CN103744420A - Calibration device for auxiliary power unit of hybrid vehicle - Google Patents

Calibration device for auxiliary power unit of hybrid vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103744420A
CN103744420A CN201310743925.0A CN201310743925A CN103744420A CN 103744420 A CN103744420 A CN 103744420A CN 201310743925 A CN201310743925 A CN 201310743925A CN 103744420 A CN103744420 A CN 103744420A
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unit
auxiliary power
caliberating device
power unit
control
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陈超
吴浩
黄福良
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POTEVIO NEW ENERGY CO Ltd
POTEVIO NEW ENERGY VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY Co Ltd
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POTEVIO NEW ENERGY CO Ltd
POTEVIO NEW ENERGY VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY Co Ltd
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Publication of CN103744420A publication Critical patent/CN103744420A/en
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Abstract

The invention provides a calibration device for an auxiliary power unit of a hybrid vehicle. The calibration device comprises a connecting unit, a data acquisition unit, a calibration unit and a control unit, wherein the control unit is used for transmitting a control command to control the data acquisition unit, the connecting unit and the calibration unit; the connecting unit is used for connecting the auxiliary power unit with the calibration device under the control of the control unit, and transmitting data information; the data acquisition unit is used for acquiring real-time parameters of the auxiliary power unit, and transmitting the real-time parameters to the calibration unit under the control of the control unit; the calibration unit is used for optimizing and calibrating control parameters of the auxiliary power unit according to the parameters acquired by the data acquisition unit under the control of the control unit.

Description

A kind of caliberating device of auxiliary power unit of hybrid vehicle
Technical field
The present invention relates to field of hybrid electric vehicles, particularly a kind of caliberating device of auxiliary power unit of hybrid vehicle.
Background technology
Because oil shortage and problem of environmental pollution become increasingly conspicuous, make the development of traditional combustion engine automobile face unprecedented challenge.
In order to save petroleum resources, improve energy utilization rate and improve municipal pollution situation, hybrid vehicle becomes current study hotspot.Hybrid vehicle adopts internal combustion engine and motor as power resources, and how hybrid vehicle is operated within the scope of high-efficiency and economic is current urgent problem to the energy distribution of optimal control auxiliary power unit and motor.
Summary of the invention
For addressing the above problem, the present invention proposes a kind of caliberating device of auxiliary power unit of hybrid vehicle, by the energy distribution of optimal control auxiliary power unit and motor, auxiliary power unit is operated within the scope of high-efficiency and economic, thereby realizes the object that reduces oil consumption and reduce discharge.
For achieving the above object, the invention provides a kind of caliberating device of auxiliary power unit of hybrid vehicle, described caliberating device comprises: linkage unit, data acquisition unit, demarcation unit and control unit;
The described unit of controlling, controls described data acquisition unit, described linkage unit and described demarcation unit for sending control command;
Described linkage unit, under the described control of controlling unit, is connected described auxiliary power unit with described caliberating device, and responsible transmitting data information;
Described data acquisition unit, under the described control of controlling unit, gathers the real-time parameter of described auxiliary power unit, and transfers to described demarcation unit;
Described demarcation unit, under the described control of controlling unit, realizes optimization and the demarcation of the control parameter of auxiliary power unit according to the parameter of described data acquisition unit collection.
Optionally, in an embodiment of the present invention, described caliberating device also comprises display unit;
Described display unit, for the state of each parts of auxiliary power unit described in the parameter display gathering according to described data acquisition unit.
Optionally, in an embodiment of the present invention, described demarcation unit comprises: injection characteristics demarcating module and electronic spark advance characteristic demarcating module;
Described injection characteristics demarcating module, demarcates for the fuel injection pulsewidth to auxiliary power unit;
Described electronic spark advance characteristic demarcating module, demarcates for the ignition advance angle to auxiliary power unit, obtains Optimum spark advance angle.
Optionally, in an embodiment of the present invention, described injection characteristics demarcating module adopts the pulsewidth fuel volume adjusting method of determining.
Optionally, in an embodiment of the present invention, described injection characteristics demarcating module adopts under a fixed rotating speed n, controls auxiliary power unit and exports a fixing fuel injection pulsewidth T, certain to maintain gasoline engine fuel delivery per cycle; Adjusting joint valve position, change air-distributor pressure, and regulate dynamometer to guarantee that rotation speed n is constant all the time simultaneously, in adjustment process, observe dynamometer reading, when air throttle is in a certain position, air-distributor pressure is p, when dynamometer reading is maximum, stop regulating, torque maximum now, this pulsewidth T is exactly the optimal economic pulsewidth of rotation speed n and air-distributor pressure p now.
Optionally, in an embodiment of the present invention, described electronic spark advance characteristic demarcating module adopts and keeps rotation speed n constant, distributive value is constant, under a certain air-distributor pressure p, ignition advance angle is increased gradually by little, until acquisition peak power, now oil consumption is minimum, and power is maximum, and ignition advance angle is at this moment the Optimum spark advance angle under rotation speed n, air-distributor pressure p operating mode.
Technique scheme has following beneficial effect: it is fundamental starting point that the technical program be take the energy-conservation and environmental protection of automobile, using the auxiliary power unit (Auxiliary Power Unit, APU) of serial type hybrid automobile engine and generator combination formation as main study subject.In conjunction with serial type hybrid automobile operation characteristic, design and development hybrid vehicle APU caliberating device, meets under the prerequisite of power stage requirement APU, realizes fuel-economy, the target of low emission.
Accompanying drawing explanation
In order to be illustrated more clearly in the embodiment of the present invention or technical scheme of the prior art, to the accompanying drawing of required use in embodiment or description of the Prior Art be briefly described below, apparently, accompanying drawing in the following describes is only some embodiments of the present invention, for those of ordinary skills, do not paying under the prerequisite of creative work, can also obtain according to these accompanying drawings other accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is one of the caliberating device block diagram that the invention provides a kind of auxiliary power unit of hybrid vehicle;
Fig. 2 be the invention provides a kind of hybrid vehicle auxiliary power unit caliberating device block diagram two;
Fig. 3 is the caliberating device acceptance of the bid order unit block diagram that the invention provides a kind of auxiliary power unit of hybrid vehicle;
Fig. 4 is the operation interface schematic diagram that the system of the caliberating device of embodiment connects;
Fig. 5 is that the system of the caliberating device of embodiment connects process flow diagram;
Fig. 6 is the data acquisition interface schematic diagram of the caliberating device of embodiment;
Fig. 7 is the best fuel injection pulsewidth calibration interface schematic diagram of the caliberating device of embodiment;
Fig. 8 is the Optimum spark advance angle calibration interface schematic diagram of the caliberating device of embodiment.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is clearly and completely described.Obviously, described embodiment is only the present invention's part embodiment, rather than whole embodiment.Embodiment based in the present invention, those of ordinary skills, not making the every other embodiment obtaining under creative work prerequisite, belong to the scope of protection of the invention.
As shown in Figure 1, for the invention provides a kind of one of caliberating device block diagram of auxiliary power unit of hybrid vehicle.Described caliberating device comprises: linkage unit 101, data acquisition unit 102, demarcate unit 103 and control unit 104;
The described unit 104 of controlling, controls described data acquisition unit 102, described linkage unit 101 and described demarcation unit 103 for sending control command;
Described linkage unit 101, under the described control of controlling unit 104, is connected described auxiliary power unit with described caliberating device, and responsible transmitting data information;
Described data acquisition unit 102, under the described control of controlling unit 104, gathers the real-time parameter of described auxiliary power unit, and transfers to described demarcation unit 103;
Described demarcation unit 103, under the described control of controlling unit 104, the parameter gathering according to described data acquisition unit 102 realizes optimization and the demarcation of the control parameters of engine of auxiliary power unit.
As shown in Figure 2, for the invention provides a kind of hybrid vehicle auxiliary power unit caliberating device block diagram two.Described caliberating device also comprises display unit 105;
Described display unit 105, for the state of each parts of auxiliary power unit described in the parameter display gathering according to described data acquisition unit 102.
As shown in Figure 3, for the invention provides a kind of caliberating device acceptance of the bid order unit block diagram of auxiliary power unit of hybrid vehicle.Described demarcation unit 103 comprises: injection characteristics demarcating module 1031 and electronic spark advance characteristic demarcating module 1032;
Described injection characteristics demarcating module 1031, demarcates for the fuel injection pulsewidth to auxiliary power unit;
Described electronic spark advance characteristic demarcating module 1032, demarcates for the ignition advance angle to auxiliary power unit, obtains Optimum spark advance angle.
Optionally, in an embodiment of the present invention, described injection characteristics demarcating module 1031 adopts the pulsewidth fuel volume adjusting method of determining.
Optionally, in an embodiment of the present invention, described injection characteristics demarcating module 1031 adopts under a fixed rotating speed n, controls the fixing fuel injection pulsewidth T of auxiliary power unit 1031 output one, certain to maintain gasoline engine fuel delivery per cycle; Adjusting joint valve position, change air-distributor pressure, and regulate dynamometer to guarantee that rotation speed n is constant all the time simultaneously, in adjustment process, observe dynamometer reading, when air throttle is in a certain position, air-distributor pressure is p, when dynamometer reading is maximum, stop regulating, torque maximum now, this pulsewidth T is exactly the optimal economic pulsewidth of rotation speed n and air-distributor pressure p now.
Optionally, in an embodiment of the present invention, described electronic spark advance characteristic demarcating module 1032 adopts and keeps rotation speed n constant, distributive value is constant, under a certain air-distributor pressure p, ignition advance angle is increased gradually by little, until acquisition peak power, now oil consumption is minimum, and power is maximum, and ignition advance angle is at this moment the Optimum spark advance angle under rotation speed n, air-distributor pressure p operating mode.
Embodiment:
Introduce function and the realization of the caliberating device each several part about hybrid vehicle APU of embodiment below.
Experimental data monitoring is by observation interface, the real-time parameter of engine, generator, motor and battery to be shown, better understands the working condition of pilot system, guarantees the complete and accurate of experimental data.Realize this function, need to first carry out system connection, host computer and ECU (Electrical Control Unit) can be communicated, then gather the real-time parameter of each sensor, upload to host computer, at observation interface, show.Introduce respectively below and how to realize system connection and data acquisition.
1.1 systems connect
It is that computer is connected with USB/CAN card that system connects, and realizes communicating by letter of calibrating platform and slave computer.Data or order that host computer sends, realize the conversion to CAN data by usb data by USB/CAN card, then send ECU to.
USB/CAN interface card and interface library function thereof
(1) USB/CAN interface card is introduced
USB/CAN interface card is bus compatible with USB1.1, with the intelligent interface card of 1 road CAN interface.Adopt USB/CAN interface card, PC can connect a standard CAN network by usb bus, builds the CAN key control unit of data processing, data acquisition, data communication network in the fields such as fieldbus test laboratory, Industry Control, automotive electronics.USB/CAN interface card can be used as the CAN node of a standard, is the powerful tool of CAN product development, CAN data analysis; Meanwhile, USB/CAN interface card has the features such as volume is little, plug and play, is also portable system user's optimal selection.
(2) basic interface built-in function
USB/CAN card provides a lot of built-in functions, and PC, by the operation to USB/CAN interface library function, is realized the operation to USB/CAN interface card.Host computer is mainly realized the initialization of CAN card and the read-write operation to CAN.Four basic interface built-in functions below:
1. open USB/CAN card function
Call function VCI_OpenDevice opens equipment.
Grammer is: DWORD__stdcall VCI_OpenDevice (DWORD DevType, DWORD DevIndex, DWORD Reserved)
2. initialization USB/CAN card function
Call function VCI_InitCan initialization CAN.
Grammer is: DWORD__stdcall VCI_InitCan (DWORD DevType, DWORD DevIndex, DWORD CANIndex, PVCI_INIT_CONFIG pInitConfig)
3. receive data function
Call function VCI_Receive is from designated equipment reading out data.
Grammer is: ULONG__stdcall VCI_Receive (DWORD DevType, DWORD DevIndex, DWORD CANIndex, PVCI_CAN_OBJpReceive, ULONG Len, INTWaitTime=-1)
4. close USB/CAN card function
Call function VCI_CloseDevice closing device.
Grammer is: DWORD__stdcall VCI_CloseDevice (DWORD DevType, DWORDDevIndex)
(3) under VB environment, call interface library function
First, built-in function file is all placed under working directory.Built-in function file always has three file: ControlCAN.h, ControlCAN.lib, ControlCAN.dll and a file kerneldlls.
Then, state by the following method afterwards and just can call.
Grammer:
[Public|Private]Declare?Function?name?Lib"libname"[Alias"aliasname"][([arglist])][As?type]
The grammer of Declare statement comprises lower part:
Public(is optional)
For stating the function that can use in all processes of all modules.
Private(is optional)
For stating the function that can only use in the module that comprises this statement.
Name(is essential)
Any legal function name.(entry points) is case sensitive in the porch of dynamic link library.
Libname(is essential)
Comprise stated function dynamic link library name or code resource name.
Alias(is optional)
Expression also has other title by invoked function in dynamic link library (DLL).When external function name and the duplication of name of certain function, just can use this parameter.When the title of the function of dynamic link library and common variable, constant or any other process in same scope is identical, also can use Alias.If when certain character in this Dynamic Link Library Function does not meet the naming convention of dynamic link library, also can use Alias.
Aliasname(is optional)
Dynamic link library.If initial character is not numeric character (#), aliasname is the title at this function entrance place in dynamic link library.If initial character is (#), the serial number that this function entrance place must be specified in character subsequently.
Arglist(is optional)
Representative needs the argument table of Transfer Parameters while calling this function.
Type(is optional)
The data type of Function rreturn value; Can be that Byte, Boolean, Integer, Long, Currency, Single, Double, Decimal(still do not support at present), Date, String(only support elongated) or Variant, user defined type, or object type.
The grammer of arglist parameter is as follows:
[Optional][ByVal|ByRef][ParamArray]varname[()][As?type]
Part is described:
Optional(is optional)
Represent that parameter is optional.If use this option, the subsequent parameter in arglist must be all optional, and must all use the statement of Optional key word.If used ParamArray, any parameter all can not be used Optional.
ByVal(is optional) represent that this parameter according to value transmits.
ByRef(is optional) represent that this parameter transmits by address.
1.2 operation interface function introductions
The operation interface that system connects as shown in Figure 4.
1.2.1 system connects the main operation that realizes following several parts:
(1) select device parameter
Selection equipment class call number and which road CAN.
(2) initialization CAN parameter
CAN parameter is set: check and accept code, mask off code, filtering mode, timer 0, timer 1 and pattern.
(3) connect
Complete being connected of " USB/CAN " interface card and computer system.
(4) start CAN
Start the usb protocol of " USB/CAN " interface card and the translation function of CAN agreement.If started successfully, in the bottom at interface, there is the prompting of " starting CAN success ".
After starting successfully, realize being connected of upper PC and " USB/CAN " interface card, system enters wait data transmission state.
(5) reset CAN
The initial parameter of reduction CAN.
Click " reset CAN " button, if resetted successfully, in the bottom at interface, have the prompting of " reset CAN success ".
1.2.2 main program introduction
(1) linker: complete being connected of " USB/CAN " interface card and computer system.
Program code is as follows:
Figure BDA0000449506640000081
Figure BDA0000449506640000091
System connects process flow diagram as shown in Figure 5.
(2) start CAN program: start the usb protocol of " USB/CAN " interface card and the translation function of CAN agreement.
Program code is as follows:
Figure BDA0000449506640000092
1.3 data acquisition
Data acquisition is in software interface, the signal gathering from each sensor to be shown, and each parts are carried out to real-time monitoring, makes the operation conditions of each parts very clear.
1.3.1 each parameters of operating part gathers
The object of this software parameter collection is engine, generator, motor and battery.Design parameter is in Table 1.
Table 1
Figure BDA0000449506640000093
Figure BDA0000449506640000101
1.3.2 operation interface function introduction
Data acquisition interface can be to engine, generator, and the real time data of motor and battery shows.Wherein engine section also can show that whether it is in idling mode, and battery part also can be carried out image intuitively to state-of-charge and be shown.In addition, interface also has speedometer and the engine speed indicator of automobile, and speedometer and tachometer gage in Reality simulation automobile show.By " uploading " on interface, " stop " " emergency stop " three buttons and can realize uploading of data, stop three functions of data upload and emergency stop.
Concrete interface is illustrated in fig. 6 shown below.
Specific operation process:
(1) from main interface, open data acquisition interface.
(2) click " uploading " button.
(3) real time data will show in the control at interface.
(4) can click " stopping " button, stop uploading of data.
(5) while running into emergency, click the operation of " emergency stop " button halt system.
1.3.3 main program introduction
(1) data upload program: complete the collection of parameter, show in interface.
Uploading of data is the SCID(by calling communication module) general subfunction completes.
SID subfunction is defined as follows:
Figure BDA0000449506640000111
1.4 calibrating function
The main target of demarcating is the matching problem that solves auxiliary power unit, by calibration system, auxiliary power unit is carried out the compbined tests such as injection characteristics, electronic spark advance characteristic, auxiliary power unit is operated within the scope of high-efficiency and economic, adapts to various operating modes, under optimum state, move.
1.4.1 injection characteristics are demarcated
" starting to detect data " and " shutdown " button in the calibration interface upper left corner are used for controlling stopping of data importing and system.
At best fuel injection pulsewidth calibration interface, there are two figures to show control He Yige data modification district.Two figures show that controls show rotating speeds, fuel injection pulsewidth, and air-distributor pressure, five time dependent images of amount of torque and throttle opening, and can suspend continuation, image moves and fixes a point to show etc.Data modification district can carry out online modification, zero clearing, biography, spanned file, preservation etc. down to real time data.
Concrete interface as shown in Figure 7.
(1) principle that best fuel injection pulsewidth is demarcated
The control target of gasoline engine is to guarantee, under the prerequisite of certain discharge index, to obtain minimum specific fuel consumption.Therefore adopt " determining pulsewidth fuel volume adjusting method " to carry out economy Optimal Experimental.Experimental principle is: under fixing rotating speed, when injection mode and fuel injection pulsewidth one timing, fuel consumption hourly is also just certain, and now torque is larger, and the power of gasoline engine output is just larger, and specific fuel consumption is just lower, when torque maximum, and corresponding specific fuel consumption minimum.During experiment in a certain rotation speed n 1under, control a certain fixing fuel injection pulsewidth T of auxiliary power unit output 11, certain to maintain gasoline engine fuel delivery per cycle.Then adjusting joint valve position, changes air-distributor pressure, and regulates dynamometer to guarantee rotation speed n simultaneously 1all the time constant, in adjustment process, observe dynamometer reading, when air throttle is in a certain position, dynamometer reading stops when maximum regulating, torque maximum now, this pulsewidth T 11it is exactly rotation speed n now 1with air-distributor pressure p 1optimal economic pulsewidth.In like manner can obtain n 1, p 2; n 1, p netc. the best fuel injection pulsewidth T under operating mode 12; T 1n.In another rotation speed n 2under, in like manner can obtain n 2, p 1; N 2, p netc. the best fuel injection pulsewidth T under operating mode 21; T 2n.Finally draw out best fuel injection pulsewidth MAP figure.
(2) concrete operation method
Set rotating speed and fuel injection pulsewidth.Click " beginning Monitoring Data " button, import data.After image stabilization, adjusting joint valve position, the dynamometer torque curve in Shi little Tu district reaches maximal value.Record data by data down transmission.Then change fuel injection pulsewidth, rotating speed is constant, repeats above-mentioned steps.After a certain rotating speed has been demarcated, change rotating speed, repeating above institute in steps, until complete demarcation.
1.4.2 electronic spark advance characteristic is demarcated
At Optimum spark advance angle calibration interface, there are two figures to show control He Yige data modification district.Two figures show that controls show rotating speeds, fuel injection pulsewidth, and air-distributor pressure, five time dependent images of amount of torque and ignition advance angle, and can suspend continuation, image moves and fixes a point to show etc.Data modification district can carry out online modification, zero clearing, biography, spanned file, preservation etc. down to real time data.
Concrete interface as shown in Figure 8.
(1) principle that Optimum spark advance angle is demarcated:
While carrying out the attribute testing of Optimum spark advance angle on gasoline engine test-bed, keep rotation speed n 1constant, distributive value is constant, at a certain air-distributor pressure p 1under, ignition advance angle is increased gradually by little, until obtain peak power, now oil consumption is minimum, power is maximum, ignition advance angle θ at this moment 11be rotation speed n 1, air-distributor pressure p 1optimum spark advance angle under operating mode.In like manner can obtain n 1, p 2; n 1, p netc. the Optimum spark advance angle θ under operating mode 12; θ 1n.Be transformed into another rotation speed n 2, can obtain n 2, p 1; n 2, p netc. the Optimum spark advance angle θ under operating mode 21; θ 2n.Finally draw out Optimum spark advance angle MAP figure.
(2) concrete operation method
Set rotating speed and air-distributor pressure.Click " beginning Monitoring Data " button, import data.After image stabilization, regulate ignition advance angle, the torque curve in Shi little Tu district reaches maximal value.Record data by data down transmission.Then change air-distributor pressure, rotating speed is constant, repeats above-mentioned steps, obtains Optimum spark advance angle.After a certain rotating speed has been demarcated, change rotating speed, repeating above institute in steps, until complete demarcation.
1.4.3 main program introduction
(1) data down transmission program: will pass under the nominal data of revising.
Program code is as follows:
Figure BDA0000449506640000131
(2) spanned file program: data are become to document files, be presented in the control on the right.
Program code is as follows:
Figure BDA0000449506640000142
The technical scheme of above-described embodiment is in conjunction with serial type hybrid automobile operation characteristic, and the APU calibration system of design and development hybrid vehicle, meets under the prerequisite of power stage requirement APU, realizes fuel-economy, the target of low emission.
Finally it should be noted that: above-mentioned only in order to the present invention to be described and unrestricted technical scheme described in the invention; Although this instructions has been described in detail to the present invention, but, those skilled in the art still can modify or be equal to replacement the present invention, and all do not depart from technical scheme and the improvement thereof of the spirit and scope of the present invention, and it all should be encompassed in claim scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. a caliberating device for the auxiliary power unit of hybrid vehicle, is characterized in that, described caliberating device comprises: linkage unit, data acquisition unit, demarcation unit and control unit;
The described unit of controlling, controls described data acquisition unit, described linkage unit and described demarcation unit for sending control command;
Described linkage unit, under the described control of controlling unit, is connected described auxiliary power unit with described caliberating device, and responsible transmitting data information;
Described data acquisition unit, under the described control of controlling unit, gathers the real-time parameter of described auxiliary power unit, and transfers to described demarcation unit;
Described demarcation unit, under the described control of controlling unit, realizes optimization and the demarcation of the control parameter of auxiliary power unit according to the parameter of described data acquisition unit collection.
2. caliberating device as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described caliberating device also comprises display unit;
Described display unit, for the state of each parts of auxiliary power unit described in the parameter display gathering according to described data acquisition unit.
3. caliberating device as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that, described demarcation unit comprises: injection characteristics demarcating module and electronic spark advance characteristic demarcating module;
Described injection characteristics demarcating module, demarcates for the fuel injection pulsewidth to auxiliary power unit;
Described electronic spark advance characteristic demarcating module, demarcates for the ignition advance angle to auxiliary power unit, obtains Optimum spark advance angle.
4. caliberating device as claimed in claim 3, is characterized in that, described injection characteristics demarcating module adopts the pulsewidth fuel volume adjusting method of determining.
5. caliberating device as claimed in claim 4, is characterized in that, described injection characteristics demarcating module adopts under a fixed rotating speed n, controls auxiliary power unit and exports a fixing fuel injection pulsewidth T, certain to maintain gasoline engine fuel delivery per cycle; Adjusting joint valve position, change air-distributor pressure, and regulate dynamometer to guarantee that rotation speed n is constant all the time simultaneously, in adjustment process, observe dynamometer reading, when air throttle is in a certain position, air-distributor pressure is p, when dynamometer reading is maximum, stop regulating, torque maximum now, this pulsewidth T is exactly the optimal economic pulsewidth of rotation speed n and air-distributor pressure p now.
6. caliberating device as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that, described electronic spark advance characteristic demarcating module adopts and keeps rotation speed n constant, distributive value is constant, under a certain air-distributor pressure p, ignition advance angle is increased gradually by little, until acquisition peak power, now oil consumption is minimum, and power is maximum, and ignition advance angle is at this moment the Optimum spark advance angle under rotation speed n, air-distributor pressure p operating mode.
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