CN103667947B - Without the stainless manufacturing process of nickel Austriaization body - Google Patents
Without the stainless manufacturing process of nickel Austriaization body Download PDFInfo
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- CN103667947B CN103667947B CN201310628599.9A CN201310628599A CN103667947B CN 103667947 B CN103667947 B CN 103667947B CN 201310628599 A CN201310628599 A CN 201310628599A CN 103667947 B CN103667947 B CN 103667947B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of without the stainless manufacturing process of nickel Austriaization body, wherein without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel, its chemical composition and weight percent are: C:0.10% ~ 0.20%, Cr:12.0% ~ 16.0%, Mn:21.0% ~ 25.0%, Cu:0.50% ~ 1.00%, N:0.10% ~ 0.20%, Si:1.00% ~ 2.00%, A1:1.00 ~ 2.00%, P≤0.035%, S≤0.02%, Re:0.03% ~ 0.10%, surplus is Fe and not removable impurity, its manufacturing process comprises proportioning process, electric furnace is sweetening process just, AOD furnace refinery practice, nitrogen flushing process molten steel work, continuous casting process, the method of manufacturing flange comprises sawing, blank heating, forging, punching, pressure-sizing etc., with manganese, it is heat-resisting without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel that the elements such as nitrogen replace nickel noble metal to manufacture.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to ferrous metallurgy field of new, in particular to a kind of without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel and manufacturing process and the method by its manufacturing flange, the heat-resisting without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel of nickel noble metal manufacture is replaced specifically with the element such as manganese, nitrogen, and there is anti-oxidant under 700 DEG C ~ 900 DEG C hot conditionss, resistance to deformation, heat resistanceheat resistant crackle, heat-resisting steel material of good performance, can be used for calcium carbide furnace cover, dust-removing heat exchanger pipe fitting, flange and steam turbine internals etc.
Background technology
Along with society grows with each passing day to the stainless demand of Austria's body, people have a preference for especially to containing Ni Austriaization body stainless steel, but the earth can be limited for manufacturing the stainless nickel resources of Austriaization body, nickel resources belongs to strategic material simultaneously, so each state of our times is all at development joint nickel Austriaization body stainless steel, to meet the needs of social development, object of the present invention, just in order to solve above-mentioned problem, adopt and replace nickel metal with elements such as manganese nitrogen, develop successfully without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel, partly can replace special Cr-Ni Austriaization body stainless steels such as ASTMS304 and S310, thus fill up domestic without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel blank, accomplish saving Ni resource, reduce product cost, product is made to have the market competitiveness.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to overcome the defect existed in prior art, there is provided a kind of without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel, do not add nickel, replace with manganese, nitrogen, few chromatize, copper, and add rare earth and aluminum element, make it processing forming, high temperature oxidation resisting, the raising hot strength of improving steel, and there is certain high-temperature corrosion resistance performance.
For achieving the above object, technical scheme of the present invention provides a kind of without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel, and its chemical composition and weight percent are: C:0.10% ~ 0.20%, Cr:12.0% ~ 16.0%, Mn:21.0% ~ 25.0%, Cu:0.50% ~ 1.00%, N:0.10% ~ 0.20%, Si:1.00% ~ 2.00%, A1:1.00 ~ 2.00%, P≤0.035%, S≤0.02%, Re:0.03% ~ 0.10%, surplus is Fe and not removable impurity.
As preferably, its chemical composition and weight percent are: C:0.12% ~ 0.18%, Cr:13.0% ~ 16.0%, Mn:22.0% ~ 24.0%, Cu:0.60% ~ 0.90%, N:0.12% ~ 0.18%, Si:1.20% ~ 1.80%, A1:1.20% ~ 1.80%, P≤0.03%, S≤0.015%, Re:0.04% ~ 0.08%, surplus is Fe and not removable impurity.
The principle that each alloying element of the present invention is determined and according to as follows:
Nickel equivalent=%Ni+30 × (C+N)+0.5 × %Mn+0.3 × %Cu (1)
Note: the numeral before each element is that the ability that this element forms Austriaization body is equivalent to the multiple that nickel forms Austriaization ability of immigrants.
Without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel corrosion resistance index GI
GI＝Cr％+3.6×Ni％+4.7×Mo％+11.5×Cu％；(2)
Composition and the proportioning of each element in 2Cr15Mn23CuA1NRe steel is determined according to above-mentioned two formula.
(1) C can improve without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel intensity, but significantly reduces plasticity and toughness and the solidity to corrosion of steel, so determine that c content is 0.10% ~ 0.20% to be advisable.
(2) determination of Mn and N content
Mn and N obtains Ao Hua body tissue principal element, can replace Ni completely, but Mn is unfavorable to erosion resistance; In addition because adding of Mn element can improve the solubleness of N in steel, so Mn content is defined as 21.0% ~ 25.0%, it is rational that N content is defined as 0.10% ~ 0.20%.
(3) determination of Cr content
Chromium is have decisive significance to the rustless property of steel and solidity to corrosion, along with the increase without chromium content in nickel Austriaization body stainless steel, anticorrosion stress-resistant, spot corrosion, the raising of the local corrosion abilities such as crevice corrosion has material impact, from without finding out the nickel Austriaization body stainless steel content of resistance to spot corrosion PRE value formula and corrosion resistance index GI formula that Cr content is to without the corrosion proof vital role of nickel Austriaization body stainless steel, so it is necessary that Cr content is defined as 12.0% ~ 16.0%, if Cr content is improved further again, in order to obtain stable Austria's body without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel, just need to improve Ni equivalent again, so the cost of steel will significantly improve, in order to user's service requirements can be met, the cost reducing again steel is also necessary.
(4) determination of Cu content
Cu is the element of the erosion resistance significantly improving steel, simultaneously favourable to the cold-forming of steel, thus determine Cu content 0.50% ~ 1.0% as well.
(5) determination of Si and A1 content
Si and A1 is all the thermotolerance and the anti-oxidizing elements that significantly improve steel, and simultaneously Si and A1 to exist in steel effect more obviously jointly, thus Si content be defined as 1.00% ~ 2.00%, A1 content be defined as 1.00% ~ 2.00% comparatively reasonable.
(6) determination of Re content
Make the purification membrane of steel fine and close when adding Re in steel, and with the bonding force grow of matrix, thus improve the corrosion resistance of steel.Re has the ability of very strong deoxidation, desulfurization, suction hydrogen simultaneously, reduces detrimental impurity in steel; When Re content is greater than 0.02% in steel, mainly form Re
2o
2s compound, makes inclusion balling Denaturation remarkable, when Re content is greater than 0.10%, steel Rare Earth Inclusions can be made greatly to increase, worsen the purity of steel, so it is correct that Re content is defined as 0.03% ~ 0.10%.
(7) determination of P and S content
P and S is unusual detrimental impurity in steel, so should be more low better.
Technical scheme of the present invention also provides a kind of without the stainless manufacturing process of nickel Austriaization body, and described manufacturing process comprises:
S1: proportioning process, select slag former and clean block steel scrap and copper scrap to be furnace charge, wherein said slag former is lime and rhombspar, and rhombspar accounts for furnace charge gross weight 2-3%, and lime accounts for furnace charge gross weight 0.3%;
S2: electric furnace is sweetening process just, energising post-heating furnace charge, after all melting, liquid steel temperature rises to 1580 DEG C ~ 1600 DEG C, when basicity of slag is 2.5-3.0, adds manganeseirom, ferrochrome in batches, when liquid steel temperature reaches 1590 DEG C ~ 1610 DEG C, when basicity is 3.0-3.5, when carbon content is 0.20%, pours AOD furnace into and carry out refining;
S3:AOD stove refinery practice: be blown into oxygen, argon gas and nitrogen in AOD furnace molten bath, along with the reduction of carbon content in steel, the oxidation of chromium increases, and add reductor and slag former, described slag former is lime, fluorite, and smelting cycle is 60min;
S4: nitrogen flushing process molten steel technique, when liquid steel temperature rises to 1610 DEG C ~ 1630 DEG C, when basicity of slag is 3.0 ~ 3.5, when C content reaches 0.08% ~ 0.10%, stop oxygen blast gas, strengthen nitrogen amount, blow 3-5min, increase nitrogen in steel content and reach 0.10% ~ 0.13%, and when in steel, other chemical composition reaches target value, in ladle, add aluminium, rare earth ferrosilicon, at once tap into ladle, cast leave standstill 7-8min in ladle after;
S5: continuous casting process, casting process adopts full guard casting, and continuous casting steel temperature is 1580 DEG C ~ 1600 DEG C, tundish superheating temperature >=15 DEG C, casting speed is 0.5 ~ 1.0m/min, and cooling water inflow is 0.80L/kg, M-EMS parameter: electric current 900A, frequency 5Hz; Continuously cast bloom diameter is 300 ~ 600mm, requires that heap cool time is not less than 24 hours after strand rolls off the production line.
In order to improve reduction effect, as preferably, in S3, reductor is the ferrosilicon, aluminium, the silicon calcium powder that successively add successively.
As preferably, in S3, argon gas consumption is 12m
3/ t, nitrogen consumption are 10m
3/ t, oxygen depletion amount are 26m
3/ t, lime consumption amount are 50kg/t, fluorite consumption is 3kg/t, aluminium consumption is 12kg/t, ferrosilicon consumption is 8kg/t.
For realizing quick decarburization under the prerequisite that chromium scaling loss is lower, simultaneously for saving argon gas, as preferably, in S3, along with the reduction of carbon content in molten bath, Ar:O2 is than improving gradually.
In order to improve chromic oxide, manganese oxide, silicon oxide revert back effect in steel, as preferably, in S3, after adding reductor and slag former, while nitrogen blowing and argon gas, carries out strong mixing to molten steel.
As preferably, in S4, nitrogen consumption is 30m
3/ t.
In addition the present invention also provides a kind of method without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel manufacturing flange, and described method comprises:
A (), sawing: according to length and the diameter of required blank, after selected blank, adopt circular saw bench cold cut blanking;
(b), blank heating: blank is heated, furnace temperature is less than 400 DEG C, after freely heating up 1 hour, 950 DEG C of insulations 3 hours are warmed up to 40 DEG C ~ 60 DEG C per hour, and then be warming up to 1300 DEG C with 120 DEG C ~ 140 DEG C per hour, be incubated after 2 hours, drop to 1260 DEG C be incubated 1 hour again after, come out of the stove start forging;
(c), forging, punching, pressure-sizing: jumping-up or pulling are carried out to the blank after heating by hydropress, initial forging temperature is 1200 DEG C ~ 1250 DEG C, forging ratio >=4 ~ 6, final forging temperature is 800 DEG C ~ 850 DEG C, then carry out punching and pressure-sizing makes forging stock size reach finished product blank regulation geometrical shape, the remaining finish size of blank is 15mm;
(d), thermal treatment: be incubated after blank is heated to 1150 ± 10 DEG C, soaking time presses blank specified size 1 hour/inch, Putting into water rapidly cooling after insulation;
(e), mechanical workout: be that the conventional or numerical control vertical lathe of 2500mm ~ 8000mm carries out mechanical workout to blank, to make to reach final dimension tolerance in work range;
(f), defect detecting test, mechanical property inspection: UT (Ultrasonic Testing) inspection is carried out to mechanical workout finished product; Forging ' s block dimension tolerance to be checked, mechanical property simultaneously, meet respective standard requirement, judge qualified rear packaging warehouse-in.
May there is white point to remove forging stock, as preferably, in (c), after forging, forging stock puts into burial pit fast, and slowly cool to 150 DEG C and go out hole later, cooling rate is 30-50 DEG C/h.
Advantage of the present invention and beneficial effect are: adopt and replace nickel noble metal completely with the element such as manganese, nitrogen, manufacture a kind of without nickel economical austenitic heat-resistance stainless steel, utilize the beneficial effect of various alloying element in steel, ingenious rationally determine various alloying element chemical composition proportioning composition; Simultaneously to this steel electric furnace just Adding Way of sweetening process, AOD furnace refinery practice, continuous casting process, iron alloy and order, and flange ring manufacturing process etc. takes a series of effective technology measure and processing step,
Contrasted by this steel and general ASTMS304 stainless steel, yield strength and tensile strength improve 30%, and 700 DEG C ~ 900 DEG C Testing Tensile Strength at Elevated Temperatures improve 20%, and permeability is better than ASTMS304; Owing to having saved nickel resources, product cost has reduced more than 30%.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the specific embodiment of the present invention is further described.Following examples only for technical scheme of the present invention is clearly described, and can not limit the scope of the invention with this.
Embodiment 1
Existing ASTMS304 and 2Cr15Mn23CuA1NRE of the present invention contrasts in table 1, table 2 when mechanical property without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel chemical component.
Table 1 chemical composition Wt%
Note: P:0.02%, S:0.15% in steel
Table 2 mechanical property (thickness 50 ~ 100mm)
Note: mu-H is 14000 oersteds.
Embodiment 2
Existing ASTMS304 and 2Cr15Mn23CuA1NRE of the present invention contrasts in table 3, table 4 when mechanical property without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel chemical component.
Table 3 chemical composition wt%
Note: without P:0.021%, S:0.010% in nickel Austriaization body stainless steel
Table 4 mechanical property (thickness 50 ~ 100mm)
Note: mu-H is 14000 oersteds.
Embodiment 3
Existing ASTMS304 and 2Cr15Mn23CuA1NRE of the present invention contrasts in table 5, table 6 when mechanical property without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel chemical component.
Table 5 chemical composition wt%
Note: without P:0.022%, S:0.010% in nickel Austriaization body stainless steel
Table 6 mechanical property (thickness 50 ~ 100mm)
Note: mu-H is 14000 oersteds.
Above-mentioned without the stainless manufacturing process of nickel Austriaization body, comprising:
S1: proportioning process, select slag former and clean block steel scrap and copper scrap to be furnace charge, wherein said slag former is lime and rhombspar, and rhombspar accounts for furnace charge gross weight 2-3%, and lime accounts for furnace charge gross weight 0.3%;
S2: electric furnace is sweetening process just, energising post-heating furnace charge, after all melting, liquid steel temperature rises to 1580 DEG C ~ 1600 DEG C, when basicity of slag is 2.5-3.0, adds manganeseirom, ferrochrome in batches, when liquid steel temperature reaches 1590 DEG C ~ 1610 DEG C, when basicity is 3.0-3.5, when carbon content is 0.20%, pours AOD furnace into and carry out refining;
S3:AOD stove refinery practice: be blown into oxygen, argon gas and nitrogen in AOD furnace molten bath, along with the reduction of carbon content in steel, the oxidation of chromium increases, for realizing quick decarburization under the prerequisite that chromium scaling loss is lower, simultaneously for saving argon gas, blowing initial stage Ar:O
2lower, there is in AOD furnace the proofing unit detecting carbon content, and Detection Information can be demonstrated, along with the reduction of carbon content in molten bath, Ar:O
2improve than gradually, then reductor and slag former is added, described slag former is lime, fluorite, reductor is the ferrosilicon, aluminium, the silicon calcium powder that add successively, the chromium of oxidation is reverted back in molten steel, and add strong mixing production low-sulfur without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel by blowing argon gas, reduce wherein S, P content, usual argon gas consumption is about 12m
3/ t, nitrogen consumption are about 10m
3/ t, oxygen depletion amount are about 26m
3/ t, lime consumption amount are about 50kg/t, fluorite consumption is about 3kg/t, aluminium consumption is about 12kg/t, ferrosilicon consumption is about 8kg/t, smelting cycle is about 60min, the recovery rate about 96% of AOD furnace chromium, the recovery rate 88% of manganese, total recovery rate of iron about 95%;
S4: nitrogen flushing process molten steel technique, when liquid steel temperature rises to 1610 DEG C ~ 1630 DEG C, when basicity of slag is 3.0 ~ 3.5, when C content reaches 0.08% ~ 0.10%, stop oxygen blast gas, strengthen nitrogen amount, blow 3-5min, nitrogen consumption is about 30m
3/ t, increases nitrogen in steel content and reaches 0.10% ~ 0.13%, and when other chemical composition reaches target value in steel, add aluminium, rare earth ferrosilicon in ladle, at once tap into ladle, cast after leaving standstill 7-8min in ladle;
S5: continuous casting process, casting process adopts full guard casting, and continuous casting steel temperature is 1580 DEG C ~ 1600 DEG C, tundish superheating temperature >=15 DEG C, casting speed is 0.5 ~ 1.0m/min, and cooling water inflow is 0.80L/kg, M-EMS parameter: electric current 900A, frequency 5Hz; Continuously cast bloom diameter is 300 ~ 600mm, requires that heap cool time is not less than 24 hours after strand rolls off the production line.
Method without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel manufacturing flange comprises:
A (), sawing: according to length and the diameter of required blank, after selected blank, adopt circular saw bench cold cut blanking;
(b), blank heating: blank is heated, furnace temperature is less than 400 DEG C, after freely heating up 1 hour, 950 DEG C of insulations 3 hours are warmed up to 40 DEG C ~ 60 DEG C per hour, and then be warming up to 1300 DEG C with 120 DEG C ~ 140 DEG C per hour, be incubated after 2 hours, drop to 1260 DEG C be incubated 1 hour again after, come out of the stove start forging;
(c), forging, punching, pressure-sizing: jumping-up or pulling are carried out to the blank after heating by hydropress, initial forging temperature is 1200 DEG C ~ 1250 DEG C, forging ratio >=4 ~ 6, final forging temperature is 800 DEG C ~ 850 DEG C, forging object is that steel billet column crystal is smashed, make the refinement of crystalline grain of steel degree, then carry out punching and pressure-sizing makes forging stock size reach finished product blank regulation geometrical shape, the remaining finish size of blank is 15mm, white point may be there is to remove forging stock, after forging, forging stock puts into burial pit fast, slowly cool to 150 DEG C and go out hole later, cooling rate is 30-50 DEG C/h,
(d), thermal treatment: be incubated after blank is heated to 1150 ± 10 DEG C, soaking time presses blank specified size 1 hour/inch, Putting into water rapidly cooling after insulation;
E (), mechanical workout: according to forging blank size are being that the conventional or numerical control vertical lathe of 2500mm ~ 8000mm carries out mechanical workout to blank, to make to reach final dimension tolerance in work range respectively;
(f), defect detecting test, mechanical property inspection: UT (Ultrasonic Testing) inspection is carried out to mechanical workout finished product, check crackle, be mingled with, shrinkage cavity, pore, the defect such as white point; Forging ' s block dimension tolerance to be checked, mechanical property simultaneously, meet respective standard requirement, judge qualified rear packaging warehouse-in.
Note: AOD furnace is the refining furnace adopting AOD purifying method, and AOD purifying method is the abbreviation of argon-oxygen-decarburization process (argonoxygendecarburization).
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention; it should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite not departing from the technology of the present invention principle; can also make some improvements and modifications, these improvements and modifications also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. without the stainless manufacturing process of nickel Austriaization body, it is characterized in that: without nickel Austriaization body stainless steel, its chemical composition and weight percent are: C:0.10% ~ 0.20%, Cr:12.0% ~ 16.0%, Mn:21.0% ~ 25.0%, Cu:0.50% ~ 1.00%, N:0.10% ~ 0.20%, Si:1.00% ~ 2.00%, A1:1.00 ~ 2.00%, P≤0.035%, S≤0.02%, Re:0.03% ~ 0.10%, surplus is Fe and not removable impurity;
Described manufacturing process comprises:
S1: proportioning process, select slag former and clean block steel scrap and copper scrap to be furnace charge, wherein said slag former is lime and rhombspar, and rhombspar accounts for furnace charge gross weight 2-3%, and lime accounts for furnace charge gross weight 0.3%;
S2: electric furnace is sweetening process just, energising post-heating furnace charge, after all melting, liquid steel temperature rises to 1580 DEG C ~ 1600 DEG C, when basicity of slag is 2.5-3.0, adds manganeseirom, ferrochrome in batches, when liquid steel temperature reaches 1590 DEG C ~ 1610 DEG C, when basicity is 3.0-3.5, when carbon content is 0.20%, pours AOD furnace into and carry out refining;
S3:AOD stove refinery practice: be blown into oxygen, argon gas and nitrogen in AOD furnace molten bath, along with the reduction of carbon content in steel, the oxidation of chromium increases, and add reductor and slag former, described slag former is lime, fluorite, and smelting cycle is 60min;
S4: nitrogen flushing process molten steel technique, when liquid steel temperature rises to 1610 DEG C ~ 1630 DEG C, when basicity of slag is 3.0 ~ 3.5, when C content reaches 0.08% ~ 0.10%, stop oxygen blast gas, strengthen nitrogen amount, blow 3-5min, increase nitrogen in steel content and reach 0.10% ~ 0.13%, and when in steel, other chemical composition reaches target value, in ladle, add aluminium, rare earth ferrosilicon, at once tap into ladle, cast leave standstill 7-8min in ladle after;
S5: continuous casting process, casting process adopts full guard casting, and continuous casting steel temperature is 1580 DEG C ~ 1600 DEG C, tundish superheating temperature >=15 DEG C, casting speed is 0.5 ~ 1.0m/min, and cooling water inflow is 0.80L/kg, M-EMS parameter: electric current 900A, frequency 5Hz; Continuously cast bloom diameter is 300 ~ 600mm, requires that heap cool time is not less than 24 hours after strand rolls off the production line.
2. as claimed in claim 1 without the stainless manufacturing process of nickel Austriaization body, it is characterized in that: in S3, reductor is the ferrosilicon, aluminium, the silicon calcium powder that successively add successively.
3. as claimed in claim 2 without the stainless manufacturing process of nickel Austriaization body, it is characterized in that: in S3, argon gas consumption is 12m
3/ t, nitrogen consumption are 10m
3/ t, oxygen depletion amount are 26m
3/ t, lime consumption amount are 50kg/t, fluorite consumption is 3kg/t, aluminium consumption is 12kg/t, ferrosilicon consumption is 8kg/t.
4., as claimed in claim 1 without the stainless manufacturing process of nickel Austriaization body, it is characterized in that: in S3, along with the reduction of carbon content in molten bath, Ar:O
2than improving gradually.
5. as claimed in claim 1 without the stainless manufacturing process of nickel Austriaization body, it is characterized in that: in S3, after adding reductor and slag former, while nitrogen blowing and argon gas, strong mixing is carried out to molten steel.
6. as claimed in claim 1 without the stainless manufacturing process of nickel Austriaization body, it is characterized in that: in S4, nitrogen consumption is 30m
3/ t.
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| CN104759843B (en) * | 2015-03-17 | 2017-06-30 | 安徽宏杰管道制造有限公司 | A kind of flange production technology |
| CN105964872A (en) * | 2016-07-19 | 2016-09-28 | 苏州誉衡昌精密机械有限公司 | Forging technology for circular ring products |
| BR112020011210B1 (en) * | 2017-12-07 | 2023-04-25 | Jfe Steel Corporation | STEEL WITH HIGH MANGANESE CONTENT (MN) AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME |
| KR102020507B1 (en) * | 2017-12-20 | 2019-09-10 | 주식회사 포스코 | Non-magnetic austenitic stainless steel improved in strength and surface conductivity |
| CN108437583A (en) * | 2018-04-27 | 2018-08-24 | 苏州弗士曼精密机械有限公司 | A kind of cutlery stainless steel |
| CN108754347A (en) * | 2018-06-28 | 2018-11-06 | 江阴市恒润重工股份有限公司 | The manufacturing process of petrochemical equipment Anti-corrosion flange |
| CN108504962A (en) * | 2018-06-28 | 2018-09-07 | 江阴市恒润重工股份有限公司 | For the sea water desalting equipment manufacturing process of high-performance diphase stainless steel flange |
| CN110682065A (en) * | 2019-11-06 | 2020-01-14 | 江阴市恒润重工股份有限公司 | Method for processing high-temperature-resistant ring piece for steam turbine |
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| CN100554480C (en) * | 2007-10-10 | 2009-10-28 | 江苏省方通新型不锈钢制品股份有限公司 | Chromium-manganese-copper-molybdenum series austenite corrosion-resistant wear-proof stainless steel |
| KR101301435B1 (en) * | 2011-11-17 | 2013-08-30 | 주식회사 포스코 | Method for refining the austenitic stainless steel |
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