CN103630463A - Detection method for degree of graphitization of cast iron - Google Patents
Detection method for degree of graphitization of cast iron Download PDFInfo
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- CN103630463A CN103630463A CN201310630190.0A CN201310630190A CN103630463A CN 103630463 A CN103630463 A CN 103630463A CN 201310630190 A CN201310630190 A CN 201310630190A CN 103630463 A CN103630463 A CN 103630463A
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of detection of degrees of graphitization, and particularly relates to a detection method for degree of graphitization of cast iron. The detection method is characterized by comprising the steps of weighing a cast iron sample, measuring the volume of the cast iron sample, calculating the density of the cast iron sample, calculating the degree of graphitization; through solving the density of the cast iron, reflecting a value, namely, the degree of graphitization, which is difficult to measure by density which is easily measured. The detection method is simple and convenient, and is popular and understandable in calculating principle. Only a key part of sampling the cast iron is needed in a measurement process, the volume and the weight are measured, the density is figured out, the degree of graphitization of the cast iron can be figured out according to a formula of r=1/((1-a%G)/r1+a%G/2.26=1/((1-a%G)/(7.88-0.04a(1-G)/(1-a%G)-0.073b/(1-a%G)-0.016c/(1-a%G)))+a%m/2.26), and thus the degree of graphitization of the cast iron is judged.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the detection field of degree of graphitization, relate in particular to a kind of detection method of cast iron degree of graphitization.
Background technology
The forming process of Graphite in Cast Iron is called graphitizing process, and the basic process that structure of cast iron forms is exactly the forming process of Graphite in Cast Iron.The tissue of cast iron depends on the degree that graphitization is carried out, and in order to obtain needed tissue, key is to control the degree that graphitization is carried out.Therefore, the condition of understanding graphitizing process and influence factor are very important to grasping the microstructure and property of cast iron materials.
According to the dual constitutional diagram of Fe-C alloy, the graphitizing process of cast iron can be divided into three phases: first stage, i.e. liquid phase hypoeutectic crystallization stage.Comprise, from the liquid phase of hypereutectic composition, direct crystallization goes out a graphitoid, and from the liquid phase of eutectic composition, crystallization goes out austenite and adds graphite, the graphite being decomposed to form when the high annealing by primary cementite and eutectic cementite.Interstage, i.e. the stage between eutectic transformation hypo eutectoid transformation.Comprise and from austenite, directly separate out the graphite that temper carbon and secondary cementite are decomposed to form in this temperature range.Phase III, i.e. in the eutectoid reaction stage, comprise and turning back altogether while becoming, the graphite being decomposed to form when the eutectoid graphite of formation and eutectoid cementite annealing.
We know, the degree of graphitization of cast iron and the chemical composition of cast iron, and pouring temperature, wall thickness and cooling velocity have relation.The degree of graphitization of cast iron is related to the usability of cast iron, the cast iron that composition is certain, and degree of graphitization is related to the matrix of cast iron, shrinkage porosite contraction cavity ratio.If it is certain that we can accurately calculate certain composition, the degree of graphitization of the cast iron that environment is certain, can, when we do technological design, provide good guidance.
Final degree of graphitization in cast iron, is to be contrasted and measured by metallograph at present.Gold is selected as photo is some of the some positions of foundry goods, for three-dimensional foundry goods, by the method, carries out degree of graphitization detection, takes a part for the whole a little, and the graphitization situation of some positions can only be provided, and can not reflect cast iron situation comprehensively; And quantitatively, can only lean on estimation, accuracy is inadequate, and troublesome poeration.At present there is no accurately to draw the method for Graphite in Cast Iron degree yet.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve above technical matters, the invention provides a kind of detection method of cast iron degree of graphitization, the method is mainly beneficial to cast iron density and judges cast iron degree of graphitization, with this, judges the graphited quality of cast iron, and Cast Iron Production and Quality of Iron Casting control are had to great role; Simply, accurately, cost is low, reduces the interference of other factors condition.
The detection method that solves a kind of cast iron degree of graphitization in the present invention of above technical matters, is characterized in that: comprise the following steps:
(1) claim cast iron sample mass:
Get the cast iron liquid of handling well, be poured in the sand mold made from sample mold, treat that cast iron sample is cooling, ball blast, polishing overlap, burr, then uses electronics balance measurement weight; Cast iron liquid is by the melting step of normal cast iron, first with chill block, judges that whether iron liquid breeds good, has or not chilling tendency before producing graphitization test block.If 3 jiaos of test blocks reflect that the liquid that taps a blast furnace breeds well, without chilling tendency.Sampling degree of graphitization is measured sample, casts the spoken parts in traditional operas sample of spectral analysis (measuring the chemical composition of iron liquid) simultaneously.
(2) survey cast iron volume of sample:
Then cast iron sample is put into the measuring cup that water is housed, observe scale mark, measure cast iron volume of sample;
(3) calculate cast iron sample density:
Cast iron sample mass, divided by cast iron volume of sample, obtains cast iron density;
(4) degree of graphitization is calculated:
According to cast iron density value, calculate the Mo Huadu of cast iron.
Wherein, computing formula is: r=1/((1-a%G)/r1+a%G/2.26)=1/((1-a%G)/(7.88-0.04a(1-G)/(1-a%G)-0.073b/(1-a%G)-0.016 c/(1-a%G)+a%m/2.26)
(note: r is cast iron density, the density (g/cm that r1 is steel
3), Mo Huadu is G, composition: C:a%, and Si:b%, Mn:c%, a% is the carbon content of iron liquid, b% is the silicone content of iron liquid, the manganese content of c% iron liquid is surveyed with spectral analysis).From above formula, we can see, only have 2 unknown numbers in formula, and we just can calculate Graphite in Cast Iron degree according to matrix density, with this, judge the graphited quality of cast iron; Setting China inkization degree is 0, obtains this cast iron density value;
(5) getting actual cast iron density and step (4) medium cast iron density value in step (3) contrasts, if to depart from step (4) medium cast iron density value larger for actual cast iron density in step (3), degree of graphitization is larger, ironcasting just better from feeding capacity, and quality is all right.
The degree of graphitization of step in described detection method (4) is controlled Cast Iron Production, and degree of graphitization is larger, ironcasting from feeding capacity just better foundry goods can adopt little rising head or non-riser technology, reduce the consumption of iron liquid.
Step in described detection method (4) degree of graphitization is controlled Quality of Iron Casting, and, for the strong foundry goods of graphitizability, degree of graphitization is larger, its sand mold requirement of strength is higher, just, according to the degree of graphitization value of sample, select corresponding casting mold and formative method, thereby control the quality of foundry goods.
Measuring method is simple and convenient, has improved power of the test.
Method in this is because be that macroscopic view accumulative total is measured, and quality and volume can easily be measured, thereby has guaranteed the accuracy that Mo Huadu calculates.And this kind of required measuring equipment of measuring method is simple, repeated authentication repeatedly.
Degree of graphitization can instruct technological design in Foundry Production, smelting formula regulation and control, and smelting technology regulation and control, pouring temperature selections etc., also, in the simulation of CAE cast iron, provide a value meeting with true casting material China inkization degree, have guaranteed the accuracy of analog computation.
Embodiment
Equipment and material used in following examples: sample mold, electronic balance, measuring cup
Specimen size: 100*25*15, this size guarantees that foundry goods does not produce shrinkage cavity;
Computing formula: r=1/((1-a%G)/r1+a%G/2.26)=1/((1-a%G)/(7.88-0.04a(1-G)/(1-a%G)-0.073b/(1-a%G)-0.016 c/(1-a%G)+a%m/2.26), wherein, r is cast iron density, Mo Huadu is G, composition: C:a%, Si:b%, Mn:c%
Embodiment 1
Get the cast iron liquid of handling well, be poured in the sand mold made from sample mold, treat that sample is cooling, ball blast, polishing overlap, burr, then uses electronics balance measurement weight; Then sample is put into the measuring cup of the 1000ml that 500mml water is housed, then observed scale mark, calculate the volume of sample; Sample mass, divided by volume, obtains density, brings density value into formula, obtains the degree of graphitization of cast iron under this kind of process conditions.
Cast iron can see it is that the matrix of steel is mingled with graphite flake (ball), so matrix just has the attribute of steel.The essential element influence value to steel density in known steel, can obtain the corresponding approximate value of steel density.Wherein, computing formula is: r1=7.88+nDr.X%, wherein, the density (g/cm of r1-steel
3), the density (g/cm of 7.88-pure iron
3), when in Dr-steel, certain element massfraction increases by 1%, the variable quantity (g/cm of density
3), the quality percentage composition (%) of this element of X%.
For plain cast iron, what density was impacted is mainly: carbon, silicon, manganese, on the impact of matrix as following table:
Carbon in cast iron, has 3 kinds of existing waies: 1, solid solution is in matrix, and 2, carbonide, 3, graphite.
Carbon solid solution is different with forming graphite on the impact of matrix in matrix and formation carbonide.Because C atom is 0.63 of Fe atomic radius, so no matter be solid solution, still form carbonide, C atom all only exist and the gap of the iron atom of solid matter between, not obvious on the amount of impact of volume.But if existed with graphite, the volume of carbon atom has just embodied out on a macro scale, very large on the impact of volume.
Principle and the process of computing method below:
If the cast iron that quality is m, Mo Huadu is G, composition: C:a%, Si:b%, Mn:c%
1. the quality of each element:
Quality=the a%mG of Graphite in Cast Iron, the carbon containing quality=a%m (1-G) in matrix, the m of the quality of matrix=(1-a%G)
Quality=the b%m of silicon in matrix, the quality=c%m of manganese in matrix
2. the percentage composition of each element in matrix:
The m of the quality of the quality/matrix of silicon %=silicon=(b%m)/(1-a%G)
The m of the quality=c%m of the quality/matrix of the percentage composition=manganese of manganese/(1-a%G)
Percentage composition=the a%(1-G of carbon) m/(1-a%G) m
3. the impact of each element on matrix density in matrix:
Carbon=-0.04a(1-G) m/(1-a%G) m
Silicon=-0.073bm/(m-a%mG)
Manganese=-0.016 cm/(m-a%mG)
Matrix density=7.88-0.04a(1-G)/(1-a%G)-0.073b/(1-a%G)-0.016 c/(1-a%G)
4. the density of the quality/matrix of matrix volume=matrix=(m-a%mG)/r1
Graphite volume=a%mG/2.26
Cast iron density=improving cast iron quality/cast iron volume=m/((m-a%mG)/r1+a%mG/2.26)=1/((1-a%G)/r1+a%G/2.26).
To sum up 1.-4., obtain the following r=1/((1-a%G of formula of cast iron density and Mo Huadu)/r1+a%G/2.26)=1/((1-a%G)/(7.88-0.04a(1-G)/(1-a%G)-0.073b/(1-a%G)-0.016 c/(1-a%G)+a%m/2.26)
From above formula, we can see, only have 2 unknown numbers in formula, and we just can calculate Graphite in Cast Iron degree according to matrix density, with this, judge the graphited quality of cast iron.
If Mo Huadu is 0, obtain this density value, it is larger that actual density departs from this value, proves that degree of graphitization is larger.And the feeding of Mo Huadu to foundry goods, the case that rises etc. has direct relation, if Mo Huadu is larger, ironcasting from feeding capacity, just better, foundry goods can adopt little rising head, or non-riser technology, reduces the consumption of iron liquid.For the strong foundry goods of graphitizability, its sand mold requirement of strength is higher, thus can select corresponding casting mold according to the Mo Huadu value of sample, and formative method, thereby the quality of control foundry goods.
Embodiment 2
Get the cast iron liquid of handling well, be poured in the sand mold made from China inkization degree sample mold and in the air chill original mold of spectral analysis, treat that sample is cooling, China inkization degree sample ball blast, polishing overlap, burr, then uses electronics balance measurement weight; Then sample is put into the measuring cup of the 1000ml that 500mml water is housed, then observed scale mark, calculate the volume of sample; Sample mass, divided by volume, obtains density.After spectrum samples polishing, measure iron liquid composition.Bring density value and signal component value into formula and obtain cast iron degree of graphitization.
Wherein, computing formula is: r=1/((1-a%G)/r1+a%G/2.26)=1/((1-a%G)/(7.88-0.04a(1-G)/(1-a%G)-0.073b/(1-a%G)-0.016 c/(1-a%G)+a%m/2.26), r is cast iron density, the density (g/cm that r1 is steel
3), Mo Huadu is G, composition: C:a%, Si:b%, Mn:c%; From above formula, we can see, only have 2 unknown numbers in formula, and we calculate Graphite in Cast Iron degree according to matrix density, with this, judge the graphited quality of cast iron, and Cast Iron Production and Quality of Iron Casting are controlled;
Setting China inkization degree is 0, obtains this cast iron density value, and in step (3), to depart from this value larger for actual cast iron density, and degree of graphitization is larger, ironcasting just better from feeding capacity, and quality is all right.
According to degree of graphitization, Cast Iron Production and Quality of Iron Casting are controlled, degree of graphitization is larger, ironcasting from feeding capacity just better foundry goods can adopt little rising head or non-riser technology, reduce the consumption of iron liquid.
Other is as the content in embodiment 1.
Embodiment 3
Get the cast iron liquid of handling well, be poured in the sand mold made from sample mold, treat that sample is cooling, ball blast, polishing overlap, burr, then uses electronics balance measurement weight; Then sample is put into the measuring cup of the 1000ml that 500mml water is housed, then observed scale mark, calculate the volume of sample; Sample mass, divided by volume, obtains density, brings density value into formula, obtains cast iron degree of graphitization.
Wherein, computing formula is: r=1/((1-a%G)/r1+a%G/2.26)=1/((1-a%G)/(7.88-0.04a(1-G)/(1-a%G)-0.073b/(1-a%G)-0.016 c/(1-a%G)+a%m/2.26), r is cast iron density, the density (g/cm that r1 is steel
3), Mo Huadu is G, composition: C:a%, Si:b%, Mn:c%; From above formula, we can see, only have 2 unknown numbers in formula, and we calculate Graphite in Cast Iron degree according to matrix density, with this, judge the graphited quality of cast iron, and Cast Iron Production and Quality of Iron Casting are controlled;
Setting China inkization degree is 0, obtains this cast iron density value, and in step (3), to depart from this value larger for actual cast iron density, and degree of graphitization is larger, ironcasting just better from feeding capacity, and quality is all right.
According to degree of graphitization, can control Quality of Iron Casting, for the strong foundry goods of graphitizability, its sand mold requirement of strength is higher, thus can select corresponding casting mold according to the Mo Huadu value of sample, and formative method, thereby the quality of control foundry goods.
Other is as the content in embodiment 1.
The present invention is by asking casting to get iron density, and by degree of graphitization, this value that is difficult to measure reflects by this easy measurement of density, and measuring method is simple and convenient, and Computing Principle is easy-to-understand.In measuring process, only need the key component of testing casting, measure its volume and weight, calculate density, according to formula r=1/((1-a%G)/r1+ a%G/2.26)=1/((1-a%G)/(7.88-0.04a(1-G)/(1-a%G)-0.073b/(1-a%G)-0.016 c/(1-a%G)))+a%m/2.26) can calculate cast iron degree of graphitization, with this, judge the graphited quality of cast iron.If Mo Huadu is 0, obtain this density value, it is larger that actual density departs from this value, proves that degree of graphitization is larger.And the feeding of Mo Huadu to foundry goods, the case that rises etc. has direct relation, if Mo Huadu is larger, ironcasting from feeding capacity, just better, foundry goods can adopt little rising head, or non-riser technology, reduces the consumption of iron liquid.For the strong foundry goods of graphitizability, its sand mold requirement of strength is higher, thus can select corresponding casting mold according to the Mo Huadu value of sample, and formative method, thereby the quality of control foundry goods.
Claims (3)
1. a detection method for cast iron degree of graphitization, is characterized in that: comprise the following steps:
(1) claim cast iron sample mass:
Get the cast iron liquid of handling well, be poured in the sand mold made from sample mold, treat that cast iron sample is cooling, ball blast, (2) polishing overlap, burr, weighs;
Survey cast iron volume of sample: then cast iron sample is put into the measuring cup that water is housed, observe scale mark, measure cast iron volume of sample;
(3) calculate cast iron sample density:
Cast iron sample mass, divided by cast iron volume of sample, obtains cast iron density;
(4) degree of graphitization is calculated:
According to cast iron density value, calculate the Mo Huadu of cast iron, wherein, computing formula is: r=1/((1-a%G)/r1+a%G/2.26)=1/((1-a%G)/(7.88-0.04a(1-G)/(1-a%G)-0.073b/(1-a%G)-0.016 c/(1-a%G)+a%m/2.26), r is cast iron density, the density (g/cm that r1 is steel
3), Mo Huadu is G, a% is the carbon content of iron liquid; From above formula, we can see, only have 2 unknown numbers in formula, and we calculate Graphite in Cast Iron degree according to matrix density, with this, judge the graphited quality of cast iron, and Cast Iron Production and Quality of Iron Casting are controlled; Setting China inkization degree is 0, obtains this cast iron density value;
(5) measure improving cast iron quality:
Getting actual cast iron density and step (4) medium cast iron density value in step (3) contrasts, if to depart from step (4) medium cast iron density value larger for actual cast iron density in step (3), degree of graphitization is larger, ironcasting just better from feeding capacity, and quality is all right.
2. according to a kind of cylinder iron density described in claim 1, judge the detection method of cast iron degree of graphitization, it is characterized in that: the degree of graphitization of step in described detection method (4) is controlled Cast Iron Production, be that degree of graphitization is larger, ironcasting from feeding capacity just better foundry goods can adopt little rising head or non-riser technology, reduce the consumption of iron liquid.
3. according to a kind of cylinder iron density described in claim 1, judge the detection method of cast iron degree of graphitization, it is characterized in that: step in described detection method (4) degree of graphitization is controlled Quality of Iron Casting, for the strong foundry goods of graphitizability, degree of graphitization is larger, its sand mold requirement of strength is higher, just, according to the degree of graphitization value of sample, select corresponding casting mold and formative method, thereby control the quality of foundry goods.
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| CN111665166A (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2020-09-15 | 南京航空航天大学 | Method for determining density of ceramic matrix composite substrate |
| CN112284968A (en) * | 2020-11-13 | 2021-01-29 | 河北北方铸业有限公司 | Exothermic riser detection method |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111665166A (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2020-09-15 | 南京航空航天大学 | Method for determining density of ceramic matrix composite substrate |
| CN111665166B (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2021-06-29 | 南京航空航天大学 | Method for determining density of ceramic matrix composite substrate |
| CN112284968A (en) * | 2020-11-13 | 2021-01-29 | 河北北方铸业有限公司 | Exothermic riser detection method |
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Application publication date: 20140312 |