CN103748308A - 用于对更靠近通径中心的井孔表面扩孔的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于对更靠近通径中心的井孔表面扩孔的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN103748308A
CN103748308A CN201280024633.5A CN201280024633A CN103748308A CN 103748308 A CN103748308 A CN 103748308A CN 201280024633 A CN201280024633 A CN 201280024633A CN 103748308 A CN103748308 A CN 103748308A
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J·D·伊森豪尔
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种井孔扩孔装置和方法。该装置包括:钻柱;连接到钻柱的钻头;连接到钻柱的底部偏心扩孔器;以及连接到钻柱的顶部偏心扩孔器,其中底部偏心扩孔器和顶部偏心扩孔器具有预定的间隔和取向。

Description

用于对更靠近通径中心的井孔表面扩孔的方法和装置
相关申请的引用
本申请要求于2011年4月8日提交的标题为“用于对更靠近通径中心的井孔表面扩孔的方法和装置”的美国临时申请序列号61/473,587的优先权,其通过引用而特别且完全地合并于本文。
技术领域
本申请涉及用于钻出井孔的装置和方法,特别地,本发明涉及用于增大通径直径以及提高井孔质量的方法和装置。
背景技术
水平井、定向井、S形弯曲井以及大部分竖直井通过由容纳井下泥浆/空气马达的弯头驱动的钻头而钻出,该钻头可被定向为增加或者降低角度以及可以向右转或者向左转。钻柱被定向为使容纳泥浆/空气马达的弯头指向期望的方向。这通常被称为“滑动”。滑动迫使钻头沿着期望的路径行进,而钻柱的剩余部分跟随。
对井孔方向的反复修正导致微台肩和“狗腿”(doglegs),从而引起井孔与井底钻具组合和钻柱之间的摩擦和拖拽。该不期望的摩擦导致在钻井过程方面的若干负面影响,包括但并不限于:增加扭矩和拖拽力,钻压传递失效,钻柱和井底钻具组合(BHA)上的偏心磨损,钻井天数增加,钻柱失效,限制井孔可延伸的距离,以及与将生产管柱插入到井孔中相关的事件。
当由钻头切削出狗腿、螺旋形路径或弯曲路径时,遵循井孔中心的相对无阻碍通道可产生比井孔自身小的直径。该相对无阻碍通道有时候被称为“通径”并且该通道的标称直径有时候被称为“通径直径”。通道的“通径”通常由井孔表面形成,该井孔表面形成了沿着井孔路径的曲线的内径。穿过井孔的相对无阻碍通径的管子或者工具有时候被称为“通径规”或者“通径器”。
通常而言,为了解决这些困难,通径直径已经利用传统的扩孔技术通过扩大整个井孔的直径而被扩大。这种扩孔已经随着在钻出井孔之后完成的附加步骤而完成。这样做对于在钻井期间避免扭矩或拖拽的不可接受的增大已经成为必需。这种附加的扩孔使得完井成本和时间明显增加。而且,传统的扩孔技术常常并未改善井孔,而是简单地扩大了井孔的某些区域。
因此,存在一种对于减小钻柱上的扭矩和拖拽以及产生更靠近通径井孔的扩孔器的需要。
还一种存在对于能够扩大井孔通径通道的直径而无需扩大整个井孔的直径的需要。
发明内容
本发明克服了与当前策略相关的问题和缺点,设计并且提供了钻出井孔的新工具和方法。
本发明的一个实施例针对一种井孔扩孔装置。该装置包括:钻柱;连接到钻柱的钻头;连接到钻柱的井底钻具组合;连接到钻柱的底部偏心扩孔器;以及连接到钻柱的顶部偏心扩孔器。底部偏心扩孔器和顶部偏心扩孔器在钻柱上沿径向对置。
在一个优选实施例中,该装置还包括切削元件,所述切削元件连接到顶部偏心扩孔器和连接到底部偏心扩孔器。优选地,底部偏心扩孔器的切削元件具有相对于连接到顶部偏心扩孔器的切削元件的取向预定的取向。每个偏心扩孔器优选地包括多组切削元件。在优选的实施例中,每组切削元件沿着螺旋形路径布置,该螺旋形路径沿着各偏心扩孔器的表面。在优选的实施例中,该装置还包括靠近每组切削元件的流动区域。
优选地,底部偏心扩孔器和顶部偏心扩孔器在预定位置处间隔开。底部偏心扩孔器和顶部偏心扩孔器的最外部半径优选地小于井孔和套管的最内部半径。在优选的实施例中,底部偏心扩孔器与顶部偏心扩孔器相同。
本发明的另一个实施例针对一种对井孔扩孔的方法。该方法包括:设置钻柱;设置连接到钻柱的钻头;设置连接到钻柱的井底钻具组合;设置连接到钻柱的底部偏心扩孔器;设置连接到钻柱的顶部偏心扩孔器;将顶部偏心扩孔器和底部偏心扩孔器在径向上对置的位置处定位在钻柱上;以及使钻柱在井孔中旋转。
该方法优选地还包括将切削元件连接到顶部偏心扩孔器和底部偏心扩孔器。连接到底部偏心扩孔器的切削元件优选地具有相对于连接到顶部偏心扩孔器的切削元件的取向预定的取向。优选地,该方法还包括为每个偏心扩孔器设置多组切削元件。
在一个优选的实施例中,该方法还包括沿着螺旋形路径布置每组切削元件,该螺旋形路径沿着各偏心扩孔器的表面。优选地,该方法还包括设置靠近每组切削元件的流动区域。该方法优选地还包括以预定的间隔和取向将底部偏心扩孔器和顶部偏心扩孔器间隔开。优选地,底部偏心扩孔器和顶部偏心扩孔器的最外部半径小于井孔和套管的最内部半径。第一偏心扩孔器优选地与第二偏心扩孔器相同。
本发明的其他实施例和优点在下面的描述中提及,并且部分地可从该描述中显而易见,或者可从本发明的实践中获知。
附图说明
仅仅通过举例以及参照附图来更加详细地描述本发明,附图中:
图1是水平井孔的横截面视图。
图2是顶部扩孔器的井下部分的放大图。
图3图示了切削元件沿着底部扩孔器的井下部分的布局。
图4和5图示了切削元件在另一实施例的扩孔器上的位置及布置。
图6是具有四组切削元件的扩孔器的一个实施例。
图7图示了切削元件在四个刀片中的每一个刀片上的布置。
图8图示了扩孔器的偏心情况。
具体实施方式
正如所体现和所广泛描述的那样,在此的公开内容提供了本发明的详细实施例。然而,所公开的实施例仅仅是本发明的可以以不同和可替代的形式实施的示例。因此,并不旨在限制特定的结构和功能细节,而是旨在提供权利要求的基础以及作为教导本领域技术人员来以不同方式采用本发明的有代表性的基础。
本发明的实施例所能够解决的现有技术的问题在于增大井孔的通径直径。已经令人惊奇地发现,与传统的扩孔器相比,提供在径向上对置的扩孔器允许增大对井孔的扩孔。这在一个实施例中通过切除更靠近通径中心的主要成形表面的材料来实现。与切削井孔的全部表面的传统扩孔器相比,如此做降低了所施加的动力、所施加的扭矩和所导致的拖拽。
图1示出了包含扩孔器的水平井孔的剖视图。扩孔器具有底部偏心扩孔器和顶部偏心扩孔器。顶部偏心扩孔器和底部偏心扩孔器优选地具有类似的结构,并且优选地在钻柱上沿径向对置(即处于大约180°的角位移处)。然而,可使用其他角位移,例如120°、150°、210°或240°。在径向上对置地布置使得顶部扩孔器和底部扩孔器中每个的切削元件朝向大体相反的方向。扩孔器间隔开并且定位成在井底钻具组合(BHA)后面行进。在一个实施例中,例如,偏心扩孔器定位在在距离BHA大约100英尺到150英尺范围内。虽然示出了两个扩孔器,但是替代地可使用单个扩孔器或更多个扩孔器。
正如所示出的,钻柱随着钻井而向左边前进。扩孔器中的每一个优选地具有最外部半径,通常在其切削元件的区域中,该最外部半径小于井孔的内部半径。然而,每个扩孔器的最外部半径优选地大于较近表面距通径中心的距离。顶部扩孔器和底部扩孔器优选地包括许多碳化物或金刚石切削元件,其中每个切削元件优选地具有圆形面,随着管柱旋转和沿着井孔前进,圆形面通常面向切削元件相对于井孔的运动路径。
在图1中,底部扩孔器开始接合较靠近通径中心的表面并且从所示的井孔切削掉所述较靠近通径中心的表面。如将意识到的是,底部扩孔器在旋转时切掉井孔的较近表面的部分,与此同时基本上较少或者没有切掉较远离通径中心的表面,该较远离通径中心的表面通常处于井的相对侧面上。随着钻柱前进,顶部扩孔器实现了类似的更靠近通径中心的扩孔器的功能。每个扩孔器优选地与BHA和任何其他扩孔器间隔开,以使得与扩孔器邻近的管柱的中心线从井孔中心朝着通径中心偏离或者与通径中心对准。
图2是顶部扩孔器的井下部分的放大图,随着扩孔器前进,顶部扩孔器与更靠近通径中心的井孔表面开始接触。随着扩孔器前进和旋转,现有孔沿着更靠近通径中心的表面而加宽,从而加宽了孔的通径直径。将意识到的是,钻柱和扩孔器沿着大致遵循通径中心并且从现存孔中心移开的路径前进穿过井孔。
图3图示了沿着图1中所示的底部扩孔器的井下部分的切削结构的布局。四组切削元件,组A、组B、组C和组D,绕着底部扩孔器的外部成角度地间隔开。图3示出了每组切削元件的位置,当底部扩孔器旋转时它们穿过图1中所示的最底部位置。随着扩孔器旋转,组A、组B、组C和组D相继地穿过了最底部位置。这些组的切削元件布置在基本上圆形的表面上,所述基本上圆形的表面具有的中心从钻柱的旋转中心偏心地移开。
这些组切削元件中的每一组优选地沿着螺旋路径布置,该螺旋形路径沿着底部扩孔器的表面,其中井下切削元件随着扩孔器旋转(例如,参见图6)而导向。扩孔器的组A和组B切削元件被定位成当管柱旋转时使最外部扩孔器形成6又1/8英寸的直径。组B切削元件优选地被定位成在组A切削元件的旋转路径之间旋转通过底部扩孔器的最底部点。组C切削元件被定位成当旋转时使最外部切削面形成六英寸直径,并且优选地被定位成在组B切削元件的旋转路径之间旋转通过底部扩孔器的最底部点。组D的切削元件被定位成当旋转时使最外部扩孔器形成5又7/8英寸的直径,并且优选地被定位成在组C切削元件的旋转路径之间旋转穿过底部扩孔器的最底部点。
图4和5图示了在另一扩孔器实施例上的组1、组2、组3和组4切削元件的位置和布置。组1、组2、组3和组4的切削元件各自布置为形成具有相应的5又5/8英寸、6英寸、6又1/8英寸和6又1/8英寸直径的旋转路径。图5图示了组1、组2、组3和组4的切削元件中每组的相对位置。组2的切削元件优选地被定位成在组1的切削元件旋转路径之间旋转通过扩孔器的最底部点。组3的切削元件优选地被定位成在组2切削元件的旋转路径之间旋转通过扩孔器的最底部点。组4的切削元件优选地被定位成在组3切削元件的旋转路径之间旋转通过扩孔器的最底部点。
图6是图示了具有四组切削元件的扩孔器的一个实施例的图像,其中每组切削元件布置在沿着弯曲表面的螺旋形取向上,所述弯曲表面具有相对于扩孔器安装所在的钻柱偏心的中心。与每组切削元件邻近和靠近的是形成在扩孔器表面中的流动区域。流动区域允许在操作期间流体(诸如,钻井泥浆)和切屑流过扩孔器以及远离扩孔器的切削结构流出。
这些组切削元件的定位和布置可以重新排列以适合特定的应用。例如,针对每种应用,可调整这些组切削元件相对于钻柱中心线的对准,以及调整底部偏心面和顶部偏心面与扩孔器本体的外部直径之间的距离。
图7描绘了扩孔器的一个实施例的刀片。扩孔器被设计为对定向接近水平的井孔的“近”侧面进行侧扩孔,该定向接近水平的井孔是弯曲的,以便矫直该弯曲。随着扩孔器的5.25"本体被拉到弯曲的“近”侧面,旋转扩孔器的切削将被迫绕着本体的螺纹中心旋转,并且仅仅对弯曲的“近”侧面切削出日益增大的半径,而没有切削相对侧面。该切割作用将起作用以便在没有遵循原始钻孔路径的情况下矫直该弯曲的井孔。
图8示出了扩孔器的一个实施例的径向布局。扩孔器的两个偏心部的每一个中的PDC切削器的顶部绕着工具的螺纹中心旋转,并且从第1号切削器2.750"R开始以日益增大的半径设置。该切削器的半径以每5度增加0.018"到第17号刀具,其中半径在3.062"的最大值处变成常数,此时工具的最大直径为6.125"。
考虑了在此所公开的发明的说明和实践,对于本领域技术人员来说本发明的其他实施例和应用是显而易见的。在此所引用的所有参考文献,包括所有出版物、美国和国外专利和专利申请,将通过引用而特别且完整地合并于本文。目的在于所述说明和实例在下列权利要求所指出的本发明的真实范围和精神的情况下将被认为仅仅是示例性的。此外,术语“包括”表示“由...组成”和“主要由...组成”。

Claims (18)

1.一种井孔扩孔装置,包括:
钻柱;
连接到钻柱的钻头;
连接到钻柱的井底钻具组合;
连接到钻柱的底部偏心扩孔器;以及
连接到钻柱的顶部偏心扩孔器;
其中,底部偏心扩孔器和顶部偏心扩孔器在钻柱上沿径向对置。
2.如权利要求1所述的井孔扩孔装置,还包括切削元件,所述切削元件连接到顶部偏心扩孔器和连接到底部偏心扩孔器。
3.如权利要求2所述的井孔扩孔装置,其中,底部偏心扩孔器的切削元件具有相对于连接到顶部偏心扩孔器的切削元件的取向预定的取向。
4.如权利要求2所述的井孔扩孔装置,其中,每个偏心扩孔器均包括多组切削元件。
5.如权利要求4所述的井孔扩孔装置,其中,每组切削元件沿着螺旋形路径布置,该螺旋形路径沿着各偏心扩孔器的表面。
6.如权利要求4所述的井孔扩孔装置,还包括靠近每组切削元件的流动区域。
7.如权利要求1所述的井孔扩孔装置,其中,底部偏心扩孔器和顶部偏心扩孔器在预定位置处间隔开。
8.如权利要求1所述的井孔扩孔装置,其中,底部偏心扩孔器和顶部偏心扩孔器的最外部半径小于井孔和套管的最内部半径。
9.如权利要求1所述的井孔扩孔装置,其中,底部偏心扩孔器与顶部偏心扩孔器相同。
10.一种对井孔扩孔的方法,包括:
设置钻柱;
设置连接到钻柱的钻头;
设置连接到钻柱的井底钻具组合;
设置连接到钻柱的底部偏心扩孔器;
设置连接到钻柱的顶部偏心扩孔器;
将顶部偏心扩孔器和底部偏心扩孔器在径向上对置的位置处定位在钻柱上;以及
使钻柱在井孔中旋转。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,还包括将切削元件连接到顶部偏心扩孔器以及连接到底部偏心扩孔器。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,连接到底部偏心扩孔器的切削元件具有相对于连接到顶部偏心扩孔器的切削元件的取向预定的取向。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,还包括为每个偏心扩孔器设置多组切削元件。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,还包括将每组切削元件沿着螺旋形路径布置,所述螺旋形路径沿着各偏心扩孔器的表面。
15.如权利要求13所述的方法,还包括设置靠近每组切削元件的流动区域。
16.如权利要求10所述的方法,还包括以预定的间隔和取向将底部偏心扩孔器和顶部偏心扩孔器间隔开。
17.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中,底部偏心扩孔器和顶部偏心扩孔器的最外部半径小于井孔和套管的最内部半径。
18.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中,第一偏心扩孔器与第二偏心扩孔器相同。
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