CN103869462A - Device for carrying out splicing mirror common-phase control by utilizing cavity ring-down technology - Google Patents
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Abstract
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技术领域technical field
本发明属于光学领域,涉及到一种利用光腔衰荡技术实现拼接镜共相位控制的装置。The invention belongs to the field of optics, and relates to a device for realizing co-phase control of splicing mirrors by using optical cavity ring-down technology.
背景技术Background technique
光腔衰荡技术(Cavity Ring-Down,CRD)是一种超高灵敏度探测技术,该技术不直接测量光强,而是测量光束在光学谐振腔内的衰荡时间,光源输出功率的波动噪声不影响测量结果,是一种装置简单的绝对测量技术。光腔衰荡技术相对于传统测量方法具有无可比拟的优势和广泛的应用领域,自从上世纪80年代被提出后吸引了世界许多国家研究者的目光,应用领域范围也在不断地扩大。光腔衰荡技术已经实现对包括气体、液体、固体、等离子体、大气悬浮颗粒等物质的光谱测量。光腔衰荡技术还在痕量气体检测,火焰中物质成分、固体薄膜吸收、光纤弯曲损耗、等离子体自由基浓度、高反射率测量等方面有着广泛的应用。Optical cavity ring-down technology (Cavity Ring-Down, CRD) is an ultra-high-sensitivity detection technology. This technology does not directly measure the light intensity, but measures the ring-down time of the beam in the optical resonant cavity and the fluctuation noise of the output power of the light source. It does not affect the measurement results, and is an absolute measurement technique with simple devices. Compared with traditional measurement methods, optical cavity ring-down technology has incomparable advantages and wide application fields. Since it was proposed in the 1980s, it has attracted the attention of researchers from many countries in the world, and the scope of application fields is also expanding. Optical cavity ring-down technology has achieved spectral measurement of substances including gases, liquids, solids, plasmas, and atmospheric suspended particles. Optical cavity ring down technology is also widely used in trace gas detection, material composition in flame, solid film absorption, optical fiber bending loss, plasma free radical concentration, high reflectivity measurement, etc.
在波长一定时,望远镜的分辨率随主镜的口径增加而提高。但是大口径的单一主镜对镜面制备、加工检测等方面提出了前所未有的挑战。拼接镜的方法既能实现大口径望远镜的光学性能,又能降低镜子的加工成本和周期,为大望远镜开辟了一条新的路径。然而,只有当拼接子镜严格共相位时才能够达到相同口径望远镜的成像质量。20世纪90年代末至今,人们提出了多种共相位检测的方法,例如在拼接子镜之间采用边缘位移传感器、检测望远镜远场光斑、光学元件面形检测干涉仪等方法。When the wavelength is constant, the resolution of the telescope increases with the aperture of the primary mirror. However, the large-aperture single primary mirror poses unprecedented challenges to mirror surface preparation, processing and inspection. The method of splicing mirrors can not only achieve the optical performance of large-aperture telescopes, but also reduce the processing cost and cycle of mirrors, opening up a new path for large telescopes. However, the imaging quality of a telescope of the same aperture can only be achieved when the spliced mirrors are strictly co-phased. Since the late 1990s, people have proposed a variety of co-phase detection methods, such as the use of edge displacement sensors between spliced sub-mirrors, the detection of far-field spots in telescopes, and the interferometer for optical component surface detection.
对由拼接镜和反射镜组成的光学谐振腔,从光腔衰荡角度讲,拼接子镜的倾斜和平移程度与光腔衰荡时间有关。当拼接子镜严格共相位时,光学谐振腔的衰荡时间最大;拼接子镜不满足共相位时,会在谐振腔中引入衍射损耗,降低谐振腔的衰荡时间。For an optical resonant cavity composed of splicing mirrors and reflectors, from the perspective of optical cavity ring down, the degree of inclination and translation of the splicing sub-mirror is related to the ring down time of the optical cavity. When the spliced sub-mirrors are strictly co-phased, the ring-down time of the optical resonator is the largest; when the spliced sub-mirrors do not satisfy the co-phase, diffraction loss will be introduced in the resonant cavity, reducing the ring-down time of the resonant cavity.
发明内容Contents of the invention
基于当拼接子镜严格共相位时,光学谐振腔的衰荡时间最大;拼接子镜不满足共相位时,会在谐振腔中引入衍射损耗,降低谐振腔的衰荡时间的现象,本发明提出了一种新型的利用光腔衰荡技术对拼接镜共相位控制的装置。Based on the fact that when the spliced sub-mirrors are strictly co-phased, the ring-down time of the optical resonant cavity is the largest; when the spliced sub-mirrors do not meet the co-phase, diffraction loss will be introduced in the resonant cavity, reducing the ring-down time of the resonant cavity, the present invention proposes A new type of device for co-phase control of splicing mirrors is proposed by using optical cavity ring down technology.
一种利用光腔衰荡技术进行拼接镜共相位控制的装置,包括激光器,模式匹配光学器件,拼接镜,光学谐振腔腔镜,聚焦透镜,光电探测器,函数发生器,数据采集卡和计算机,其特征在于:A device for co-phase control of splicing mirrors using cavity ringdown technology, including lasers, mode matching optical devices, splicing mirrors, optical resonant cavity mirrors, focusing lenses, photodetectors, function generators, data acquisition cards and computers , characterized by:
所述光学谐振腔腔镜至少包括一第一光学谐振腔腔镜;也可以包含一第二光学谐振腔腔镜。拼接镜和光学谐振腔腔镜组成稳定光学谐振腔;The optical resonant cavity mirror at least includes a first optical resonant cavity mirror; it may also include a second optical resonant cavity mirror. The splicing mirror and the optical resonant cavity mirror form a stable optical resonant cavity;
激光器发出的光束经过模式匹配光学器件调制,入射到光学谐振腔中;The beam emitted by the laser is modulated by the mode-matching optical device and is incident into the optical resonant cavity;
聚焦透镜,位于第一光学谐振腔腔镜后,将透过光学谐振腔腔镜的光束聚焦到光电探测器上;A focusing lens, located behind the first optical resonant cavity mirror, focuses the light beam passing through the optical resonant cavity mirror onto the photodetector;
光电探测器,与数据采集卡相连,将光信号转化为电信号;The photodetector is connected with the data acquisition card to convert the optical signal into an electrical signal;
数据采集卡,与计算机相连,用于采集光电探测器输出的电信号,并把数据发送到计算机;The data acquisition card is connected with the computer and is used to collect the electrical signal output by the photodetector and send the data to the computer;
计算机,控制函数发生器产生波形,接收采集卡输入的电信号,与拼接镜相连;The computer controls the function generator to generate waveforms, receives the electrical signal input by the acquisition card, and connects with the splicing mirror;
函数发生器,一端与计算机相连,另外一端与激光器相连;Function generator, one end is connected to the computer, and the other end is connected to the laser;
进行共相位控制时,计算机向拼接子镜施加扰动,检测谐振腔衰荡时间的变化,如果衰荡时间增加,下一次施加正向扰动,否则施加反向扰动。When co-phase control is performed, the computer applies disturbance to the spliced sub-mirror to detect the change of the ringdown time of the resonant cavity. If the ringdown time increases, the next time the forward disturbance is applied, otherwise the reverse disturbance is applied.
通过移动模式匹配光学器件中元件的距离或者透镜的焦距,使激光器发出的激光是光学谐振腔的一个本征模式。有两种方法可以实现光学谐振腔的模式匹配,第一方法,测量激光器输出光束q参数,根据矩阵光学方法,计算满足模式匹配条件时,模式匹配光学系统的参数;第二种方法是固定光学谐振腔的状态不变,以光学谐振腔衰荡时间最长为目标,调节匹配光学系统的参数,当光腔衰荡时间最长时,光学谐振腔内的模式耦合最小,光腔衰荡时间最大。By moving the mode to match the distance of the components in the optical device or the focal length of the lens, the laser light emitted by the laser is an eigenmode of the optical cavity. There are two methods to achieve the mode matching of the optical resonator. The first method is to measure the q parameter of the laser output beam. According to the matrix optics method, the parameters of the mode matching optical system are calculated when the mode matching conditions are met; the second method is to fix the optical The state of the resonant cavity remains unchanged, aiming at the longest ring-down time of the optical resonator, and adjusting the parameters of the matching optical system. When the ring-down time of the optical cavity is the longest, the mode coupling in the optical resonator is the smallest, and the ring-down time of the optical cavity maximum.
拼接镜和至少一块光学谐振腔腔镜组成的光学谐振腔为稳定腔;光学谐振腔至少包含一块反射镜,当只用一块反射镜时,反射镜与拼接镜共轴平行,组成直腔;使用多块反射镜时,反射镜和拼接镜组成折叠腔。The optical resonant cavity formed by the splicing mirror and at least one optical resonant cavity mirror is a stable cavity; the optical resonant cavity includes at least one reflecting mirror, and when only one reflecting mirror is used, the reflecting mirror is coaxially parallel to the splicing mirror to form a straight cavity; using When multiple mirrors are used, the mirrors and spliced mirrors form a folding cavity.
激光器输出光束为高斯光束,可以是厄米-高斯光束,也可以是拉盖尔-高斯光束,特殊模式的输出光束可以降低拼接子镜间隙的损耗。The output beam of the laser is a Gaussian beam, which can be a Hermite-Gaussian beam or a Laguerre-Gaussian beam. The output beam in a special mode can reduce the loss of the spliced sub-mirror gap.
汇聚透镜位于光电探测器之前,起到将光束汇聚到光电探测器感光区域中的作用。计算机需要计算光学谐振腔衰荡时间,定义衰荡腔的衰荡时间τ为出射光强I(t)衰减为初始透射光强I1的1/e时所需时间。The converging lens is located in front of the photodetector and plays the role of converging the light beam into the photosensitive area of the photodetector. The computer needs to calculate the ring-down time of the optical resonant cavity, and the ring-down time τ of the ring-down cavity is defined as the time required for the outgoing light intensity I(t) to decay to 1/e of the initial transmitted light intensity I 1 .
拼接子镜的倾斜、平移可以改变光学谐振腔的损耗,但是拼接子镜的倾斜和平移与谐振腔的损耗关系复杂,进行共相位控制时,计算机向拼接子镜施加扰动,检测谐振腔衰荡时间的变化,如果衰荡时间增加,下一次施加正向扰动,否则施加反向扰动。The tilt and translation of the splicing sub-mirror can change the loss of the optical resonant cavity, but the relationship between the tilt and translation of the splicing sub-mirror and the loss of the resonant cavity is complicated. When performing common phase control, the computer applies disturbance to the splicing sub-mirror to detect the ringing of the resonant cavity Time changes, if the ringing time increases, the next time a positive disturbance is applied, otherwise a reverse disturbance is applied.
本发明的原理如下:Principle of the present invention is as follows:
对于有拼接镜组成的光学谐振腔,拼接子镜的共相位误差会在谐振腔中引入衍射损耗,导致光学谐振腔衰荡时间减少,只有当拼接子镜在严格满足共相位条件时,光学谐振腔的衰荡时间最长。因此为了实现对拼接镜的共相位控制,本发明首先将拼接镜和至少一块反射镜组成光学谐振腔,以光学谐振腔衰荡时间最长为目标,通过随机寻优的方式,调节拼接子镜的倾斜、平移,实现对拼接镜的共相位控制。For an optical resonator composed of spliced mirrors, the common phase error of the spliced mirrors will introduce diffraction loss in the resonant cavity, resulting in a reduction in the ringdown time of the optical resonant cavity. Only when the spliced mirrors strictly meet the common phase condition, the optical resonance The cavity has the longest ring down time. Therefore, in order to realize the co-phase control of the splicing mirror, the present invention first forms the splicing mirror and at least one reflecting mirror into an optical resonant cavity, and aims at the longest ring-down time of the optical resonant cavity, and adjusts the splicing sub-mirror by random optimization. The tilt and translation can realize the common phase control of the splicing mirror.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明装置的一种实施方式光路示意图;Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the optical path of an embodiment of the device of the present invention;
图2拼接镜之间平移误差的大小与衰荡时间之间的关系仿真结果;The simulation result of the relationship between the size of the translation error and the ring-down time between the splicing mirrors of Fig. 2;
图3基于随机并行梯度下降算法的共相位控制仿真结果。Fig. 3 Simulation results of co-phase control based on stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合实施例和附图来详细说明本发明,但本发明并不仅限于此。The present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the embodiments and accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
如图1所示,一种利用光腔衰荡技术对拼接镜共相位控制装置,包括激光器(1),模式匹配光学器件(2),拼接镜(3),光学谐振腔镜((4-1)和(4-2)),聚焦透镜(5),光电探测器(6),函数发生器(7),数据采集卡(8),计算机(9)。As shown in Figure 1, a co-phase control device for splicing mirrors using cavity ring down technology, including lasers (1), mode matching optical devices (2), splicing mirrors (3), optical resonant cavity mirrors ((4- 1) and (4-2)), focusing lens (5), photodetector (6), function generator (7), data acquisition card (8), computer (9).
采用如图1所示的装置进行拼接镜共相位控制的方法如下:The method of co-phase control of splicing mirrors using the device shown in Figure 1 is as follows:
1)拼接镜(3)是由两块拼接子镜组成的,为了减小拼接子镜之间缝隙引入的损耗,激光器(1)输出的模式为TEM10模光束;1) The splicing mirror (3) is composed of two splicing sub-mirrors. In order to reduce the loss introduced by the gap between the splicing sub-mirrors, the output mode of the laser (1) is TEM 10 -mode beam;
2)参见图1,光学谐振腔包括一第一光学谐振腔腔镜(4-1),第一光学谐振腔腔镜(4-1)为平面镜;还包括一第二光学谐振腔腔镜(4-2),其曲率半径R=6米;拼接镜(3)是平面镜,第一光学谐振腔腔镜(4-1),第二光学谐振腔腔镜(4-2)和拼接镜(3)组成半共焦腔,即腔长L=R/2;2) Referring to Figure 1, the optical resonant cavity includes a first optical resonant cavity mirror (4-1), and the first optical resonant cavity mirror (4-1) is a plane mirror; it also includes a second optical resonant cavity mirror ( 4-2), its radius of curvature R=6 meters; the splicing mirror (3) is a plane mirror, the first optical resonant cavity mirror (4-1), the second optical resonant cavity mirror (4-2) and the splicing mirror ( 3) Form a semi-confocal cavity, that is, the cavity length L=R/2;
3)通过移动模式匹配光学器件(2)中元件的距离,使注入到光学谐振腔中的光束束腰位于拼接子镜镜面上,本实施实例仿真了拼接子镜之间平移误差大小对谐振腔衰荡时间影响,如图2所示;3) Match the distance of the components in the optical device (2) by moving the mode, so that the beam waist injected into the optical resonant cavity is located on the mirror surface of the spliced sub-mirror. This implementation example simulates the impact of the translation error between the spliced sub-mirrors on the resonant cavity The impact of ring down time, as shown in Figure 2;
4)计算机(9)通过函数发生器(7)对激光器(1)的输出功率进行调制,产生方波输出信号,在激光功率的下降沿,通过采集卡(8)采集光电探测器(6)测量到的激光强度信号,计算机(9)通过曲线拟合的方式求光学谐振腔衰荡时间,定义衰荡时间τ为出射光强I(t)衰减为初始透射光强I1的1/e时所需时间;4) The computer (9) modulates the output power of the laser (1) through the function generator (7) to generate a square wave output signal. On the falling edge of the laser power, the photodetector (6) is collected by the acquisition card (8) For the measured laser intensity signal, the computer (9) calculates the ring-down time of the optical resonator by means of curve fitting, and defines the ring-down time τ as the decay of the outgoing light intensity I(t) to 1/e of the initial transmitted light intensity I 1 time required;
5)在本实施例中,采用随机并行梯度下降算法作为随机寻优控制方法。以衰荡时间τ最大作为随机并行梯度下降算法的控制目标,利用随机并行梯度下降算法实时计算拼接子镜的平移误差,本实施例仿真了对拼接子镜平移误差的控制效果,如图3所示。5) In this embodiment, the stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm is used as the stochastic optimization control method. Taking the maximum ringdown time τ as the control target of the stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm, the random parallel gradient descent algorithm is used to calculate the translation error of the spliced sub-mirror in real time. This embodiment simulates the control effect on the translation error of the spliced sub-mirror, as shown in Figure 3 Show.
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