CN103935989A - Method for preparing graphene by means of flammable solvent reduction - Google Patents
Method for preparing graphene by means of flammable solvent reduction Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing graphene by means of flammable solvent reduction. The method comprises the following steps of: drying graphite oxide; filling the dried graphite oxide powder into a reaction container; dipping in a flammable solvent and igniting the flammable solvent by using a combustion improver to reduce graphite oxide; naturally reducing the temperature to reach the room temperature at the end of burning to obtain graphene with high quality. The method has the advantages of simpleness, practicability, economy, high efficiency, high quality and mass production.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to a kind of method of preparing Graphene, relate to particularly the technique that a kind of thermal reduction graphite oxide is prepared high-quality graphene.
Background technology
Over nearest 30 years, the allotropic substance-soccerballene of carbon and carbon nanotube are owing to having remarkable electronics and mechanical property and excellent solvent dispersion is subject to extensive concern.Koroto in 1985, Curl and Smalley have found the soccerballene (fullerene) of zero dimension, impel the strong interest of researchist to nano-carbon material.Find subsequently the carbon nanotube (carbon nanotube) of one dimension at Iijima in 1991, further lighted the research boom of carbon-based nano particle.Until 2004, the Geim of Univ Manchester UK etc. peel off and have observed single-layer graphene crystal by the very simple micromechanics stripping method of one, just cause again scientific circles' new round " carbon " upsurge (Novoselov K S etc. science, 2004,306,666).In 2010, Geim etc. obtained the physics Nobel prize thus.The cellular lattice structure of two-dimension periodic that Graphene (graphene) is made up of carbon six-ring, its C-C bond distance is about 0.142 nm, its flexible winding becomes zero dimension soccerballene, be rolled into one dimension carbon nanometer mitron or be stacked to three-dimensional graphite (graphite), also be form other graphite materials elementary cell (Geim A K etc. modern physics, 2007,8,35).
The theoretical specific surface area of Graphene is up to 2630 m
2/ g, its quality is light, has outstanding heat conductivility (5000 Wm-1K-1), Young's modulus (1100 GPa) and breaking tenacity (125 GPa) can match in excellence or beauty with Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (Moon I K etc. nature, 2010,1,1).Compare with soccerballene with expensive carbon nanotube, the main raw material (graphite) of Graphene is easy to get, cheap.The performance that these are excellent and unique nanostructure, make Graphene become the focus of extensive concern in recent years, and have broad application prospects in a lot of fields.For example, Graphene can be for the manufacture of ultracapacitor, transistor, unicircuit, gas sensor, lithium cell, support of the catalyst, reinforcing filler etc.
For many years, people are exploring the preparation method of high quality high yield low cost Graphene always.Conventional preparation method has four kinds at present: and micromechanics stripping method (Novoselov K S etc. science, 2004,306,666), graphene oxide reduction method (Yang S J etc. charcoal element, 2013,53,73), epitaxial growth method (Borovikov V etc. physics progress, 2009,80,12) and chemical Vapor deposition process (Reina A etc. nanometer wall bulletin, 2009,9,1).Although peeling off, micromechanics is a kind of method of simply preparing Graphene, very useful to laboratory theoretical investigation, waste time and energy, and size is difficult to accurate control, and repeatability is also poor, is difficult to scale operation and application.Epitaxial growth method and chemical Vapor deposition process are also the more potential methods of one.But, these two kinds of method equipment used costlinesses, be difficult to serialization preparation; Graphene and the excellent electrical properties thereof that can prepare big area and thickness homogeneous are challenges always.Graphite oxide reduction method, is considered to a kind of method that can prepare effectively in batches Graphene at present.This method is first Graphite Powder 99 to be oxidized by force; Then adopt different methods to carry out deoxidation to prepare hypoxic Graphene as reductibility solvent method or dilatometry etc.The advantage of this method is that Graphite Powder 99 starting material used are easy to get, preparation technology is simple, can prepare in batches Graphene.Shortcoming is in the reducing process process of graphite oxide, and High Temperature Furnaces Heating Apparatus loss is large (dilatometry), introducing impurity (reduction solvent method); And made Graphene quality is low, textural defect is many etc., physics, chemistry and mechanical property etc. that this causes characteristic remarkable and reduced Graphene, limited its further widespread use.
Summary of the invention
For the deficiencies in the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide one simple and practical, economical and efficient, the method for Graphene is prepared in high quality and the combustible solvent reduction can be mass-produced.
The present invention is under graphite oxide powder or block state, add the dispersed infiltration of combustible solvent, under atmospheric pressure environment state, pass into different concns oxygen, the graphite oxide powder being infiltrated by combustible solvent ignites in reaction chamber, now graphite oxide combustible solvent produce flame in by fast restore, repaired lattice imperfection by flame applying plasma simultaneously, and collect and obtain high-quality graphene by collection container.
The method of preparing Graphene of the present invention comprises the steps:
(1) graphite oxide is dried;
(2) will be dried graphite oxide powder and be placed in reaction vessel, after combustible solvent dipping, ignite with ignition dope, make graphite oxide reduction;
(3) after burning finishes, be naturally cooled to room temperature, obtain high-quality graphene.
The present invention is in combustible solvent system, by the flame of introducing the generation of ignition dope oxygen, graphene oxide is reduced and is processed.At high temperature, the method that graphite oxide is peeled off and reduced, does not therefore have concrete restriction for graphite oxide, and the graphite oxide that every oxidized graphite obtains all can be used for the present invention.Preferably, to be graphite obtain graphite oxide of the present invention after strong oxidation, described after oxidation the equal appendix in top layer and side of graphite have a large amount of oxy radicals, i.e. graphite oxide.In the prior art, the preparation method of graphite oxide mainly contains Brodie method, Hummers method or three kinds of method for oxidation of Staudenmaier method.
Preferably, preferably any one in Brodie method, Hummers method or Staudenmaier method of the preparation method of described graphite oxide.
The method that the drying means of described graphite oxide is well known to those skilled in the art, for example spraying is dry, frozen drying, vacuum and heating drying, normal heating are dry etc.The present invention is not construed as limiting dry means, and all methods that can obtain dry graphite oxide, all can be used for the present invention.
Graphite oxide powder of the present invention footpath is 1-500 μ m, further preferred 1-200 μ m, particularly preferably 1-100 μ m.
Graphite oxide reduction of the present invention need to be carried out in combustible solvent system, the temperature and the plasma body that utilize flame to produce are peeled off reduction to graphite oxide, remove the most oxygen-containing functional groups in graphite oxide, repair the textural defect in Graphene simultaneously, thereby effectively reduce and peel off graphite oxide.Ignition dope of the present invention is mixed gas or the air of different concns oxygen gas and nitrogen, and in mixed gas, oxygen volumn concentration is 21%-100%, further preferred 21%-50%, particularly preferably 21%-30%;
Combustible solvent of the present invention is the liquid that can ignite under normal temperature, comprises all kinds of inflammableness liquid, is respectively one-level inflammable liquid: acetone, methyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, benzene, ethanol, gasoline etc.; Secondary inflammable liquid: butenol, acetic acid, butylacetate, turps, kerosene etc.; Three grades of flammable liquids: propylene diamine, nonyl alcohol, ethyl hexanoate, Diethylenetriamine; Level Four flammable liquid: adipic acid dioctyl ester, phthalic acid dibutyl ester, dioctyl phthalate etc.Further preferably be respectively one-level inflammable liquid: acetone, methyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, benzene, ethanol, gasoline etc.; Secondary inflammable liquid: butenol, acetic acid, butylacetate, turps, kerosene etc.; Particularly preferably an inflammableness liquid, comprises acetone, methyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, benzene, ethanol etc.
Reaction vessel of the present invention is in order to realize the closed reaction vessel that can pass into ignition dope under high temperature resistant (300-2000 DEG C) and normal pressure, expertise and relevant information that those skilled in the art can grasp according to oneself, select according to physical condition.The type of heating of high temperature resistant Reaktionsofen of the present invention can be selected from resistive heating, induction heating etc.Preferably, high temperature reaction stove of the present invention is selected from any one in reactor and calcining furnace, further preferred reactor.
The carbon of the Graphene that the present invention prepares and the atomic ratio of oxygen element are 6-50, for example 6,10,14,36,41,50 etc., control the carbon of described Graphene and the atomic ratio 8-50 of oxygen element, and further control 8-20.The specific surface area of Graphene is 400-1600 m
2/ g, for example 300,680,800,890,910,970,1060,1350,1600 m
2/ g etc.The specific conductivity of Graphene is 400-1200 S/m, for example 200,305,440,560,680,720,860,1100 S/m etc.
The Graphene that the present invention prepares, for energy storage active material, is preferred for Chu Qing, lithium ion battery, ultracapacitor or fuel cell, and nanometer electronic device, high frequency circuit, photon sensor, the order-checking of gene electronics and minimizing noise.
Method provided by the present invention, preparation technology is simple, and in flow process, each node can accurately be controlled, and can realize efficient, the high-quality reduction of graphene oxide material, solves the problems such as the environmental pollution, the reduction that exist in prior art are thorough, recovery time length.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial effect in the present invention:
(1) the present invention will be under graphite oxide normal pressure burning reduction rectification of defects, less energy-consumption and can remove preferably the oxygen-containing functional group in graphene oxide, repairs the textural defect in Graphene simultaneously, thereby makes high-quality Graphene;
(2) technique of the present invention has been avoided the poisonous chemical reagent of a large amount of uses and has been avoided using high-power heating installation, and environmental pollution is little, the reduction of the various powders of graphene oxide that are applicable to prepare based on the whole bag of tricks;
(3) recovery time of the present invention short, thoroughly, simple to operate, condition is easily controlled in reduction;
(4) the present invention can realize the efficient high-quality reduction of graphene oxide material, and the ratio minimum of C/O is 6, according to the difference of the residual quantity of temperature of reaction, time and oxidizing gas, oxygen-containing functional group can be removed completely in theory;
(5) Graphene that the specific surface area of grapheme material provided by the present invention prepares apparently higher than prior art.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 a-c is respectively the stereoscan photograph of the reduced graphene of the embodiment of the present invention 1,4,10.
Embodiment
For the ease of understanding the present invention, it is as follows that the present invention enumerates embodiment.Those skilled in the art should understand, described embodiment helps to understand the present invention, should not be considered as concrete restriction of the present invention.
Embodiment 1:
First according to Hummers legal system for graphite oxide, after vacuum-drying, obtain graphite oxide block.Obtain 50-150 μ m graphite oxide powder through crushing and screening.Weigh 100 mg graphite oxides, add sufficient dehydrated alcohol fully to flood 2 min and be placed in reactor, passing into oxygen level is 73%(percent by volume) oxygen/nitrogen mixed gas, by the portfire sample that ignites.Sample burning under oxygen is assisted, is cooled to room temperature after combustion reactions completes naturally.After reduction, gained grapheme material specific surface area reaches 1200 m
2/ g, specific conductivity is 900 S/m.Before reduction, graphite oxide carbon and oxygen element atomic ratio (C/O ratio) are only 1.6, and after reduction, because a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups is removed, C/O ratio is increased to 10.41.
Embodiment 2
First according to Staudenmaier legal system for graphite oxide, after lyophilize, obtain graphite oxide powder, obtain 80-200 μ m graphite oxide powder through screening.Take this graphite oxide powder 100 g, add sufficient butenol solvent fully to flood 20 min and be placed in reactor.Pass into oxygen level 29%(percent by volume) oxygen/nitrogen mixed gas, by after reactor sealing by the portfire sample that ignites.Sample burning under height is assisted containing oxygen and aiding combustion agent, the rear room temperature that is naturally cooled to of having burnt.After reduction, gained grapheme material specific surface area reaches 700 m
2/ g, specific conductivity is 650 S/m.In the front graphite oxide of reduction, carbon and oxygen element atomic ratio (C/O ratio) are lower, are only 1.52.After reduction, because most of oxygen-containing functional group is removed, C/O ratio rises to 8.
Embodiment 3
First according to Brodie legal system for graphite oxide, obtain graphite oxide powder after spray-dried, obtain 1-100 μ m graphite oxide powder through screening and take this graphite oxide powder 500 g, add sufficient propylene diamine solvent fully to flood 62 min and be placed in reactor.Passing into oxygen level 35%(percent by volume) oxygen/nitrogen mixed gas is combustion-supporting, by the portfire sample that ignites.Sample burning under height is assisted containing oxygen and aiding combustion agent, the rear room temperature that is naturally cooled to of having burnt.After reduction, the specific surface area of gained grapheme material is 1600 m
2/ g, specific conductivity is 1000 S/m.Before reduction, graphite oxide carbon and oxygen element atomic ratio (carbon Sauerstoffatom is than C/O) are lower, are only 1.41.After reduction, because a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups is removed, C/O rises to 18.
Embodiment 4
First according to Hummers legal system for graphite oxide, obtain graphite oxide powder after spray-dried, obtain 100-300 μ m graphite oxide powder through screening.Take this graphite oxide powder 310 g, add solvent impregnated 38 min of sufficient Diethylenetriamine to be placed in reactor.Pass into containing 62%(percent by volume) oxygen/nitrogen mixed gas, by the portfire sample that ignites.Sample burning under height is assisted containing oxygen and aiding combustion agent, the rear room temperature that is naturally cooled to of having burnt.Gained grapheme material specific surface area 650 m after reduction
2/ g, specific conductivity is 490 S/m.Before reduction, graphene oxide carbon and oxygen element atomic ratio (C/O ratio) are lower, are only 1.63.After reduction, because a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups is removed, C/O ratio rises to 9.
Embodiment 5
First according to Staudenmaier legal system for graphite oxide, after normal pressure heat drying, obtain graphite oxide block, then pulverize obtain graphite oxide powder, obtain 200-350 μ m graphite oxide powder through crushing and screening.Take this graphene oxide powder 50 g, add solvent impregnated 15 min of sufficient adipic acid dioctyl ester to be placed in reactor.Pass into oxygen level 20% oxygen/nitrogen mixed gas combustion-supporting, by the portfire sample that ignites.At high temperature burning, the rear room temperature that is naturally cooled to of having burnt.Gained grapheme material specific surface area 900 m after reduction
2/ g, specific conductivity is 500 S/m.Before reduction, graphene oxide carbon and oxygen element atomic ratio (C/O ratio) are lower, are only 1.56.After reduction, because a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups is removed, C/O ratio rises to 8.6.
Embodiment 6:
First according to Hummers legal system for graphite oxide, after vacuum-drying, obtain graphite oxide block.Obtain 1-80 μ m graphite oxide powder through crushing and screening.Weigh 10 g graphite oxides and be placed in reactor, add sufficient methyl alcohol fully to flood 48 min, then transfer in reactor and ignite, under atmospheric pressure environment condition, pass into oxygen level 35% oxygen/nitrogen mixed gas, by the portfire sample that ignites.Sample burning under oxygen is assisted, has reacted the rear room temperature that is naturally cooled to.After reduction, gained grapheme material specific surface area reaches 1200 m
2/ g, specific conductivity is 765 S/m.Before reduction, graphite oxide carbon and oxygen element atomic ratio (C/O ratio) are only 1.6, and after reduction, because a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups is removed, C/O ratio is increased to 11.
Embodiment 7
First according to Staudenmaier legal system for graphite oxide, obtain graphite oxide powder after spray-dried, obtain 20-120 μ m graphite oxide powder through screening and take this graphite oxide powder 200 g, add sufficient petrolic solvent to flood 50 min and be placed in reactor.Pass into oxygen level 62% oxygen/nitrogen mixed gas, by the portfire sample that ignites.Sample burning under height is assisted containing oxygen and aiding combustion agent, the rear room temperature that is naturally cooled to of having burnt.Gained grapheme material specific surface area 923 m after reduction
2/ g, specific conductivity is 670 S/m.Before reduction, graphene oxide carbon and oxygen element atomic ratio (C/O ratio) are lower, are only 1.63.After reduction, because a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups is removed, C/O ratio rises to 20.
Embodiment 8
First according to Staudenmaier legal system for graphite oxide, after vacuum-drying, obtain graphite oxide block, obtain 1-100 μ m graphite oxide powder through crushing and screening.Take this graphene oxide powder 2 g, add solvent impregnated 3 min of sufficient acetone to be placed in reactor.Pass into air-breathing, by the portfire sample that ignites.At high temperature burning, the rear room temperature that is naturally cooled to of having burnt.Gained grapheme material specific surface area 860 m after reduction
2/ g, specific conductivity is 500 S/m.Before reduction, graphene oxide carbon and oxygen element atomic ratio (C/O ratio) are lower, are only 1.56.After reduction, because a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups is removed, C/O ratio rises to 13.
Embodiment 9
First according to Hummers legal system for graphite oxide, after lyophilize, obtain graphite oxide powder.Obtain 100-400 μ m graphite oxide powder through screening.Weigh 3 g graphite oxide powder, add sufficient benzene fully to flood 4 min and be placed in reactor, pass into air-breathing, by the portfire sample that ignites.Sample burns under air assisted, after combustion reactions completes, is naturally cooled to room temperature.After reduction, gained grapheme material specific surface area reaches 500 m
2/ g, specific conductivity is 930 S/m.Before reduction, graphite oxide carbon and oxygen element atomic ratio (C/O ratio) are only 1.62, and after reduction, because a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups is removed, C/O ratio is increased to 11.21.
Embodiment 10
First according to Hummers legal system for graphite oxide, after lyophilize, obtain graphite oxide powder.Obtain 1-150 μ m graphite oxide powder through screening.Weigh 5 g graphite oxides, add sufficient kerosene fully to flood 20 min and be placed in reactor, pass into oxygen level 20% oxygen/nitrogen mixed gas combustion-supporting, by the portfire sample that ignites.Sample burning under oxygen is assisted, is cooled to room temperature after combustion reactions completes naturally.After reduction, gained grapheme material specific surface area reaches 600 m
2/ g, specific conductivity is 900 S/m.Before reduction, graphite oxide carbon and oxygen element atomic ratio (C/O ratio) are only 1.46, and after reduction, because a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups is removed, C/O ratio is increased to 7.52.
Embodiment 11
First according to Hummers legal system for graphite oxide, after normal pressure heat drying, obtain graphite oxide block.Obtain 150-350 μ m graphite oxide powder through crushing and screening.Weigh 200 mg graphite oxides, add sufficient acetaldehyde fully to flood 8 min and be placed in reactor, pass into air-breathing, by the portfire sample that ignites.Sample burns under air assisted, after combustion reactions completes, is naturally cooled to room temperature.After reduction, gained grapheme material specific surface area reaches 410 m
2/ g, specific conductivity is 430 S/m.Before reduction, graphite oxide carbon and oxygen element atomic ratio (C/O ratio) are only 1.48, and after reduction, because a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups is removed, C/O ratio is increased to 6.21.
Applicant's statement, the present invention illustrates detailed process equipment and process flow process of the present invention by above-described embodiment, but the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned detailed process equipment and process flow process, do not mean that the present invention must rely on above-mentioned detailed process equipment and process flow process and could implement.Person of ordinary skill in the field should understand, any improvement in the present invention, and the selections of the equivalence replacement to the each raw material of product of the present invention and the interpolation of ancillary component, concrete mode etc., within all dropping on protection scope of the present invention and open scope.
Claims (16)
1. a method for Graphene is prepared in combustible solvent reduction, it is characterized in that comprising the steps:
Graphite oxide is dried;
To be dried graphite oxide powder and be placed in reaction vessel, after combustible solvent dipping, ignite with ignition dope, make graphite oxide reduction;
After burning finishes, be naturally cooled to room temperature, obtain high-quality graphene.
2. the method for Graphene is prepared in a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 1, and the preparation method who it is characterized in that described step (1) graphite oxide is selected from any one in Brodie method, Hummers method or Staudenmaier method.
3. the method for Graphene is prepared in a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that described step (1) drying means for spraying is dry, frozen drying, vacuum and heating drying or normal heating dry.
4. the method for Graphene is prepared in a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that described step (2) graphite oxide powder footpath is 1-500 μ m.
5. the method for Graphene is prepared in a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that described step (2) graphite oxide powder footpath is 1-200 μ m.
6. the method for Graphene is prepared in a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 5, it is characterized in that described step (2) graphite oxide powder footpath is 1-100 μ m.
7. the method for Graphene is prepared in a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that the described ignition dope of described step (2) is mixed gas or the air of oxygen and nitrogen, and in mixed gas, oxygen volumn concentration is 21%-100%.
8. the method for Graphene is prepared in a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 7, it is characterized in that the described ignition dope of described step (2) is mixed gas or the air of oxygen and nitrogen, and in mixed gas, oxygen volumn concentration is 21%-50%.
9. the method for Graphene is prepared in a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 8, it is characterized in that the described ignition dope of described step (2) is mixed gas or the air of oxygen and nitrogen, and in mixed gas, oxygen volumn concentration is 21%-30%.
10. the method for Graphene is prepared in a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that the described combustible solvent of described step (2) is for being respectively one-level inflammable liquid: acetone, methyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, benzene, ethanol or gasoline; Secondary inflammable liquid: butenol, acetic acid, butylacetate, turps or kerosene; Three grades of flammable liquids: propylene diamine, nonyl alcohol, ethyl hexanoate or Diethylenetriamine; Level Four flammable liquid: adipic acid dioctyl ester, phthalic acid dibutyl ester or dioctyl phthalate.
The method of Graphene is prepared in 11. a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 10, it is characterized in that described step (2) combustible solvent is one-level inflammable liquid: acetone, methyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, benzene, ethanol or gasoline; Secondary inflammable liquid: butenol, acetic acid, butylacetate, turps or kerosene.
The method of Graphene is prepared in 12. a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 11, it is characterized in that described step (2) combustible solvent is acetone, methyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, benzene or ethanol.
The method of Graphene is prepared in 13. a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that described reactor is high temperature resistant 300-2000 DEG C, and under normal pressure, can pass into the closed reaction vessel of ignition dope.
Product prepared by the method for Graphene is prepared in 14. a kind of combustible solvent reduction as described in claim 1-13 any one, it is characterized in that the carbon of product Graphene and the atomic ratio of oxygen element are 6-50, and specific surface area is 400-1600m
2/ g, specific conductivity is 400-1200S/m.
Product prepared by the method that Graphene is prepared in 15. a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 14, is characterized in that the carbon of product Graphene and the atomic ratio of oxygen element are 8-50.
Product prepared by the method that Graphene is prepared in 16. a kind of combustible solvent reduction as claimed in claim 15, is characterized in that the carbon of product Graphene and the atomic ratio of oxygen element are 8-20.
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105914056A (en) * | 2016-04-20 | 2016-08-31 | 青岛华高墨烯科技股份有限公司 | Quick preparation method for graphene/foamed nickel composite material electrode |
| US9997334B1 (en) | 2017-02-09 | 2018-06-12 | Lyten, Inc. | Seedless particles with carbon allotropes |
| US10373808B2 (en) | 2017-02-09 | 2019-08-06 | Lyten, Inc. | Seedless particles with carbon allotropes |
| US11380521B2 (en) | 2017-02-09 | 2022-07-05 | Lyten, Inc. | Spherical carbon allotropes for lubricants |
| US10428197B2 (en) | 2017-03-16 | 2019-10-01 | Lyten, Inc. | Carbon and elastomer integration |
| US10920035B2 (en) | 2017-03-16 | 2021-02-16 | Lyten, Inc. | Tuning deformation hysteresis in tires using graphene |
| US11008436B2 (en) | 2017-03-16 | 2021-05-18 | Lyten, Inc. | Carbon and elastomer integration |
| US10756334B2 (en) | 2017-12-22 | 2020-08-25 | Lyten, Inc. | Structured composite materials |
| US10502705B2 (en) | 2018-01-04 | 2019-12-10 | Lyten, Inc. | Resonant gas sensor |
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