CN103903490A - Apparatus for simulating aircraft ground effect - Google Patents
Apparatus for simulating aircraft ground effect Download PDFInfo
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- CN103903490A CN103903490A CN201210580302.1A CN201210580302A CN103903490A CN 103903490 A CN103903490 A CN 103903490A CN 201210580302 A CN201210580302 A CN 201210580302A CN 103903490 A CN103903490 A CN 103903490A
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Abstract
The invention discloses an apparatus for simulating an aircraft ground effect. The apparatus is used for training the aircraft control capability of a pilot under a ground effect condition or under a condition that the pilot is about to enter a ground effect dangerous area, and for training the pilot to execute operation. The apparatus comprises various modules: a module for simulating a disturbance effect caused by the ground effect to an aircraft and determining an additional force and moment induced by the ground effect, a module for calculating the distance from the aircraft to the ground effect dangerous area, and the like.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to aeronautical engineering, is a kind of device of simulated flight device ground effect.Specifically, this analogue means is used for simulated flight device on land in the state of flight apart from ground or the nearer altitude range of the water surface, and is used for training flight person's control to aircraft in this state and the ability of the concrete measure taked.
Background technology
Ground effect usually occurs in aircraft altitude lower time.Flying height is now generally less than the length of the aircraft wing span, for example taking off and the landing stage at aircraft.Now, aircraft can obtain the lift-drag ratio higher than the airflight ratio of resistance (lift with), and this phenomenon is known as ground effect.
The existence of this ground or the water surface has very big-difference to the aircraft air dynamic behaviour that around flow field exerts an influence can make aircraft in flight near the ground with in high-altitude flight time.Concrete reason is: three-dimensional wing can produce wing tip whirlpool in flight course, but in overhead near, wing and ground distance are less, and wing tip whirlpool does not have enough spaces to form, thereby aircraft is not received as the impact of washing under being produced by wing tip whirlpool in the time of high airflight.Thereby when aircraft suffers ground effect, the pressure differential of the upper and lower surface of whole aircraft increases, lift can suddenly increase, and aircraft induced drag also can reduce simultaneously.
In engineering, this kind of phenomenon mainly used in two places: 1. racing car produces downward lift at the bottom of utilizing the car of particular design, increases the subsides ground property of racing car.The friction force of wheel will improve thus, thereby makes racing car promote the higher speed of a motor vehicle, has also guaranteed turning.2. the special aircraft that the powerful lift that utilizes the ground effect of wing to produce flies, is a kind of ground effect aircraft, and for example seaplane, is usually used in water transportation.
Ground effect has a significant impact flight safety.First,, in the reach of ground effect (be certain flying height in), although sensation aircraft more easily pulls up from ground when aircraft takeoff, now the scope of aircraft in low speed At High Angle of Attack approaches stall very much.After having exceeded the reach of ground effect when mushing, tip vortex moving under the effect of washing be no longer blocked, start to work, caused the angle of attack further to increase, closer to stall.If now aircraft fails to accelerate to safer speed, will likely enter stall conditions, and terrain clearance now will be difficult to make aircraft to change from stall, result causes aircraft out of control, even causes disaster.In like manner, in the time of landing, when can in the end approaching ground, aircraft rises suddenly because obtaining the excessive lift of ground effect, if reply not in time, aircraft will be in the hoisting depth rapidly suddenly of slowing down while landing, because its sinking speed approaches stalling speed very much, so very easily become the state of stall, also may cause serious even fatal accident.Therefore ground effect needs exercise due diligence for pilot.
In order to ensure the safe flight of aircraft, in the time that aircraft meets with ground effect, must choose and can guarantee safe offline mode.Contemporary aircraft is used various flight safety systems under instrument flight rules, and pilot's task is to implement flight control command or according to automatic mode control aircraft.Under this condition, in the time that aircraft may meet with ground effect explosive area, pilot and aircraft must carry out task separately, complete the processing of the ground effect of reply aircraft.So the ability of must training flight person executing the task under same case, in order that increase the ability that they correctly assess situation, correctly judge, carry out corresponding flight operation.This training offers them various visual signal information, and object is, to pilot, some sequence of operation feature is set, pilot's memory operation sequence signature, and keep the sensation to them firmly in mind.In addition can be that pilot sets up the emotion of flight during ground effect and the scene of pressure by simulated training.
A kind of flight training analogue means of working is on land provided, can carries out suitable simulation to ground effect, and can training flight person to complete above-mentioned task be extremely important.This analogue means is called as the device of simulated flight device ground effect.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of device of simulated flight device ground effect, the state while can simulated flight device meeting with ground effect, in order to training flight person's corresponding airmanship, carries out reply ground effect and operates the technology of avoiding dangerous.The device of this simulated flight device ground effect can be the pilot who undergoes training provide about determine aircraft apart from distance, the time in ground effect explosive area, the distribution and the intensity that enter aircraft surface behind ground effect explosive area and be subject to force and moment.Meanwhile, selection operation is to avoid aircraft to meet with excessive ground effect.Thisly under ground effect precarious position, take the form of its various modules of composition for the analogue means of training flight person's airmanship.Figure l is the conceptual scheme of the device layout of the simulated flight device ground effect that proposes of the present invention.These functions of modules and annexation thereof are as follows:
● start module (1): it can be chosen a training program and start the operation of other modules.
● atmospheric conditions database module (2): store the information such as multiple atmospheric environmental pressure, convection velocity, temperature, humidity.
● flight parameter memory module (3): store the different state of flight information of profile physical dimension, aircraft of different aircraft, as flying speed, acceleration, the angle of attack, angle of deviation, roll angle etc.
● the module (4) of simulation ground effect state: the aircraft surface that calculates under the various combination conditions of storage by atmosphere data, flying height and flight parameter stressed and moment distribution and intensity.
● the module (5) of simulation ground effect on aircraft impact: calculate the additional force and moment that is subject to of the aircraft being brought out by ground effect.
● the module (6) of simulated flight device dynamic data transmission: the signal of the additional force and moment that the force and moment of aircraft, ground effect are brought out is transmitted into simulated flight person's Workplace module, simulation instrument plate module and imitates extraneous visual block of state.
● calculate the module (7) of distance from aircraft to ground effect explosive area: according to atmospheric conditions and flight parameter calculating aircraft to ground effect explosive area apart from discrete time.
● simulation alarm module (8): according to dangerous judgment criterion, according to stressed and moment distribution and the intensity calculated, start and report to the police.
● simulate the module (9) of extraneous visual state: according to the stressed and moment distribution of type of aircraft, calculating, with visual simulation technology to drawing and show cloud layer, aircraft surface, ground or the water surface.
● the module (10) of simulated flight person workspace: the seat that is equipped with motor-driven kinematic system.
● the module (11) of simulation instrument plate: show various instruments, comprise ground effect alarm indication window.
● the module (12) of simulating black case: the intermediateness information that records various data, exchanges data, result of calculation, working procedure.
In above-mentioned module, start module (1) and be connected with unit with other all modules;
Information is sent to the module (5) of simulation ground effect on aircraft impact by the module (4) of atmospheric conditions database module (2), flight parameter memory module (3), simulation ground effect state;
The module (6) of simulated flight device dynamic data transmission is accepted the information of the module (5) of simulation ground effect on aircraft impact, and transmission information is to simulating the module (9) of extraneous visual state, the module (10) of simulated flight person workspace, the module (11) of simulation instrument plate;
Simulation alarm module (8) is accepted the information of the module (7) of calculating the distance from aircraft to ground effect explosive area, and transmission information is given the module (11) of simulation instrument plate.
Accompanying drawing explanation
The device placement scheme figure of Fig. 1 simulated flight device ground effect.
In Fig. 2 embodiment for simulating module (4) the interior layout figure of ground effect state.
In Fig. 3 embodiment for simulating the workflow diagram of the module (5) of ground effect on aircraft impact.
Embodiment
Further illustrate principle and the structure of the device of a kind of simulated flight device ground effect of the present invention's proposition with a concrete example of implementing.The conceptual scheme of the device layout of the simulated flight device ground effect in embodiment is identical with figure l.This analogue means comprises: start module (1), atmospheric conditions database module (2), flight parameter memory module (3), the module (4) of simulation ground effect state, the module (5) of simulation ground effect on aircraft impact, the module (6) of simulated flight device dynamic data transmission, calculate the module (7) of the distance from aircraft to ground effect explosive area, simulation alarm module (8), simulate the module (9) of extraneous visual state, the module (10) of simulated flight person workspace, the module (11) of simulation instrument plate, the module (12) of simulating black case.This simulator is the airmanship under ground effect unsafe conditions for training flight person on land.
Start module (1) inside and be provided with delay circuit, be connected with other modules.Function is for various electronic component loading powers in simulator, does necessary instrument zero clearing setting, preheating.Complete after above-mentioned task, entering mode of operation selection mode.Select simulation precision (comprising precision, the grade of errors of data), select case (atmospheric conditions, aircraft model, state of flight that decision is simulated), finally set initial time for starting timing reference.
In atmospheric conditions database module (2), storage atmosphere Altitude pressure, atmosphere convection speed, temperature, humidity, be the form storage of three-dimensional space grid point.Mesh spacing is 1 meter, and spatial dimension is enough large, with contain aircraft take off and land during flying distance.Simultaneously to each case, have after linear interpolation, obtain, corresponding to the high-precision backup data file in space, in order to calling.Specifically select according to the indication that starts module (1).
The aircraft profile physical dimension of flight parameter memory module (3) storage Multiple Type is to store with the form of aircraft surface three-dimensional space grid node coordinate.Store the flight parameter that a large amount of flight often runs into, as data such as flying height, acceleration, the angle of attack, angle of deviation, roll angle, attitude sensors positions simultaneously.Select aircraft model and flight parameter according to the indication that starts module (1).
The function of the module (4) of simulation ground effect state is to store, generate the data of a large amount of simulated flight device ground effect.This module comprises four unit altogether, respectively:
Original snapshot storage unit (13);
The orthogonal basis storage unit (14) of original snapshot;
The characteristic coefficient matrix memory cell (15) of original snapshot;
Data updating unit (16).
Described original snapshot is the record obtaining by the wind tunnel experiment of airflight test, land or the numerical simulation technology of Fluid Mechanics Computation, describe aircraft and be subject to the air dynamic behaviour that ground effect affects under multiple atmospheric conditions and flying condition.Fig. 2 be in embodiment for simulating the inside modules layout of ground effect state, provide the relation between the unit in this module.Be described as follows,
(1) original snapshot storage unit (13).Taking the form of according to a Multidimensional numerical of the spatial value formation of each point of aircraft surface of original snapshot.For example, original snapshot is the vector set of a variable, and its form is,
i?=?1,2，…,ns；
j?=?1,2，…，N?，
Wherein, ns is the number of original snapshot; N is that coordinate is counted.Its concrete form is the vector set of ns N dimension.In each vector, U is the coordinate vector of an aircraft surface position.Each vector of original snapshot
dimension actual should be mN, wherein m is the dimension of U, can be the information such as the pressure, density, speed of each coordinate points.Multiple original snapshots have formed multiple training program, and it is carried out to interpolation calculation and can generate aircraft and experience under any condition the state of ground effect.
(2) the orthogonal basis storage unit (14) of original snapshot.It is wherein one group of orthogonal basis storing original snapshot with matrix form.Take the form of the set of ns N orthogonal dimension base vector,
i?=?1,2，…,ns；
j?=?1,2,…,N。
N dimensional vector
the preparation method of one group of orthogonal basis be known, no longer narration here.This unit is connected with the unit (20) in module (5), calls in order to it.
(3) the characteristic coefficient matrix memory cell (15) of original snapshot.It is wherein the characteristic coefficient vector matrix of storing original snapshot with the form of matrix.This matrix is the square formation of the capable ns row of ns, and concrete form is,
This unit is connected with the unit (20) in module (5), calls in order to it.
(4) data updating unit (16).Because the each original snapshot characteristic coefficient in formula (3) has following formula to obtain,
k?=?1,2，…,ns，
i?=?1,2,…,ns。
The function of this unit is that the information in unit (13) and (14) is done to computing according to formula (4), generates the vector matrix that formula (3) represents.This unit is provided with external data interface simultaneously, can upgrade the data in unit (13).After renewal again according to the data in formula (4) computing formula (3).
The module (5) of simulation ground effect on aircraft impact, function be the pressure distribution that the conditional parameter that determines according to module (1,2,3) binding modules (4) calculate given aircraft outside surface.According to the data of above-mentioned module, the air dynamic behaviour of calculating aircraft, the additional force and moment that force and moment, ground effect cause.This module comprises following five unit:
Stress point selected cell (17);
The stressed integral arithmetic unit of institute (18);
Moment integral arithmetic unit (19);
Interpolation arithmetic unit (20);
Ground effect computing unit (21).
Fig. 3 is for simulating the workflow diagram of the module of ground effect on aircraft impact in embodiment.The function of each unit and the annexation of other unit specifically describe as follows,
(1) stress point selected cell (17).The volume coordinate on simulated flight device surface is converted on each point stressed.The stress point of selection is sent to (18) and (19).
(2) stressed integral arithmetic unit (18) power in stress point selected cell (17) is carried out to integral and calculating and is obtained the stressed summation of aircraft.Power is sent to the module (6) of simulated flight device dynamic data transmission.
(3) Moment integral arithmetic unit (19) is got Calculating Torque during Rotary to the aerodynamics center of aircraft, the moment distribution of acquisition by the power in stress point selected cell (17).The module (6) of moment simulated flight device dynamic data transmission.
(4) interpolation arithmetic unit (20).Function is that original snapshot characteristic coefficient is carried out to interpolation.If the training program k selecting is not one of original snapshot, can carry out interpolation according to the characteristic coefficient of the original snapshot of storage in the unit (15) in flight status parameter and atmospheric condition parameter and the module (4) selected, obtain the characteristic coefficient under the training program of selecting
.Interpolation result is sent to unit (21)
(5) ground effect computing unit (21).Function be range site (20) obtain interpolation characteristic coefficient
be multiplied by the orthogonal basis of the original snapshot in the unit (14) in module (4),
j?=?1，2?,N。
Finally, this module obtains the ground effect state of the training program of selecting, the force value of the location point that aircraft surface is selected, and aircraft Moment.The grade of errors when calculating of the pressure of calculating aircraft outside surface is determined by module (1).The calculating of ground effect still needs certain computing time, can not be according to completing in real time, so want recording gauge evaluation time.This module sends to result of calculation the module (6) of simulated flight device dynamic data transmission, and sends to the module (10) of simulated flight person workspace and the module (11) of simulation instrument plate by it.
Calculating the module (7) of the distance from aircraft to ground effect explosive area selects to enter by starting module (1), call the flight parameter data in atmosphere data and the flight parameter memory module (3) in atmospheric conditions database module (2), calculating aircraft to ground effect district apart from discrete time, result sends to the module (11) of simulation instrument plate.
The safety criterion that simulation alarm module (8) arranges according to inside starts warning circuit.Principle is the stressed ratio that is scaled lift and resistance of the aircraft that imports into of the module (7) of the module (5) on aircraft impact and the distance of calculating from aircraft to ground effect explosive area by simulation ground effect, input the flying drilling angle in flight parameter memory module (3) simultaneously, and with set the comparison of safe voltage value, the tolerance zone that exceedes safety criterion regulation starts alarm lamp, and records the time in this moment.
The module (9) of simulating extraneous visual state is that simulated flight device is from the outside visual scene of driving cabin.Can be by showing from various visual angles the distance of aircraft apart from ground or the water surface according to the information of module (1,2,3,4,5,7) and data result on screen.The time showing is the time at that time.
The module (10) of simulated flight person workspace is real seat, and it can carry out power by Electric Machine Control and waves, can experience calculated by module (5) in the face of as the additional force and moment that causes of force and moment, ground effect during without ground effect.
The module (11) of simulation instrument plate is formal instrument panel, information and state that can display module (1,2,3,4,5,7,8).
The module (12) of simulating black case is carried out record as state from initial time degree of beginning simulator.
The signal of the force and moment of aircraft, the icing additional force and moment bringing out is transmitted into simulated flight person's Workplace module (10), simulation instrument plate module (11) by the module (6) of simulated flight device dynamic data transmission, and imitate extraneous visual block of state (9).Aircraft is transmitted into simulation instrument plate module (11) to the signal of the distance in ground effect explosive area.
Reference numerals list
1 starts module
2 atmospheric conditions database module
3 flight parameter memory modules
The module of 4 simulation ground effect states
The module of 5 simulation ground effect on aircraft impact
The module of 6 simulated flight device dynamic data transmissions
7 calculate the module of the distance from aircraft to ground effect explosive area
8 simulation alarm modules
The module of the extraneous visual state of 9 simulation
The module of 10 simulated flight person workspaces
The module of 11 simulation instrument plates
The module of 12 simulating black cases
The storage unit of 13 original snapshots
The orthogonal basis storage unit of 14 original snapshots
The characteristic coefficient matrix memory cell of 15 original snapshots
16 data updating unit
17 stress point selected cells
18 stressed integral arithmetic unit
19 Moment integral arithmetic unit
20 interpolation arithmetic unit
21 ground effect computing units.
Claims (7)
1. a device for simulated flight device ground effect, is characterized in that, this device comprises:
● start module (1);
● atmospheric conditions database module (2);
● flight parameter memory module (3);
● the module (4) of simulation ground effect state;
● the module (5) of simulation ground effect on aircraft impact;
● the module (6) of simulated flight device dynamic data transmission;
● calculate the module (7) of the distance from aircraft to ground effect explosive area;
● simulation alarm module (8);
● simulate the module (9) of extraneous visual state;
● the module (10) of simulated flight person workspace;
● the module (11) of simulation instrument plate;
● the module (12) of simulating black case.
2. according to the device of the simulated flight device ground effect described in claim l, it is characterized in that, the module (4) of wherein said simulation ground effect state comprises:
● the storage unit (13) of original snapshot
● the orthogonal basis storage unit (14) of original snapshot
● the characteristic coefficient matrix memory cell (15) of original snapshot
● data updating unit (16).
3. according to the device of the simulated flight device ground effect described in claim l, it is characterized in that, the module (6) of described simulated flight device dynamic data transmission comprises:
● stress point selected cell (17)
● the stressed integral arithmetic unit of institute (18)
● Moment integral arithmetic unit (19)
● interpolation arithmetic unit (20)
● ground effect computing unit (21).
4. according to the device of the simulated flight device ground effect described in claim l, it is characterized in that, described startup module (1) is connected with unit with other all modules.
5. according to the device of the simulated flight device ground effect described in claim l, it is characterized in that, information is sent to the module (5) of simulation ground effect on aircraft impact by the module (4) of described atmospheric conditions database module (2), flight parameter memory module (3), simulation ground effect state.
6. according to the device of the simulated flight device ground effect described in claim l, it is characterized in that, the module (6) of described simulated flight device dynamic data transmission is accepted the information of the module (5) of simulation ground effect on aircraft impact, is sent to the module (9) of the extraneous visual state of simulation, the module (10) of simulated flight person workspace, the module (11) of simulation instrument plate.
7. according to the device of the simulated flight device ground effect described in claim l, it is characterized in that, described simulation alarm module (8) is accepted the information of the module (7) of calculating the distance from aircraft to ground effect explosive area, sends the module (11) of simulation instrument plate to.
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| CN111999031A (en) * | 2020-09-11 | 2020-11-27 | 中国航空工业集团公司哈尔滨空气动力研究所 | Sudden change ground effect ground simulation device based on rotary test bed |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111999031A (en) * | 2020-09-11 | 2020-11-27 | 中国航空工业集团公司哈尔滨空气动力研究所 | Sudden change ground effect ground simulation device based on rotary test bed |
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Application publication date: 20140702 |