CN103827570A - 再加热低温液体的方法 - Google Patents

再加热低温液体的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103827570A
CN103827570A CN201280046104.5A CN201280046104A CN103827570A CN 103827570 A CN103827570 A CN 103827570A CN 201280046104 A CN201280046104 A CN 201280046104A CN 103827570 A CN103827570 A CN 103827570A
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temperature
cryogenic
storage tank
cryogenic liquide
pressure
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CN201280046104.5A
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CN103827570B (zh
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伯纳德·朱埃里
阿诺·福内特
帕斯卡尔·贝内托
罗南·戈特尔
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Airbus Safran Launcher Jsc
ArianeGroup SAS
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SNECMA SAS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/02—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment
    • F17C13/025—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment having the pressure as the parameter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/02—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment
    • F17C13/021—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment having the height as the parameter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/02—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment
    • F17C13/026—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment having the temperature as the parameter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C5/00—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures
    • F17C5/02—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures for filling with liquefied gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C6/00—Methods and apparatus for filling vessels not under pressure with liquefied or solidified gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C9/00—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied or solidified gases from vessels not under pressure
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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    • F17C2201/01—Shape
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    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/03—Orientation
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    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/05—Size
    • F17C2201/054—Size medium (>1 m3)
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    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
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    • F17C2205/0388—Arrangement of valves, regulators, filters
    • F17C2205/0394—Arrangement of valves, regulators, filters in direct contact with the pressure vessel
    • F17C2205/0397—Arrangement of valves, regulators, filters in direct contact with the pressure vessel on both sides of the pressure vessel
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    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
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    • F17C2223/04—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by other properties of handled fluid before transfer
    • F17C2223/042—Localisation of the removal point
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种对储存在具有顶部气体空间（18）的低温储罐（1）内的低温液体再加热的方法。所述低温液体通过从该低温液体的自由表面（17）的下方注入较热气体来加热。

Description

再加热低温液体的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及加热低温液体，特别是涉及加热储存在具有顶部气体空间的储罐中的低温液体。
背景技术
在一些低温应用中，特别是技术测试和科学实验中，可能需要供应处于精确的温度和精确的压力条件下的低温液体。例如，当测试低温火箭发动机时，特别是在对它们用于供给低温推进剂的泵进行空泡试验时，总是需要更加频繁地供应接近于饱和点的低温液体流。为了限制这些火箭发动机所推动的运载工具的储罐的壁厚从而限制其重量，趋势上是减少储罐内的压力。因此，在实际发射期间供给到供给泵的液体接近于饱和点，由此更加可能在泵中产生气泡现象。因此为了在地面上进行空泡测试，就需要能够供应具有尽可能接近真实情况的压力和温度的低温液体。遗憾的是，在地面上的储罐中，低温液体大体处于基本上较低的温度，并由此更加远离饱和点。
为了增加储存于具有顶部气体空间的储罐、即在低温液体自由表面之上具有气相的储罐中的低温液体的温度，进行了多种尝试，特别是通过吹送较高温度的气体来向其传递能量。该气体被注入储罐顶部气体空间内。然而，因为此种低温液体有非常高的比热，所以为加热大量低温液体所需的时间通常非常长。此外，从上方加热液体，液体中会产生明显的温度分层，较高温度层接近自由表面而较低温度层接近底部，供给测试台的液体通常从底部抽取。因此，这种方案被发现不足以按照合理的精确度和明显高于低温液体被加热前的原始温度来供应低温液体。而且，这样也不能够以随时间恒定的温度向泵供应液体。
发明内容
本发明致力于提出一种加热储存在具有顶部气体空间的低温储罐中的低温液体的方法，该方法能够更快且更均匀地加热低温液体。
在本发明的方法的至少一个实施方案中，这一目的是通过从低温液体的自由表面的下方注入较高温度气体来加热该低温液体实现的。
借助这些方法，热交换能够在整个液柱上进行，从而能够借助储罐中的流体对流的加热效果，使加热更均匀。气泡在沿着上升路径与液体进行热交换之后，气泡中的气体可以部分地液化并将其潜热的能量提供给液体。
在特别简单的方式下，注入的气体可为该低温液体的气相。然而，若至少其它气体与该低温液体为化学惰性关系，且其凝固温度明显低于储罐中低温液体的温度，从而避免堵塞注入点，则也可采用选择或者添加其它气体；而如果期望能够随后抽取具有一定纯度的低温液体，则所述其它气体应不会与该低温液体混合。
有益的是，在从低温液体的自由表面的下方注入气体的同时，可以在该表面的上方进行排气，以便保持顶部气体空间的压力低于预设的最大压力。例如，此最大压力可被预设为所要达到的温度的函数。特别是，如果加热的目的是能够随后抽取温度和压力接近低温液体的饱和点的低温液体，则排气对于接近饱和点会是有益的，这是因为注入气体通常会使封闭储罐中的压力增加。此外，储罐内的压力过高可能导致严重的安全问题。
特别是，低温液体可为液态氢，这是由于其比热特别高，使用其他方法加热特别困难。然而，也可设想将本方法用于其他低温液体。
在特别的有益方式下，所述气体可通过抽取点被注入低温液体，由此简化与储罐相关的管路连接并且避免在储罐中增设更多孔口的必要（这些孔口可能对储罐的隔热性和机械强度两者均有害）。
本发明还提供了低温装置的测试方法。在此测试方法的至少一个实施例中，低温液体在具有顶部气体空间的储罐中，通过从低温液体的自由表面的下方注入较高温度的气体来加热，以随后在至少一个低温装置的测试期间供给低温装置。因此在测试期间能够将具有精确温度的低温液体供给到低温装置。
特别地，所述低温装置可包括至少一个低温液体泵，因此通过加热，就能够以接近饱和点的低温液体来供应该泵，以在该泵上进行空泡测试。
在特别的有益方式中，在测试期间，可将气流注入低温储罐的顶部气体空间内，以保持顶部气体空间的压力为低温液体的饱和压力。在从低温储罐抽取低温液体后，这样是为了避免低温储罐中的压力降到该所需温度的饱和点压力以下，因为那会导致在测试进行时液体蒸发并使剩余的液体冷却。
然而，在测试之后，为了进行后续的测试而使低温气体冷却（特别是在后续测试中需要供给温度较低的低温液体时），将低温储罐的顶部气体空间的气压降压到低温气体的饱和温度以下也是有益的。
本发明还提供一种用于测试低温装置的设备，该设备包括至少一个用于供给到低温装置的低温液体的低温储罐。在至少一个实施例中，该系统还具有用于高于低温液体温度的气体从低温液体的自由表面下方引入低温储罐、以加热低温液体的装置。
附图说明
阅读以下以非限制性示例的方式对本发明实施方案的具体说明，能够更好地理解本发明及其优点。以下说明参考了图1，该图示出本发明一个实施方案中用于测试低温装置的供给设备的原理图。
具体实施方式
如图1所示，本发明一个实施例中的供给设备1包括用于接纳液态氢2的低温储罐1，该供给设备用于将温度和压力可控的液态氢供给到测试台4。作为示例，测试台4可被设计为测试低温火箭发动机的元件、特别是用于将推进剂供给到此种火箭发动机的泵的冷却和/或操作。其还可以用于整体测试此种发动机。不过，本发明的设备和方法还可用于测试其他类型的低温装置。
在低温储罐1的底部，储罐具有液态氢抽取点，液态氢抽取点的形式为抽取管3，该抽取管经由阀5连接到测试台4。不过，抽取管3也可经由其他阀6连接到气态氢的第一储罐7。低温储罐1在其顶部还形成有增压和排气点8，增压和排气点8经由相应的阀9、10连接到气态氢的第二储罐11、第三储罐12。第二气态氢储罐11用于接纳使低温储罐1增压的增压气态氢。相比之下，第三气态氢储罐12用于接纳在低温储罐1排气时来自低温储罐1的气态氢。
阀5，6，9和10为控制目的而连接至控制单元13，控制单元13通常是电子处理器的形式。此控制单元13也连接到分别位于低温储罐1的底部和顶部的至少一个温度传感器14和至少一个压力传感器15；控制单元13还连接到用于检测位于第一气态氢储罐7和低温储罐1之间的管道中流量的流量传感器16，还连接到用于检测低温储罐1内的液位的液位感应器20。
在操作中，液态氢2在储罐1的底部和自由表面17之间形成液柱。在自由表面17的上方以及储罐的顶部，储罐被气态氢所占据并形成顶部气体空间18，因此能够调整低温储罐1内的压力。初始时，液态氢2的温度为T0，该温度应被提升到T1以在第一测试期间向测试台4进行供给。在顶部气体空间18中，初始压力为p0,c。低温储罐1的底部的初始压力p0,f等于该初始压力p0,c加上液柱所施加的压力。第一气态氢储罐7的压力p0,r1很清楚地大于低温储罐1的底部的初始压力p0,f。
为了加热液态氢2，阀6被打开，而且气态氢流体经由抽取管3以流量Dr1被引入低温储罐1内。在管道的一端，此流量Dr1形成具有初始直径d的气泡19，该气泡通过液态氢柱2上升，并通过其表面与液态氢柱进行热交换。对于给定的气体流速，热交换面积因此还有热交换量均随着气泡的尺寸减少而增加。作为示例，表1示出了在上升通过高度7米（m）且温度23.2K的液态氢柱时，为了传递120兆焦（MJ）的热量，在多个不同的气泡直径条件下，所需的处于环境温度（293K）的气态氢的量值：
表1：作为气泡尺寸的函数的被传递热量
Figure BDA0000480159620000041
由气态氢的气泡传递到液态氢2的热量对应于气态氢在低温储罐底部的初始温度和气态氢的液化温度之间的比热和气态氢的凝结潜热。因此在最优条件下，气态氢的全部流量Dr1凝结，且气泡19在到达自由表面17之前液化。然而，如果初始压力p0,c不够高，气泡19最初会在没有到达其饱和点的情况下穿过液态氢柱2。由于排气阀10最初是关闭的，所以如果气态氢的流量Dr1由此到达顶部气体空间18，就会引起顶部气体空间18的压力增加到压力p1,c，在此压力条件下，气泡19中的气体在到达自由表面17之前能够确实到达其饱和点。
甚至在此压力p1,c之上，只要气态氢经由管道3持续注入，由于液态氢2在低温储罐1内的液位上升，低温储罐1中的压力也会持续上升（尽管实际上较慢），而这完全是液态氢2因从气泡19吸收到热量而蒸发产生的结果。同时，液态氢2的温度升至液态氢的饱和温度。因此液态氢2的加热受到饱和温度、且由此还受到压力的支配。为了避免能够损坏低温储罐1的过大压力，而且也为了避免液态氢2超过在第一测试期间从低温储罐1抽取液态氢时所需的压力p2,f，可以通过打开排气阀10来进行可控的排气，从而允许氢按照流量Dr3,1逸出至第三氢储罐12，以防止超过顶部气体空间18中对应的压力p2,c。
当液态氢2达到了所需的温度和压力，就可以关闭阀6和10以进行第一测试。为了以液态氢2来供给测试台4，阀5被打开以从低温储罐的底部抽取温度为T2、压力为p2,f且流量为De,1的液态氢。同时，为了保持液态氢2中的这一压力p2,f和顶部气体空间18中的相应的压力p2,c，或者为了增加压力p2,f和压力p2,c，阀9可被打开，从而使相等体积流量的气态氢从第二气态氢储罐11流至低温储罐中的顶部气体空间18。这用于保持测试条件，且上述全部都是为了在液态氢2被抽取时，避免低温储罐1内的压力下落到低于氢气在温度T2的饱和压力p2,s，因为那将导致液态氢2沸腾并因此冷却液态氢。
在此第一测试结束时，阀5和9再次被关闭。如果需要随后进行的第二测试（第二测试中传送温度较低的液态氢2），可以冷却液态氢，其方式是打开排气阀10，将气态氢按照流量Dr3,2排出到第三气态氢储罐12，从而在冷却开始时，降低液态氢在温度T3条件下的氢饱和压力p3,s。液态氢2的蒸发吸收的热量等于变为气态的那部分重量的液态氢的潜热，且剩余的液态氢2以相应方式冷却从而达到所需温度T4。此后，顶部气体空间18的压力可借助阀9和10来调节，由此在顶部气体空间18内获得所需压力p4,c，该压力大于与温度T4条件下的饱和点对应的压力。然后阀5可被再次打开，以便在低温储罐的底部为测试台4供给温度为T4、压力为p4,f的液态氢。
在所有这些操作中，阀5、6、9和10的开关可作为来自用户的指令的函数和/或由传感器14、15、16和20所传送的测量值的函数，通过控制单元13来控制。应附带说明，基于通过压力传感器15和液位感应器20分别测得的顶部气体空间18中的压力和液态氢的液位，可以估算低温储罐1的底部的压力。
在所述实施方案中的液态氢加热步骤的实例中，初始体积65.7立方米（m3）的液态氢2在体积为75m3的低温储罐1内形成了深度为7m的液柱，该液柱在9000秒（s）的时间tc内从20.7K的温度T0被加热到23.2K的温度T2，这种加热是通过以下方式进行的：通过直径为3毫米（mm）至4mm的抽取管，以4克每秒（g/s）的恒定流量Dr1将气态氢注入低温储罐1内，处于环境温度（约293K）和0.57兆帕（MPa）的压力条件下的该气态氢取自第一气态氢储罐7。在加热期间，低温储罐的顶部气体空间18内的压力从0.12MPa的初始压力p0,c升至0.29MPa的压力p2,c。
在所述实施方案的冷却液态氢步骤的实例中，初始体积为66.2m3的液态氢2在体积为75m3的低温储罐1内形成深度为7m的液柱，该液柱在5400秒（s）的时间tc内，通过以约50g/s的流量Dr3,2将气态氢排出到第三气态氢储罐12的方式，从23.2K的温度T3被冷却到20.7K的温度T2。在排气期间，低温储罐的顶部气体空间18中的压力从0.35MPa的初始压力p3,c，下降到液态氢在23.2K的温度T3条件下的0.22MPa的饱和压力p3,s。此后，随着继续排气，一部分液态氢2的物态改变，引起剩余的液态氢2的温度降到20.7K的温度T4，同时顶部气体空间18内的压力沿着饱和曲线降到0.12MPa的压力p4,c。在冷却步骤结束时，低温储罐1中剩余有62.2m3的液态氢2。
尽管以上结合具体实施方案详细描述了本发明，但很明显，在不违背本发明权利要求所限定的总体范围前提下，可以对所述实例做出多种修改和变化。特别是，尽管上述实施方案中的低温液体为液态氢，但其他低温液体也可通过此方式来进行可控的加热和冷却。而且，加热气体可以不仅仅通过单一管道来注入，而是通过具有多个孔口的集合管来注入，由此减少气泡的尺寸，并因此提升热交换效率。上述各种实施方案的个别特征可以很自然地与更多的实施方案结合。由此可知，对附图的描述应被认为是某种意义上的示例而非限制。

Claims (10)

1.一种储存在具有顶部气体空间（18）的低温储罐（1）内的低温液体的加热方法，其特征在于，所述低温液体通过从所述低温液体的自由表面（17）的下方注入较高温度的气体来加热。
2.根据权利要求1所述的加热方法，其中，被注入的所述气体是所述低温液体的气相。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的加热方法，其中，在所述自由表面之下注入气体时，在所述低温液体的自由表面（17）的上方进行排气，以避免所述顶部气体空间（18）内的压力超过预设的最大压力。
4.根据任一前述权利要求所述的加热方法，其中，所述气体是通过用于所述低温液体的抽取点注入的。
5.根据任一前述权利要求所述的加热方法，其中，所述低温液体是液态氢（2）。
6.一种低温装置的测试方法，其中，低温液体利用前述任一权利要求所述的方法被加热，以随后在所述低温装置的至少一个测试期间被供给到所述低温装置。
7.根据权利要求6所述的测试方法，其中，所述低温装置包括至少一个低温液体泵。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的测试方法，其中，在所述测试期间，气流被注入到所述低温储罐（1）的顶部气体空间（18）内，以保持所述顶部气体空间中的压力大于所述低温液体的饱和压力。
9.根据权利要求6到8中任一项所述的测试方法，其中，在所述测试之后，所述低温储罐（1）的顶部气体空间（18）被减压到低于所述低温液体的饱和压力，以为后续的测试冷却所述低温液体。
10.一种用于测试低温装置的供给设备，所述设备包括至少一个用于供应到所述低温装置的低温液体的低温储罐（1），并且其特征在于，所述设备还包括用于引入气体的装置，所述气体的温度高于所述低温液体的温度，且从所述低温液体的自由表面（17）的下方被引入所述储罐内，以加热所述低温液体。
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