterised in that described refrigerator includes light pipe evaporator, compressor, electromagnetic valve, the first condenser and Two condensers, described smooth pipe evaporator is entwined around the inner bag of refrigeration plant by evaporation tube, the evaporation of described smooth pipe evaporator Pipe includes Part I evaporation tube and Part II evaporation tube, and described Part I evaporation tube is along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant It is wound around from bottom to top, the wall of inner container lower position that described Part I evaporation tube is located at described refrigeration plant is provided with for connecting The first interface of the first capillary tube;Described Part II evaporation tube is wound around from top to bottom along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant, institute State Part II evaporation tube and be located at the wall of inner container lower position of described refrigeration plant and be provided with and second connect for connect compressor Mouthful;
The input of described first condenser is connected with described compressor, the outfan of described first condenser and described electromagnetic valve Input connect, the first outfan of described electromagnetic valve passes through the second capillary tube with described Part II evaporation tube in succession;Institute The second outfan stating electromagnetic valve is connected with the input of described second condenser, and the outfan of described second condenser passes through the One capillary tube is connected with described Part I evaporation tube;Wherein,
Described Part I evaporation tube and described Part II evaporation tube are connected by tee T, the outlet of described tee T and institute State Part II evaporation tube to connect, the first import of described tee T is connected with described Part I evaporation tube, described tee T The second import be used for be connected with described second capillary tube.
5. refrigerator according to claim 4 is it is characterised in that described Part I evaporation tube is along along described refrigeration plant Gallbladder wall is equidistantly arranged or with the arrangement of ladder spacing, and described Part II evaporation tube is equidistant along the wall of inner container of described refrigeration plant Arrange or with the arrangement of ladder spacing.
6. refrigerator according to claim 4 it is characterised in that described evaporation tube be metal tube, the wall thickness of described evaporation tube For 0.5-1.0mm.
CN201310114004.8A 2013-04-03 2013-04-03 Light pipe evaporators and refrigerator Active CN104101135B (en)

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CN104101135B true CN104101135B (en) 2017-01-18

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Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105222471A (en) * 2015-10-27 2016-01-06 合肥华凌股份有限公司 Refrigeration system and there is its refrigerator
CN107421165B (en) * 2017-05-19 2020-07-03 合肥华凌股份有限公司 Evaporator structure, refrigerating system and refrigerator
CN113551460A (en) * 2021-07-23 2021-10-26 浙江星星冷链集成股份有限公司 A around tubular construction and direct-cooling formula freezer for direct-cooling formula freezer inner bag

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CN2276141Y (en) * 1996-02-14 1998-03-11 长沙中意电器集团公司长沙冷柜厂 Horizontal type refrigerator
KR20020041251A (en) * 2000-11-27 2002-06-01 구자홍 Direct cooling type refrigerator
KR20060020080A (en) * 2004-08-31 2006-03-06 엘지전자 주식회사 Winding method for evaporator-pipe in inner case of kimchi-refrigerator and fixing jig of inner case
CN101566415A (en) * 2009-05-19 2009-10-28 广东奥马电器股份有限公司 Energy-conserving refrigerator
CN102519201A (en) * 2011-12-24 2012-06-27 广东奥马电器股份有限公司 Refrigerating box with high-efficiency energy-saving evaporator
CN202709604U (en) * 2012-07-04 2013-01-30 澳柯玛股份有限公司 Refrigerator with novel evaporator
CN202813863U (en) * 2012-08-20 2013-03-20 海尔集团公司 Horizontal type double-temperature refrigerator refrigerating and freezing switch refrigerating system

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN2276141Y (en) * 1996-02-14 1998-03-11 长沙中意电器集团公司长沙冷柜厂 Horizontal type refrigerator
KR20020041251A (en) * 2000-11-27 2002-06-01 구자홍 Direct cooling type refrigerator
KR20060020080A (en) * 2004-08-31 2006-03-06 엘지전자 주식회사 Winding method for evaporator-pipe in inner case of kimchi-refrigerator and fixing jig of inner case
CN101566415A (en) * 2009-05-19 2009-10-28 广东奥马电器股份有限公司 Energy-conserving refrigerator
CN102519201A (en) * 2011-12-24 2012-06-27 广东奥马电器股份有限公司 Refrigerating box with high-efficiency energy-saving evaporator
CN202709604U (en) * 2012-07-04 2013-01-30 澳柯玛股份有限公司 Refrigerator with novel evaporator
CN202813863U (en) * 2012-08-20 2013-03-20 海尔集团公司 Horizontal type double-temperature refrigerator refrigerating and freezing switch refrigerating system

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