CN103917749A - Device and method for slow turning of an aeroderivative gas turbine - Google Patents
Device and method for slow turning of an aeroderivative gas turbine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103917749A CN103917749A CN201280055835.6A CN201280055835A CN103917749A CN 103917749 A CN103917749 A CN 103917749A CN 201280055835 A CN201280055835 A CN 201280055835A CN 103917749 A CN103917749 A CN 103917749A
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- Prior art keywords
- rotating device
- boat
- turbine
- slow rotating
- gas generator
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D21/00—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/32—Arrangement, mounting, or driving, of auxiliaries
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D21/00—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for
- F01D21/04—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for responsive to undesired position of rotor relative to stator or to breaking-off of a part of the rotor, e.g. indicating such position
- F01D21/06—Shutting-down
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D21/00—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for
- F01D21/16—Trip gear
- F01D21/18—Trip gear involving hydraulic means
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D21/00—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for
- F01D21/20—Checking operation of shut-down devices
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/34—Turning or inching gear
- F01D25/36—Turning or inching gear using electric motors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/26—Starting; Ignition
- F02C7/268—Starting drives for the rotor, acting directly on the rotor of the gas turbine to be started
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/26—Starting; Ignition
- F02C7/268—Starting drives for the rotor, acting directly on the rotor of the gas turbine to be started
- F02C7/275—Mechanical drives
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/36—Power transmission arrangements between the different shafts of the gas turbine plant, or between the gas-turbine plant and the power user
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C9/00—Controlling gas-turbine plants; Controlling fuel supply in air- breathing jet-propulsion plants
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
Abstract
An aeroderivative gas turbine is described, comprising a gas generator (20), a gas generator rotor, a power turbine section, and a slow turning device (33), wherein said slow turning device is designed and arranged to keep said rotor in rotary motion after turbine shut-down.
Description
Technical field
Present disclosure relates generally to gas turbine, and relates more specifically to boat and change gas turbine (aeroderivative gas turbines).
Background technique
Boat changes gas turbine and is widely used as the power source for Mechanical Driven application, and is widely used in the generating of industrial premises, pipeline, offshore platforms, LNG application etc.
Gas turbine be for example can experiencing shutdown in emergency situations, and restarts after short time period.When motionless after the rotor of turbine is being shut down, thermal distortion can, along with the reducing or eliminate and occur of the gap between rotor portion and stationary part, cause the friction between rotor portion and stationary part, or cause the appearance of locked rotor phenomenon.Thermal distortion relates to the inconsistent temperature field being caused by some reasons.In the time that turbine is motionless, the cooling of rotor is inconsistent, and due to natural convection phenomenon, the cooling bottom that is slower than on the top of rotor, has generated rotor bow and yield deformation.Gap between stator and rotor also reduce can by and down period between the temperature diffusion of Secondary Flow distribution correlation cause.Turbine can not be restarted, until rotor has reached applicable temperature field and geometrical shape.In this regard, boat changes the blade tips that the most critical part of gas turbine is compressor stage, and at this place, limited gap is located between stator and rotor.
For the gas turbine emergency shutdown of some types, cooling procedure needs considerable time, and during this period, turbine and the machinery driving thus can not drop into operation.This can cause the economic loss of essence and/or bring technology or problem of management.
Advise, by the revolution of turbine rotor being remained under slow-speed state and addressed this problem during outage period, therefore avoiding the inconsistent cooling of rotor and having prevented the latter's locking.Thereby this is conventionally by driving turbine rotor rotation to complete by means of actuating motor.Actuating motor needs a large amount of electric energy to drive.For some specific factory emergency shutdowns, do not have AC electric current to use, and can not use starting electrical machinery or any high energy public facilities.
Summary of the invention
The embodiment of present disclosure comprises that the boat with slow rotating device changes gas turbine, and it is driven by the motor of low power consumption very, and this motor can be by means of the power supply of limited capacity by energy supply electrically, for example, and by means of battery.This allows to keep the gas generator rotor of gas turbine in the time of gas turbine shutdown, prevents locked rotor, once and therefore allow this to become feasible turbine just to restart immediately.
According to the embodiment of theme disclosed herein, provide a kind of boat to change gas turbine, it comprises: the gas generator with gas generator rotor and associated enclosure; There is the power turbine of power turbine rotor and associated enclosure; And the slow rotating device engaging selectively with described gas generator rotor.
In certain embodiments, gas generator comprises axial compressor, burner, high-pressure turbine and relevant shell, axle, bearing etc.Compressor drum forms gas generator rotor together with High Pressure Turbine Rotor, and it has public axle, and this axle is supported by the end bearing in shell.Slow rotating device designs and is arranged to and keeps gas generator rotor in rotatablely moving after turbine is shut down.The slow-speed of gas generator rotor has guaranteed that all parts of rotor are cooling in the consistent mode of essence, has therefore avoided the locking of rotor.
In certain embodiments, power turbine and gas generator are mechanically independent, that is, the rotor of power turbine section and gas generator rotor be arranged to line.Combustion gas partly expand in high-pressure turbine, and compressor energy supply to gas generator.Then the combustion gas that flow out high-pressure turbine further expand in power turbine, with the axle and the connected load rotation that provide machine power to drive power turbine.Therefore, from whole power of the gas extraction that expands power turbine for driving load.
In certain embodiments, boat changes the first compressor and the second compressor that turbine comprises series connection, and air, partly by the first compressor pressurizes, further compresses in the second compressor.These gas turbines also comprise high-pressure turbine and the power turbine of series connection.The rotor of the rotor of high-pressure turbine and the second compressor forms gas generator rotor.The rotor of power turbine is supported by running shaft, and running shaft and gas generator rotor coaxial ground extend, and drives the first compressor rotation.The expansion of combustion gas in high-pressure turbine generates machine power and drives the second compressor; The further expansion of combustion gas in power turbine generates machine power and drives the first compressor and be connected to the load on power turbine.
In two layouts, slow rotating device can be provided as and make in the time of the shutdown of gas turbine, and gas generator rotor is driven into rotate at a slow speed by slow rotating device.
In certain embodiments, slow rotating device is connected on the port of auxiliary gearbox of gas turbine.More specifically, according to preferred embodiment, slow rotating device is connected on a port of auxiliary gearbox, auxiliary gearbox is to provide for the aerospace applications of turbine, but it keeps not using in the time that turbine changes turbine by the boat that acts on commercial Application (for example,, for generating, Mechanical Driven etc.).In certain embodiments, slow rotating device is connected on the petrolift port of auxiliary gearbox.
Therefore, theme disclosed herein also changes gas turbine about boat, and it has gas generator and gas generator rotor, also comprises the petrolift port on auxiliary gearbox, described auxiliary gearbox and is connected to the slow rotating device on described petrolift port.
In certain embodiments, power turbine section comprises the power turbine with a limited number of expansion section, for example, from two to eight or six these type of sections, each section includes by one group of static blade of turbine outer casing supporting and the one group of rotation blade being supported by turbine rotor.Therefore, limited the axial length of power turbine.Relatively large gap is located between the rotating part and stationary part of power turbine.Two factors contribute to reducing of the rotor in existence and the power turbine section of any possible rotor surrender and the mechanical interference between stator.Therefore, the slow-speed of power turbine does not generally need.
Disclosed herein another themes as a kind of slow rotating device for making reaction wheel rotate after emergency shutdown; it comprises actuation gear (for example motor), gear-box and movable output shaft; output shaft is constrained in torsional mode on the output block at a slow speed of gear-box, and movable output shaft can move selectively between operating position NOT-AND operation position.Movable output shaft can be slip output shaft.
According to another aspect, a kind of method that changes the locking of the rotor of gas turbine for restriction boat in the time shutting down is provided, gas turbine comprises gas generator and the power turbine with gas generator rotor, said method comprising the steps of:
Shut down time, by gas generator rotor mechanical be connected on slow rotating device,
Cooling period at gas generator rotor makes gas generator rotor to rotate at a slow speed by means of slow rotating device, until turbine is restarted or until gas generator rotor has been cooled to predetermined temperature.
Slow-speed speed is usually less than 150rpm, and is preferably lower than 100rpm.In a preferred embodiment, the method provides described slow rotating device has been connected to the step on the petrolift port of auxiliary gearbox that described boat changes gas turbine, and described port is connected to boat and changes on the gas generator rotor of gas turbine.
Feature and embodiment are below disclosing, and further illustrate in claims, and claim forms the constituent element of this description.Concise and to the point description illustrated various embodiments' of the present invention feature above, to can better understand ensuing detailed description, and to can better recognize the contribution of the present invention to related domain.Certainly, further feature of the present invention also will be described below and will in claims, illustrate.In this regard, before at length explaining some embodiments of the present invention, should be understood that, various embodiments of the present invention be not limited to its be applied to the details of structure and following describe illustrate or accompanying drawing shown in the layout of member.The present invention can have other embodiment and can implement in every way and carry out.In addition, will be appreciated that term used herein and term for purposes of illustration, and should not regard restriction as.
Therefore, person of skill in the art will appreciate that present disclosure based on the design basis that can be easily carry out some objects of the present invention as other structure of design, method and/or system.Therefore, importantly, claim is regarded as and is comprised that this type of equivalent constructions does not depart from the degree of the spirit and scope of the present invention to it.
Brief description of the drawings
To easily obtain more complete understanding and many advantages that it is followed of disclosed embodiment of the present invention, because the present invention describes in detail and becomes better understood below reference in the time considering together with accompanying drawing, in the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 shows the boat that merges to normal operations machine (for example compressor or compressor bank) and changes schematic side-view and the fragmentary sectional view of gas turbine;
Fig. 2 shows boat in Fig. 1 and changes the cross sectional view of gas turbine;
Fig. 3 shows the auxiliary gearbox of a gas turbine in embodiment and is attached to the perspective view of the slow rotating device of the merging on it;
Fig. 4 shows side view and the fragmentary sectional view of a slow rotating device in embodiment;
Fig. 5 shows the perspective view of the member of slow rotating device;
Fig. 6 shows along the cross section of the line VI-VI in Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 shows the cross section of the slow rotating device in another embodiment;
Fig. 8 to Figure 10 schematically shows the boat that is provided with slow rotating device according to theme disclosed herein and changes the other possible embodiment of gas turbine.
Embodiment
The following detailed description of exemplary embodiment has been mentioned accompanying drawing.Same reference numerals in different figure represents same or analogous element.In addition, accompanying drawing needn't be drawn in proportion.In addition, below describe in detail and do not limit the present invention.As an alternative, scope of the present invention is defined by the following claims.
Special characteristic, structure or characteristic that " embodiment " who mentions in whole specification or " embodiment " or " some embodiments " mean to describe are in conjunction with the embodiments included at least one embodiment of disclosed theme.Therefore the phrase " in one embodiment " or " in an embodiment " or " in certain embodiments " that, occur in the various positions of whole specification not necessarily refer to identical embodiment.In addition, specific feature, structure or characteristic can merge in one or more embodiments in any suitable manner.
The boat that Fig. 1 shows in exemplary embodiment changes gas turbine 1, and it is arranged to 3 for example generator, centrifugal compressor or any other load energy supplies of operating machines.Centrifugal compressor 3 can be the refrigerant gas compressor for gas liquefaction system, or need to change any other machine that the machine power of gas turbine 1 drives from boat.In certain embodiments, also provide starting electrical machinery, for example, motor, hydraulic electric motor, pneumatic motor etc., change gas turbine 1 to start boat, and it is by drive machines 3.
In certain embodiments, boat changes the primer fluid Medium-voltage Motor 1A (by pump and motor energy supply, not shown) on the auxiliary gearbox that gas turbine 1 comprises the cold junction below that is arranged in turbine.
Referring now to Fig. 2,, in certain embodiments, boat changes gas turbine 1 and comprises compressor section 9, and it comprises having compressor front baffle or bellmouth 11, the shell 13 of entrance and be bearing in rotatably on axle 16 and be arranged in the rotor 14 in shell 13.Static blade on rotation blade on compressor drum 14 and shell 13 causes that air sucks through bellmouth 11, compression and give the outlet 15 of delivering to compressor section 9.Outlet 15 is communicated with burner 17 fluids.The pressurized air that leaves compressor section 9 is delivered in burner 17 together with gaseous state or liquid fuel.
Burner 17 is communicated with high-pressure turbine 19 fluids.High-pressure turbine 19 is rotated by the combustion gases drive at this place that flows through, and provides power to carry out drive compression machine section 9.An only part for available power is made for drive compression machine by high-pressure turbine 19.The hot gas that leaves high-pressure turbine 19 still pressurizes, and uses and generate machine power changing in boat in the downstream section of gas turbine.The merging of compressor section 9, burner 17 and high-pressure turbine 19 is commonly referred to gas generator, and represents with 20 generally in the drawings.
The rotor 14 of compressor section 9 and the rotor arrangements of high-pressure turbine 19, on common shaft 16, and jointly form gas generator rotor.
Generated and left the gas flow of high-pressure turbine 19 by gas generator 20 through the power turbine section in downstream, wherein in gas, contained energy is partly transformed into mechanical energy.
In exemplary embodiment in the accompanying drawings, power turbine section comprises low-voltage-powered turbine 21, and it comprises stator 21S and rotor 21R.In embodiment shown in the figure, the rotor 21R of power turbine 21 is bearing on turbine shaft 22, and is connected thereto with torsional mode, and described turbine shaft 22 mechanically separates with the axle 16 of gas generator.
Power turbine 21 can comprise the expansion stages of variable number.Exemplary embodiment shown in Fig. 2 comprises six grades of power turbines of low speed.Other embodiment can comprise high speed power turbine, for example, and high-speed two-stage power turbine.The Exhaust Gas that leaves power turbine at 23 places can be used for the object of cogeneration or is thrown into simply in atmosphere.
Boat changes gas turbine and can be LM2500+G4 LSPT or LM2500 boat and change gas turbine, and both GE Aviation (Evendale, Ohio, USA) is commercially available.In other embodiments, for example, boat changes gas turbine and can be (the Florence from GE Oil and Gas, Italy) commercially available PGT25+G4 boat changes gas turbine, or from Dresser-Rand Company (Houston, Texas, USA) commercially available Dresser-Rand Vectra 40G4 boat changes gas turbine.In other embodiments, boat change gas turbine can be all from the commercially available PGT25+ of GE Oil and Gas (Florence, Italy), PGT16, PGT 20, or from GE Aviation (Evendale, Ohio, USA) commercially available LM6000 boat changes gas turbine.
In certain embodiments, boat changes directly drive machines 3 of gas turbine shaft,, utilizes direct mechanical connection that is, and machine 3 is rotated with identical speed with the power turbine section that boat changes gas turbine.In other embodiments, gear-box can be arranged between the axle of power turbine and the axle of machine 3.Specific arrangements depends on design consideration, type (high speed or low speed) and/or the rotating speed based on machine 3 of the power turbine based on using.
In certain embodiments, boat changes gas turbine and comprises auxiliary gearbox 31, sometimes also referred to as auxiliary gearbox (AGB) 31.Shown in exemplary embodiment in, auxiliary gearbox 31 is arranged in the cold junction place of gas turbine, and more specifically below the compressor front baffle 11 of gas generator 20.Auxiliary gearbox 31 is connected on the axle 16 of gas generator 20 by means of unshowned series of gears.In an illustrated embodiment, primer fluid Medium-voltage Motor 1A is connected on auxiliary gearbox 31.
In aerospace applications, turbine is used as air breathing engine, and utilizes liquid fuel energy supply.Liquid fuel is fed via the petrolift that is arranged in the output gear driving of rotating in auxiliary gearbox 31 and by axle 16 conventionally.Auxiliary gearbox is provided with the petrolift port for the connection of petrolift.Therefore, the rotary transfer of gas generator rotor is to petrolift.This has guaranteed that fuel is towards the mobile continuity of burner, to keep turbine to move continuously.In the time that turbine changes turbine as the boat of commercial Application, be provided as for the port of the auxiliary gearbox 31 of driving fuel pump and use not yet, and closed hermetically by covering.In the mounting design handbook (IDM) of LM2500 gas turbine, for example, this generic port is called A17 port.
According to some embodiments, for rotate boat change gas turbine simultaneously after shutting down cooling slow rotating device 33 merge to auxiliary gearbox 31, and the concrete port providing to being generally used for driving fuel pump.
The embodiment of slow rotating device 33 is described now with reference to Fig. 3 to Fig. 6.Label 35 has been indicated the port of the auxiliary gearbox 31 that slow rotating device 33 is connected thereto.Auxiliary port 35 comprises the quill shaft 37 that is connected to the processing on gear 39 with torsional mode.As mentioned, motion transmission layout (for example, one group of toothed wheel, not shown) be located between the axle 16 and gear 39 of gas generator.
In embodiment shown in the figure, slow rotating device 33 comprises with torsional mode and is connected to the flange 41 on the quill shaft 37 of inside processing of port 35.In certain embodiments, flange 41 by means of external spline axle 43 and locking framework with torsional mode and be connected to vertically on internal splines quill shaft 37.In certain embodiments, locking framework comprises inner dilator 42, and it can be butt shape.Inner dilator 42 has the screwed hole of centre 42H of engage threads pin 42P.As shown in Figure 5, inner dilator 42 and pin 42P introduce the through hole 43H of external spline axle 43 from opposite side.The internal diameter of hole 43H is less than the maximum diameter of inner dilator 42, makes inner dilator cause the radial dilatation of external spline axle 43 by means of the traction of threaded 42P, and described expansion is promoted by the longitudinal cut of processing at outside splined shaft 43.In embodiment shown in the figure, external spline axle 43 forms with flange 41 entirety combinations.In unshowned other embodiment, external spline axle 43 and flange 41 can be made and are connected to each other and go up with torsional mode subsequently by two independent workpieces.
Flange 41 comprises with the clutch of movable axis 44 and being connected, and movable axis 44 is driven and rotated by gear-box 45 by motor 57.Axle 44 is removable to engage or remove joint with splined shaft 43.In some exemplary embodiments, axle 44 provides slippage.Hereinafter, therefore movable axis 44 also will be designated as sliding axle 44.
In certain embodiments, clutch connects and comprises multiple arcuate slots 47.In the example shown, four grooves 47 are provided.Can recognize best the shape of arcuate slots 47 referring to Fig. 6, Fig. 6 shows along the cross sectional view of an arcuate slots of the line VI-VI in Fig. 5.Each arcuate slots 47 all has the lower surface 47A of inclination, and its front surface 41A from flange 41 extends towards the inside of described flange.For becoming subsequently clearer object, surface, the tilting bottom 47A of each arcuate slots 47 forms and corresponding pin 49 coefficient cam profiles.Pin 49 stretches out from coiling 51, and dish 51 joins on the first end of sliding axle 44 of motor-driven gear-box 45 with torsional mode again then.
Sliding axle 44 is sliding engaged in sleeve 52, to can slide axially, but is tied on described sleeve with torsional mode, for example, arranges or splined by means of key-groove.Sliding axle 44 rotates in combination with sleeve 52 entirety, but can slide therein according to double-head arrow f44.Sleeve 52 is bearing in the housing 53 of motor-driven gear-box 45 rotatably.Sleeve 52 is driven by motor 57 and rotates.Gear-worm screw arranges that (not shown) will rotatablely move and transfer to sleeve 52 from motor 57 with the reduction speed ratio being applicable to.
Motor-driven gear-box 45 and sleeve 52 are connected to auxiliary gearbox 31.In certain embodiments, motor-driven gear-box 45 is tied on auxiliary gearbox 31 with cantilevered fashion, and separator 59 is arranged in housing 53 and is located between the covering 61 on port 35 and is connected to this place.
The second end of sliding axle 44 extends to the outside of the housing 53 of retarder 55 towards actuator 65.Actuator 65 is bearing on housing 53 via hollow separator 67, and the second end of sliding axle 44 extends in hollow separator 67.Actuator 65 can be electrical actuator, electromagnetic actuator or is suitable for overcoming according to arrow f44 any other actuator that is used for making sliding axle 44 displacement vertically of the rebound elasticity parts that act as locking device.In certain embodiments, rebound elasticity parts are spring 69, for example, be arranged in sleeve 52 or and supporter and the sliding axle 44 of its overall combination on shoulder 71 between spiral compression spring.Rebound elasticity parts 69 removing engagement positio promotion sliding axle 44, that is, remove with the arcuate slots 47 of flange 41 position engaging at pin 49.
The operation of the slow rotating device 33 of describing is so far as follows.In the time that boat changes gas turbine operation, actuator 65 no electric circuits.Sliding axle 44 remains on unengaged position by rebound elasticity parts 69, and pin 49 is disengaged with respect to accessory flange 41.Therefore, rebound elasticity parts 69 act as locking device, because it keeps sliding axle 44 and dish 51 lockings, that is, are pushed to the position that is disengaged with respect to flange 41.
In the time that boat changes turbine shutdown, slow rotating device 33 is triggered.Actuator 65 is switched on, and promotes sliding axle 44 according to arrow f44 towards port 35, makes pin 49 engage arcuate slots 47.The cam profile being formed by surface, the tilting bottom 47A of arcuate slots 47 is convenient to being bonded with each other of pin 49 and groove 47.Motor 57 starts and rotates via sleeve 52, axle 44, pin 49, flange 41 and external spline axle 43 actuation gears 39.Rotatablely move and transfer to the axle 16 of gas generator 20, make the latter keep slow circumvolve.Therefore the gas generator rotor that comprises the rotor of compressor 14 and the rotor of high-pressure turbine 19 keeps slow circumvolve, until turbine restarts, or until reaching the rotor surrender that the temperature difference between top and bottom causes, the temperature of machine becomes insignificant this profile.
Once turbine starts by the slow circumvolve of motor 57, actuator 65 can no electric circuit, to reduce energy consumption.Can provide applicable measure to prevent that rebound elasticity parts 69 from making pin 49 remove and engage with arcuate slots.For example, this can realize by means of applicable frictional force or by the sidewall of correspondingly formalize pin and arcuate slots 47.
It is relatively light machine that boat changes gas turbine.If the applicable reduction speed ratio by retarder 55 is provided, the axle 16 of gas generator 20 can keep rotating at a slow speed by fractional-horsepower motor 57.In certain embodiments, utilize relatively little motor can reach and keep the rotating speed between 0.1rpm and 150rpm, this motor for example has the power between 0.1kW and 1.5kW, and preferably lower than 1.0kW.Preferred rpm value scope, between 10rpm and 50rpm, for example, between 18rpm and 30rpm, is used the motor 57 with the rated power between 0.1kW and 1.5kW, for example, between 0.3kW and 1.0kW, and is preferably between 0.3kW and 0.6kW.Should be understood that, numerical value mentioned above only provides by way of example, and should not be recognized as restrictive.
Even in the time not having electrical network available, motor 57 therefore also can be by urgent electric energy energy supply, as, battery or other device.In Fig. 2, schematically show urgent electric energy at 58 places.
The slow-speed speed of the rotor of gas generator 20 is enough to the locking that reduces surrender at high-pressure turbine section and at axial compressor section 9 in both and avoid the rotor being caused by the temperature difference between top and the bottom of rotor.In the time that turbine is restarted, once the rotating speed of splined shaft 43 exceedes the speed of sliding axle 44, the cam profile being formed by surface, the tilting bottom 47A of arcuate slots 47 makes sliding axle 44 automatically remove and engage with flange 41.Motor 57 can stop.Rebound elasticity parts 69 contribute to moving backward of sliding axle 44, and as locking device, once the accident that turbine has been restarted with regard to preventing slow rotating device 33 is rejoined.Therefore, avoided the destruction of slow rotating device 33.
Fig. 7 shows the cross section of the slow rotating device 33 in the embodiment of amendment.Identical reference number represent with Fig. 4 in same or analogous member.In this embodiment, sliding axle 44 locks releasing engagement positio shown in the figure by means of locking device 101.Locking device 101 is included in the multiple ball type devices 102 that protrude in the annular seating 44S being formed in sliding axle 44.Each ball type device 102 is partly accommodated in hollow pin 103, and charges into annular seating 44S from it.Helical spring 104 is accommodated in each pin 103, and radially rebound elasticity ground bias voltage ball type device 102 to keep described ball type device 102 to be bonded in annular seating 44S.
Annular seating 44S is shaped to has roughly abutment walls radially and the wall from the conical shaped of the inclination of radially extending towards actuator 65 against diapire.This layout makes the thrust being applied via ball type device 102 by spring 104 that sliding axle 44 is remained on to releasing engagement positio, until actuator 65 provides sufficient end thrust to overcome the power of spring 104, in the time needing the slow rolling of turbine, cause that ball type device 102 rolls along the cylindrical wall of annular seating 44S, sliding axle 44 moves towards the flange 41 in engagement positio simultaneously.Once sliding axle 44 has approached flange 41 and pin 49 is bonded in arcuate slots 47, the cylindrical outer surface part of ball type device 102 contact slide axles 44, makes spring 104 no longer on sliding axle 44, generate any axial force.Actuator 65 can be cold.
In the time that gas turbine restarts after the slow-speed cycle, sliding axle 44 is got back to the releasing shown in Fig. 7 and is engaged locked position by acting on the amalgamation of tilting bottom surface 47A of the arcuate slots 47 on pin 49 and the radial force that acts on the spring 104 on ball type device 102.Pin 49 end thrusts that first apply by the lower surface 47A of the inclination by arcuate slots are pushed out arcuate slots 47, because the rotating speed of splined shaft 43 exceedes the rotating speed of sliding axle 44.The axial mobile ball type device 102 inclination trochoidal surface of engaging groove 44S again that causes backward of sliding axle 44.Therefore the radial thrust being applied by spring 104 makes sliding axle 44 further move backward, until reach again the final retracted position of Fig. 7.Then, sliding axle 44 is remained on retracted position by locking device 101, until make again actuator 69 switch on.
In certain embodiments, generate resistance torque if the gas generator rotor 20 of rotation is touched shell, for example, if the tip of compressor blade is clipped the internal surface of compressor case, can provide safety control, to stop the slow-speed of turbine.
In some exemplary embodiments, this safety control by the clutch mechanism between slow-speed motor 57 and gas rotor shaft 20 provide, for example, between slow-speed motor 57 and sliding axle 44.
In other embodiments, the alternative that merges or control as machinery, can provide electronic control.A kind of mode of controlling electronically and stop the slow-speed of turbine is the power being absorbed by motor 57 by controlling.In certain embodiments, can provide schematically shown in Figure 2 and be designated as 60 control unit and current sensor (not shown).Current sensor provides and the proportional signal of electric current being absorbed by motor 57.Described electric current is proportional with the power being absorbed by motor.Value proportional to the electric current detecting can with threshold, and if exceed threshold value, motor 57 can no electric circuit, therefore stops the slow-speed of turbine.
This has improved the operating security of slow rotating device.
Gas turbine mentioned above comprise compressor, by means of the first shaft drive be connected to high-pressure turbine on described compressor and by the power turbine of the second axle supporting that is independent of described the first axle (, gas generator axle).Other boat changes gas turbine and arranges and can merge and use with slow rotating device as described above.
Fig. 8 schematically shows a boat that is communicated with the turbo machine of arranged in sequence with another fluid and changes gas turbine 200, and it is by forming below: low pressure compressor 201, high pressure compressor 203, high-pressure turbine 205, low-pressure turbine 207.First fresh air is compressed to intermediate pressure in low pressure compressor 201, and is delivered to high pressure compressor 203, and air compressing is arrived final pressure by it.Fuel adds to the pressurized air of being carried in firing chamber 208 by high pressure compressor 203 and flows.The combustion gas under high pressure and high temperature from firing chamber 208 expand at high-pressure turbine 205 with in low-pressure turbine 207 in order.High-pressure turbine 207 is mechanically connected on high pressure compressor 203 via the first axle 209.The machine power being generated by the gas expansion in high-pressure turbine 205 is used for driving high pressure compressor 203.The second axle 211 extends past the first axle 209 coaxially, and mechanically connects low pressure compressor 201 and low-pressure turbine 207.The machine power being generated by the gas expansion in low-pressure turbine 207 is partly for rotating low pressure compressor 211.Superfluous power is used for driving load 215,217.In an illustrated embodiment, the second axle 211 is mechanically connected in load 215,217 via gear-box 219.Load 215,217 for example can be formed by compressor bank, and compressor bank comprises the first compressor 215 and the second compressor 217 that are rotated by driven shaft 221.
Auxiliary gearbox 31 is located at the cold junction place of high pressure compressor 203.Described auxiliary gearbox 31 comprises the petrolift driving port that is intended to drive liquid fuel feed pump.In the time that gas turbine is used for commercial Application, in embodiment as shown in FIG. 8, the petrolift port of auxiliary gearbox 31 is used for connecting slow rotating device 33.Slow rotating device 33 can be designed to above with reference to described in Fig. 3 to Fig. 7.Slow rotating device 33 remains on gas generator rotor under slow rotation state, and gas generator rotor is made up of high speed compressor 203, axle 209 and high-pressure turbine 205.
Fig. 9 shows another embodiment of the gas turbine layout that comprises slow rotating device 33.In embodiment in Fig. 9, gas turbine 300 comprises following in a turbo machine that is communicated with arranged in sequence with another fluid: low pressure compressor 301, high pressure compressor 303, high-pressure turbine 305, the first low-pressure turbine 307 and the second low-pressure turbine 310.Fresh air compresses in low pressure compressor 301, cooling in interstage cooler 302, and is delivered to high pressure compressor 303 for the final compression to before delivering to firing chamber 308, and in firing chamber 308, fuel adds to pressurized air stream.From the combustion gas in high pressure and high temperature of firing chamber 308 in order in high-pressure turbine 305, expand in the first low-pressure turbine 307 and in the second low-pressure turbine 310.High-pressure turbine 307 is mechanically connected on high pressure compressor 303 via the first axle 309.The machine power being generated by the gas expansion in high-pressure turbine 305 is used for driving high pressure compressor 303.The second axle 311 extends past the first axle 309 coaxially, and mechanically connects low pressure compressor 201 and low-pressure turbine 307.The machine power being generated by the gas expansion in the first low-pressure turbine 307 is used for making low pressure compressor 311 to rotate.Combustion gas from the first low-pressure turbine 307 further expand in the second low-pressure turbine 310, and the axle 311 of the second low-pressure turbine 310 mechanically separates with the second axle 311, and drive load 315.If the rotating speed of the second low-pressure turbine 310 is different from the rotating speed of load 315, gear-box 319 can be got involved between described two turbo machines.
Auxiliary gearbox 31 is located at the cold junction place of high pressure compressor 303, and the rotary device 33 of waiting a moment is connected on the port of auxiliary gearbox 31, for example, is provided as the port that drives liquid fuel feed pump.Slow rotating device 33 can be designed to above with reference to described in Fig. 3 to Fig. 7.In the time of operation, slow rotating device 33 remains on gas generator rotor under slow-speed state, and described gas generator rotor is made up of the first axle 309, high pressure compressor 303 and high-pressure turbine 305.
Figure 10 shows another embodiment of the gas turbine layout that comprises slow rotating device 33.In embodiment in Figure 10, gas turbine 400 comprises following in a turbo machine that is communicated with arranged in sequence with another fluid: the first low pressure compressor 401, the second low pressure compressor 403, high pressure compressor 405, high-pressure turbine 407, the first low-pressure turbine 409 and the second low-pressure turbine 411.Fresh air is by three compressors 401,403,405 compression in order in three grades of compression processes.Interstage cooler 402,404 can be located at respectively between the first low pressure compressor 401 and the second low pressure compressor 403, and between the second low pressure compressor 403 and high pressure compressor 405.Fuel mixes with pressurized air in firing chamber 412, and the combustion gas of gained expand in order in high-pressure turbine 407 and in two low-pressure turbines 409,411.The power being reclaimed by the gas expansion in high-pressure turbine 407 is for driving high pressure compressor 405 via the first axle 413.The second axle 415 is connected to the first low-pressure turbine 409 on the second low pressure compressor 403, and extends coaxially in the first axle 413.The power being reclaimed by the expansion of the combustion gas in the first low-pressure turbine is therefore for rotating the second low pressure compressor 403.The second low-pressure turbine is mechanically connected on the first low pressure compressor 401 through the 3rd axle 417.The mechanokinetic part being reclaimed by the second low-pressure turbine 414 is used for making the first low pressure compressor 401 to rotate.All the other power of axle 417 are used for driving load 420.If load 420 is to be different from the rotating speed rotation of speed of the second low-pressure turbine 414, gear-box 423 can be located between the 3rd axle 417 and load 420.
Auxiliary gearbox 31 is located at the cold junction place of high pressure compressor 405, and the rotary device 33 of waiting a moment is connected on the port of auxiliary gearbox 31, for example, is provided as the port that drives liquid fuel feed pump.Slow rotating device 33 can be designed to above with reference to described in Fig. 3 to Fig. 7.Gas generator rotor is made up of the first axle 413, high pressure compressor 405 and high-pressure turbine 407, and keeps rotation by slow rotating device 33 after turbine is shut down.
Although the disclosed embodiment of theme as herein described has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and hereinbefore in conjunction with some exemplary embodiments particularly and at length complete description, but those skilled in the art will be clear that, much remodeling, variation and omission are possible, and can not depart from fact novel instruction content, the principle of illustrating herein and design, and the advantage of the theme of narrating in claims.Therefore, the proper range of disclosed innovation scheme should only be determined by the widest explanation of claims, to contain all this type of remodeling, variation and omit.In addition, the order of any process or method step or order can change according to an alternative embodiment or resequence.
Claims (29)
1. a boat changes gas turbine; comprise gas generator (20), gas generator rotor, power turbine section and slow rotating device (33), wherein said slow rotating device designs and is arranged to and keeps described gas generator rotor in rotatablely moving after turbine is shut down.
2. boat according to claim 1 changes gas turbine, it is characterized in that, described boat changes gas turbine and comprises auxiliary gearbox (31), and wherein said slow rotating device (33) can engage and remove joint selectively with described auxiliary gearbox (31).
3. change gas turbine according to claim 1 or boat claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that, described slow rotating device (33) can engage and remove joint selectively with the petrolift port of described auxiliary gearbox.
4. change gas turbine according to the boat described in arbitrary aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, be connected on described gas generator rotor to described auxiliary gearbox (31) transmission.
5. change gas turbine according to the boat described in arbitrary aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, described boat changes gas turbine and comprises the auxiliary gearbox (31) that is provided with hollow splined shaft (37), wherein first clutch part (41,43) join to rotatably on described hollow splined shaft (37), and wherein second clutch part (51) can connect selectively and disconnect with described first clutch part (41,43).
6. change gas turbine according to the boat described in arbitrary aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, described first clutch part comprises that groove (47) and described second clutch part comprise the pin (49) that can join to selectively in described groove (47), or vice versa.
7. change gas turbine according to the one or more described boat in aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, described slow rotating device (33) comprises actuator (65), and it joins on described gas generator rotor described slow rotating device (33) selectively to.
8. change gas turbine according to boat in any one of the preceding claims wherein, it is characterized in that, described actuator (65) is for controlling and be arranged to the electrical actuator of energising in the time that turbine is shut down.
9. change gas turbine according to boat in any one of the preceding claims wherein, it is characterized in that, described slow rotating device (33) comprises motor (57), movable axis (44) and gear-box therebetween, described movable axis (44) can move selectively between operating position NOT-AND operation position, at described operating position, described movable axis is engaged to described gas generator rotor, at described off position, described movable axis (44) is removed and is engaged with described gas generator rotor.
10. change gas turbine according to boat in any one of the preceding claims wherein, it is characterized in that, described movable axis (44) is accommodated in the output block at a slow speed (52) of described gear-box (45) of described slow rotating device (33) slidably.
11. change gas turbine according to boat in any one of the preceding claims wherein, it is characterized in that, described movable axis (44) is by locking device (69; 101) remain on described off position, and wherein said actuator (65) is arranged and is controlled to and overcomes described locking device (69; 101) effect and make selectively described movable axis (44) move to described operating position from described off position.
12. change gas turbine according to the one or more described boat in aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, described boat changes gas turbine and comprises the urgent energy (58) to described slow rotating device (33) energy supply.
13. change gas turbine according to boat in any one of the preceding claims wherein, it is characterized in that, the described urgent energy comprises storage battery (58).
14. change gas turbine according to the one or more described boat in aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, described boat changes gas turbine and comprises control layout, if the epitrochanterian resistance torque of described gas generator exceedes threshold value, described control is arranged and is not triggered described slow rotating device (33).
15. 1 kinds of slow rotating devices (33) that rotate for the gas generator rotor that makes boat change gas turbine after turbine is shut down; comprise motor (57), gear-box (45) and movable axis (44); the output block at a slow speed (52) that described movable axis (44) is tied to described gear-box (45) with torsional mode is upper, and described movable axis (44) can move selectively between operating position NOT-AND operation position.
16. slow rotating devices according to claim 15, is characterized in that, described in described movable axis (44) is accommodated in slidably at a slow speed in output block (52).
17. according to the slow rotating device described in claim 15 or claim 16, it is characterized in that, described slow rotating device comprises: locking device (69; 101), described movable axis (44) is remained on described off position by it; And actuator (65), its layout and be controlled to and overcome described locking device (69; 101) effect and make selectively described movable axis (44) move to described operating position from described off position.
18. according to claim 15 to the one or more described slow rotating device in claim 17, it is characterized in that, described slow rotating device comprises the urgent energy (58) to described motor energy supply.
19. slow rotating devices according to claim 18, is characterized in that, the described urgent energy comprises storage battery (58).
20. according to claim 15 to the one or more described slow rotating device in claim 19, it is characterized in that, described slow rotating device comprises controlling to be arranged, if the epitrochanterian resistance torque of described gas generator exceedes threshold value, described control is arranged and do not triggered described slow rotating device.
21. 1 kinds for limiting or preventing that boat from changing the method for gas generator rotor locking in the time shutting down of gas turbine; described turbine comprises gas generator (20) and the power turbine (21) with described gas generator rotor, said method comprising the steps of:
Shut down time, by described gas generator rotor mechanical be connected on slow rotating device,
Cooling period at described gas generator rotor makes described gas generator rotor with the rotation of slowing down, until described turbine is restarted or until described gas generator rotor has reached the state of temperature of selection by means of described slow rotating device (33).
22. methods according to claim 21, is characterized in that, the auxiliary gearbox (31) that described gas generator rotor changes turbine through described boat is connected on described slow rotating device (33).
23. according to the method described in claim 21 or claim 22, it is characterized in that, the petrolift port that described gas generator rotor changes turbine through described boat is connected on described slow rotating device (33).
24. according to the method described in claim 21 or claim 22 or claim 23, it is characterized in that, described method comprises utilizes urgent energy power supply (58) to come described slow rotating device energy supply.
25. according to claim 21 to the one or more described method in claim 24, it is characterized in that, described method comprises utilizes emergency accumulator (58) to come described slow rotating device energy supply.
26. according to claim 21 to the one or more described method in claim 25, it is characterized in that, described gas generator rotor during cooling remains on the rotating speed lower than 150rpm, be preferably and be included between 1rpm and 150rpm, and be more preferably included between 10rpm and 50rpm, and even more preferably between 18rpm and 30rpm.
27. according to claim 21 to the one or more described method in claim 26, it is characterized in that, described method comprises the steps: if the epitrochanterian resistance torque of described gas generator exceedes threshold value, stops the described rotation of described gas generator rotor.
28. according to claim 21 to the method described in any one in claim 27, it is characterized in that, described method comprise the steps: detect and the proportional parameter of electric power being absorbed by described slow rotating device, and if described electric power exceed threshold value, stop described slow rotating device.
29. according to claim 21 to the one or more described method in claim 28, it is characterized in that, described method comprises the step to described slow rotating device energy supply by means of urgent electric energy.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT000247A ITFI20110247A1 (en) | 2011-11-14 | 2011-11-14 | "DEVICE AND METHOD FOR SLOW TURNING OF AN AERODERIVATIVE GAS TURBINE" |
| ITFI2011A000247 | 2011-11-14 | ||
| PCT/EP2012/072442 WO2013072291A1 (en) | 2011-11-14 | 2012-11-13 | Device and method for slow turning of an aeroderivative gas turbine |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103917749A true CN103917749A (en) | 2014-07-09 |
| CN103917749B CN103917749B (en) | 2016-05-04 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201280055835.6A Expired - Fee Related CN103917749B (en) | 2011-11-14 | 2012-11-13 | The device and method of the slow-speed that changes gas turbine for navigating |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20140318144A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP2780554A1 (en) |
| JP (2) | JP2014533337A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20140097167A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN103917749B (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2012338944B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR112014010389A2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2854423A1 (en) |
| IN (1) | IN2014CN03549A (en) |
| IT (1) | ITFI20110247A1 (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2014116410A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2013072291A1 (en) |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104632287A (en) * | 2014-01-03 | 2015-05-20 | 摩尔动力(北京)技术股份有限公司 | Circular cylinder axial fluid isolation mechanism and device comprising same |
| CN104632288A (en) * | 2014-01-09 | 2015-05-20 | 摩尔动力(北京)技术股份有限公司 | Round cylinder axial-isolation same-wheel control fluid mechanism and device comprising same |
| CN107850006A (en) * | 2015-07-22 | 2018-03-27 | 赛峰飞机发动机公司 | Airborne vehicle including being integrated into rear fuselage and turbogenerator comprising the system for preventing blower fan |
| CN107850006B (en) * | 2015-07-22 | 2019-02-19 | 赛峰飞机发动机公司 | Aircraft including being integrated into the turbogenerator of rear fuselage |
| US10781754B2 (en) | 2017-12-08 | 2020-09-22 | Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. | System and method for rotor bow mitigation |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2014533337A (en) | 2014-12-11 |
| ITFI20110247A1 (en) | 2013-05-15 |
| AU2012338944A1 (en) | 2014-05-08 |
| CN103917749B (en) | 2016-05-04 |
| CA2854423A1 (en) | 2013-05-23 |
| BR112014010389A2 (en) | 2017-04-18 |
| KR20140097167A (en) | 2014-08-06 |
| IN2014CN03549A (en) | 2015-07-03 |
| RU2014116410A (en) | 2015-12-27 |
| JP2018021559A (en) | 2018-02-08 |
| WO2013072291A1 (en) | 2013-05-23 |
| AU2012338944B2 (en) | 2016-11-17 |
| EP2780554A1 (en) | 2014-09-24 |
| US20140318144A1 (en) | 2014-10-30 |
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