CN103574734B - A kind of nuclear energy heating system based on loop heat pipe heat dissipation - Google Patents
A kind of nuclear energy heating system based on loop heat pipe heat dissipation Download PDFInfo
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- CN103574734B CN103574734B CN201310560755.2A CN201310560755A CN103574734B CN 103574734 B CN103574734 B CN 103574734B CN 201310560755 A CN201310560755 A CN 201310560755A CN 103574734 B CN103574734 B CN 103574734B
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- vaporization chamber
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of nuclear energy heating system based on loop heat pipe heat dissipation, and this system is made up of condenser, vaporization chamber, jet chimney, condensing water conduit and nuclear fission structure.Condenser inner cavity chamber is divided into left and right condensation chamber and intermediate cavity by two pieces of vertical clapboards, and vaporization chamber is placed in condenser intermediate cavity, and nuclear fission structure is placed in vaporization chamber bottom centre.The gap that vaporization chamber erects outside wall and vertical clapboard inwall is formed is furnished with jet chimney and condensing water conduit, steam enters jet chimney by the steam (vapor) outlet in vaporization chamber upper cover plate, condensation chamber condensation is entered again by the steam inlet of upper end of condenser, condensed water enters vaporization chamber through condensing water conduit and valve, completes steam/water circulating with this.Condenser upper cover plate is provided with control panel, in upper cover plate, sintering has thermo-sensitive resistor silk, the difference signal that the temperature that controlling organization in nuclear fission structure sets according to control panel and thermo-sensitive resistor silk record temperature regulates the degree of depth of fissioning, thus heating temperature in control room.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to novel nuclear energy heating system, specifically belong to and use new forms of energy nuclear energy as thermal source, adopt the heating system of separate type loop heat pipe heat dissipation.
Background technology
Domestic conventional heating system has: two standpipe horizontal series type and traditional single-pipe system radiator heating, low-temperature hot water floor radiation heating and electrothermal film radiation heating.Two standpipe horizontal series type system level direction connect too much radiator time, easily cause front end overheated and end surfusion, horizontal branch pipe is embedded in bed course, adds the load of floor, for system maintenance leaves hidden danger.Sigle-pipe concurrent-flow form is simple, easy construction, cost are low, but can not carry out local modulation and branch control and metering, easily occurs the phenomenon uneven in temperature that regional area is overheated or excessively cold.Low-temperature hot water floor radiation heating system, cleaning, health, comfortable and efficient, energy-conservation, operating cost is low, but have taking of 3-8 cm to floor height, belong to disguised engineering, not easy-maintaining; During system cloud gray model 2-4, pipeline produces incrustation scale, needs professional equipment to clean.Electrothermal film radiation heating is without outdoor heat source and heat supply network, and up-front investment is few, little power consumption, quick heating, and user can arbitrarily regulate the room temperature, and convenient, flexible, indoor environment is comfortable, but higher to building energy saving performance requirement, restricted during resident family's ceiling finish.In a word, it is large that traditional heating system has investment, needs special thermal source and heat supplying pipeline (except Low-temp. electrothermal film radiation); Operation and maintenance cost is high; Pipe network energy utilization efficiency is low; Easily there is heat supplying pipeline seepage, corrosion and scaling; The feature such as heat user waterpower and heating power imbalance between pipe network.Simultaneously China's energy utilization technology falls behind, and utilization ratio is low, and under the condition of economy rapid growth, the depletion rate of the energy is faster than other countries, and lack of energy threatens more early, more serious.Day by day poor at conventional energy resource, pollute day by day serious society, based on the development of nuclear power technology and the microminiaturization of equipment, the invention provides a kind of nuclear energy that uses as the Novel heating system of thermal source.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is for overcoming the not enough and energy shortage of above-mentioned prior art and seriously polluted and provide one to utilize nuclear energy as thermal source, adopt based on loop heat pipe heat dissipation, energy conversion efficiency is high, heating effect is good, system is simple, arrangement convenience, stable performance Novel heating system.
The technical solution used in the present invention is: this heating system is made up of upper and lower cover plates sealed rectangular condenser casing, and upper cover plate end face is provided with control panel, and in upper cover plate, sintering has thermo-sensitive resistor silk.Two pieces of vertical clapboards divide condenser casing internal cavities into three chambers, left and right condensation chamber separation intermediate cavity both sides.Condensation chamber is made up of upper cover plate lower wall surface, condenser casing inwall, vertical clapboard outer wall and lower cover upper wall surface.Condensation chamber erects welding aluminum alloy fin outside wall, and perpendicular wall medial surface is processed with crisscross groove and is designed with the staggered condensation column of rhombus.Center, two pieces of vertical clapboard tops has hole, rectangle steam inlet, and be connected with jet chimney, the jet chimney other end is connected with the steam outlet openings of vaporization chamber cover plate central.Vaporization chamber is built in condenser intermediate cavity, and form by the upper wall surface of vaporization chamber cover plate, vaporization chamber shell and lower cover is airtight, vaporization chamber is arranged in the center of lower cover upper wall surface.The outer side vertical wall of vaporization chamber and vertical clapboard inwall and condenser casing inwall form gap, are furnished with jet chimney and condensing water conduit.Vaporization chamber top is provided with water separator, and vaporization chamber shell two side vertical wall bottom center has liquid inlet orifice, is connected with the liquid outlet port of vertical clapboard bottom center by condensing water conduit, valve.Have liquid-sucking core in condensing water conduit, the lower surface of condensation chamber and condensing water conduit are designed with the gradient to center.Heating system thermal source uses the nuclear energy of nuclear fission release.Nuclear fission structure is built in vaporization chamber bottom centre, is made up of top controlling organization and bottom grid spacer.Have control rod guide pipe and the nuclear fuel rod of distributed rectangular in grid spacer, control rod guide pipe and nuclear fuel rod are alternately arranged, mutually wrap up.Nuclear fuel rod height is half height of grid spacer, is positioned at grid spacer bottom.Control rod guide pipe and grid spacer contour, the first half inserts control rod, control rod is connected with the controlling organization being positioned at grid spacer top, the temperature that controlling organization sets according to control panel and thermo-sensitive resistor silk record the difference signal regulable control rod insertion position of temperature, change the fission degree of depth, heating temperature in control room.Zircaloy grid spacer outside wall surface is designed with the crisscross groove of surface through being processed to form, and increases nucleate boiling core.
The present invention has following beneficial effect after adopting technique scheme:
1. nuclear heating system clean is pollution-free, needs the polluter of burning and exhausting flood tide in air, produce " greenhouse effects " unlike conventional fossil fuel heating; Energy-intensive, power is high, can within the operating period longtime running without the need to reloading; The expense ratio that fuel cost accounts for heating system is low;
2. small investment, without external heat source and pipe network, operation and maintenance cost is low; Volume is little, and structure is simple, and arrangement convenience, can combinationally use according to actual needs;
3. waterpower imbalance and the heating power that can solve central heating appearance are uneven, there will not be phenomenon uneven in temperature; Heat dissipation capacity is large, and heating effect is good; Heating temperature can arbitrarily regulate;
4. annular heat pipe system realizes the energy transferring of high heat flux under the little temperature difference by the liquid-gas phase transition of working fluid.Multiple dimensioned surface heat functional structure adopted to condensation chamber internal face and designs the staggered column structure of rhombus, improve system thermal performance.Evaporimeter and condenser integrated design, simplify system architecture and reduce rate of energy loss.Contrast with conventional heat pipe, in structure, vapour-liquid pipeline is separated, and makes it have the advantages such as heat power is large, heat transfer is high, not easily dry up.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is nuclear energy heating system three-dimensional exploded view of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is nuclear fission structure 14, vaporization chamber 17 plane structure chart;
Fig. 3 is nuclear fission structure 14 enlarged drawing;
Fig. 4 is nuclear fission structure 14 sectional view;
Fig. 5 is condenser 30 structure chart;
Fig. 6 is nuclear energy heating system schematic diagram of the present invention.
Wherein: 1. thermo-sensitive resistor silk; 2. control panel; 3. upper cover plate; 4. condenser casing; 5. steam inlet; 6. condensation chamber; 7. condenser fin; 8. valve; 9. capillary wick; 10. steam (vapor) outlet; 11. vaporization chamber cover plates; 12. steam-water separators; 13. vaporization chamber shells; 14. nuclear fission structures; 15. liquid inlets; 16. lower covers; 17. vaporization chambers; 18. controlling organizations; 19. grid spacers; 20. control rods; 21. control rod guide pipes; 22. uranium dioxide fuel cores; 23. gaps; 24. zirconium claddings; 25. augmentation of heat transfer plates; 26. nuclear fuel rods; 27. condensation columns; 28. jet chimneys; 29. condensing water conduits; 30. condensers; 31. dividing plates; 32. intermediate cavity; 33. liquid outlets.
Detailed description of the invention
Figure 1 shows that nuclear energy heating system three-dimensional exploded view of the present invention.It is topmost the upper cover plate 3 of heating system, linear fabulous thermo-sensitive resistor silk 1 is sintered in upper cover plate 3, by regulating the resistance of thermo-sensitive resistor silk 1, accurately can control the surface temperature of condensation heat radiator fin 7, upper cover plate 3 end face is furnished with control panel 2, can control nuclear fission structure 14 start and stop and regulate nuclear fission heat dissipation capacity by control panel 2 button.Condenser 30 is furnished with between upper cover plate 3 and lower cover 16.Condenser 30 is sealed by condenser casing 4 and upper cover plate 3 lower wall surface and lower cover 16 upper wall surface and forms.Condenser 30 inner cavity chamber is divided into 2 condensation chambers 6 by two pieces of vertical clapboards 31 and an intermediate cavity 32,2 condensation chambers 6 are lived apart in intermediate cavity 32 both sides.Two pieces of vertical clapboard 31 upper ends placed in the middle have a rectangle steam inlet 5, and steam inlet 5 is connected with jet chimney 28.Two pieces of vertical clapboard 31 lower ends placed in the middle have a rectangular liquid outlet 33, and liquid outlet 33 is connected with condensing water conduit 29, is designed with capillary wick 9 in condensing water conduit 29, and condensing water conduit 29 other end is connected with valve 8.The lower surface of condensation chamber 6 tilts to intermediate cavity 32, is convenient to liquid backflow, and two condensation chamber 6 outside wall surface are welded with condenser fin 7, expands area of dissipation.Vaporization chamber 17 is built in condenser 30 intermediate cavity 32, and be made up of vaporization chamber shell 13, vaporization chamber cover plate 11 and lower cover 16 upper wall surface, vaporization chamber shell 13 is lead bismuth alloy material.Vaporization chamber 17 is arranged in center, lower cover 16 upper surface.Vaporization chamber cover plate 11 central authorities have rectangle steam (vapor) outlet 10, and steam (vapor) outlet 10 is connected with jet chimney 28.Vaporization chamber 17 top is provided with steam-water separator 12, and the dry steam after being separated enters jet chimney 28 through steam (vapor) outlet 10.Have two liquid inlets 15 in the middle of bottom the two side walls of vaporization chamber shell 13 and condensation chamber 6 correspondence, be connected through the other end of condensing water conduit 29 with valve 8, condensate pipe is designed with the gradient at a Ge Xiang center.At vaporization chamber 17, bottom centre is furnished with nuclear fission structure 14, discharge heat energy by nuclear fission to be only absorbed by the water, vaporization after water heat absorption, steam after vaporization enters condenser 30 condensation through jet chimney 28, releases heat, to environment heating, the condensed water after releases heat is got back to vaporization chamber 17 through condensing water conduit 29 and is continued to absorb heat, completes circulation.
Fig. 2 is nuclear fission structure 14, evaporimeter 17 plane structure chart.Vapo(u)rization system is made up of nuclear fission structure 14 and evaporimeter 17, and evaporimeter 17 sealed envelope nuclear fission structure 14, evaporimeter 17 and nuclear fission structure 14 are arranged in lower cover 16 upper wall surface center.Evaporimeter 17 erects inside wall and nuclear fission structure 14 erect outside wall between form aqueous water and steam-water mixing district, vaporization chamber cover plate 11 lower wall surface is provided with steam-water separator 12.
Fig. 3 is nuclear fission structure 14 enlarged drawing.Nuclear fission structure is the thermal source of heating system, and fission nuclear energy is converted into the heat energy absorbed by working medium.Nuclear fission structure 14 is made up of controlling organization 18, grid spacer 19, control rod 20, control rod guide pipe 21, nuclear fuel rod 26 and augmentation of heat transfer plate 25.Grid spacer 19 uses Zr-4 alloy, and application vacuum electron beam welding method welds Zr-4 alloy grid spacer 19.The hole of two kinds of different sizes of parcel is mutually processed with: teasehole and control rod guide pipe 21 in grid spacer 19.Teasehole height is the half of grid spacer 19, is positioned at grid spacer 19 the latter half, inserts certain density nuclear fuel rod 26 in teasehole.Nuclear fuel rod 26 haves three layers composition, and center is uranium dioxide fuel core 22, and centre is gap 23, uranium dioxide fuel core 22 can be allowed at high temperature to be out of shape and not destroy outer involucrum, outermost is zirconium cladding 24, and zirconium cladding 24 two ends zirconium chock plug jam-pack, seals through boxing.Control rod guide pipe 21 and grid spacer 19 contour, top insert control rod 20.Grid spacer 19 top is provided with controlling organization 18, control structure 18 is connected with control rod 20, controlling organization 18 accepts the signal (difference of the temperature that signal is set by control panel 2 and the temperature that thermo-sensitive resistor silk 1 measures is given) of control panel 2, realizes the start and stop of nuclear fission structure 14 and regulate nuclear fission heat dissipation capacity by the position changing control rod 20.Grid spacer 19 outer wall welding augmentation of heat transfer plate 25, the evaporation inner surface of vaporization chamber 17 and augmentation of heat transfer plate 25 outer surface adopt extrusion forming process of planing in length and breadth to manufacture crisscross groove structure, are beneficial to nucleate boiling and strengthening boiling.
Fig. 4 is nuclear fission structure 14 sectional view.Nuclear fuel rod 26 presses rectangular arranged in grid spacer 19, control rod guide pipe 21 also presses rectangular arranged in grid spacer 19, control rod guide pipe 21 is arranged in the center of periphery four nuclear fuel rods 26, and the corresponding grid spacer 19 liang of side vertical walls of condensation chamber 6 are welded with the augmentation of heat transfer plate 25 vertically arranged.
Fig. 5 is condenser 30 structure chart.Condenser 30 seals upper cover plate 3 and lower cover 16 by condenser casing 4.Dividing plate 31 will divide two condensation chambers 6 and an intermediate cavity 32 of separation both sides in condenser.Condensation chamber 6 erects inside wall by condenser casing 4, dividing plate 31 erects outside wall, upper cover plate 3 lower wall surface and lower cover 16 upper wall surface are formed.Dividing plate 31 top has steam inlet 5, and liquid outlet 33 is arranged at bottom.Condensation chamber 6 inside outer wall face is processed with crisscross groove and is designed with the staggered condensation column 27 of rhombus, outer exterior wall welding condenser fin 7.
Fig. 6 is nuclear energy heating system schematic diagram of the present invention.Nuclear energy heating system based on separate heat pipe principle is made up of nuclear fission structure 14, vaporization chamber 17, jet chimney 28, condenser 30 and condensing water conduit 29, on condenser, sintering has thermo-sensitive resistor silk 1, by regulating thermo-sensitive resistor silk 1, the surface temperature of condensation heat radiator fin 7 accurately can be controlled.Nuclear fission structure 14 is arranged in vaporization chamber 17, at vaporization chamber 17 top, steam (vapor) outlet 10 is set, steam is connected with condenser 30 by jet chimney 28, condenser 30 is placed in by heating environment as heating equipment, condenser 30 lowest part is provided with condensing water conduit 29, condensing water conduit 29 one end is connected with the liquid outlet 33 of condenser 30, and the other end is connected with the liquid inlet 15 of vaporization chamber 17 by valve.
System Working Principle is as follows: in the temperature of artificial setting and upper cover plate 3, the difference signal of the condenser surface temperature that thermo-sensitive resistor silk 1 records passes to control rod controlling organization 18, controlling organization 18 changes control rod 20 insertion position in control rod guide pipe 21, regulate the heat of nuclear fission release, the heat that uranium dioxide fuel core 22 discharges reaches grid spacer 19 surface through gap 23 and zirconium cladding 24, in order to increase heat exchange area, grid spacer 19 surface soldered has augmentation of heat transfer plate 25, augmentation of heat transfer plate 25 Surface Machining has groove, is beneficial to formation nucleate boiling.Liquid is at grid spacer 19 surface and augmentation of heat transfer plate 25 Surface absorption heat, and carburation by evaporation, the steam-water separator 12 of steam through vaporization chamber 17 top carrying drop forms dry steam.Dry steam enters jet chimney 28 by steam (vapor) outlet 10, and jet chimney 28 is connected with two condensation chamber 6 overhead vapor entrances 5 of condenser 30.Steam is release heat in two condensation chambers 6, is condensed into aqueous water.In order to strengthen condenser effect, condensation chamber 6 erects wall medial surface and is processed with crisscross groove and is designed with the staggered condensation column 27 of rhombus, welds condenser fin 7 outside perpendicular wall.The aqueous water of condensation flows back to vaporization chamber 6 through condensing water conduit 29, is furnished with capillary wick 9 in condensing water conduit 29.In order to ensure the one-way of flowing, the size of jet chimney 28 is greater than the size of condensing water conduit 29, and make jet chimney 28 resistance be less than the resistance of condensing water conduit 29, the lower surface of condensation chamber 6 and condensing water conduit 29 are designed with the gradient of a heat source.Adopt nuclear energy heating system cleanliness without any pollution of the present invention; Without external heat source and pipe network, operation and maintenance cost is low; Volume is little, and structure is simple, arrangement convenience; Heat dissipation capacity is large, and heating effect is good, and user arbitrarily can regulate heating temperature, there will not be phenomenon uneven in temperature between heat user.
Claims (6)
1. the nuclear energy heating system based on loop heat pipe heat dissipation, by condenser (30), vaporization chamber (17), jet chimney (28), condensing water conduit (29) and nuclear fission structure (14) composition, it is characterized in that: described condenser (30) is by upper cover plate (3), lower cover (16) sealed condensating device shell (4) is formed, condenser (30) inner cavity chamber is divided into two condensation chambers (6) in left and right and intermediate cavity (32) by two pieces of vertical clapboards (31), dividing plate (31) top center has steam inlet (5), bottom has liquid outlet (33), described vaporization chamber (17) is built in the intermediate cavity (32) of condenser (30), be positioned at the upper wall surface center of lower cover (16), be made up of vaporization chamber cover plate (11), lower cover (16) and vaporization chamber shell (13), vaporization chamber cover plate (11) has steam (vapor) outlet (10), and vaporization chamber shell (13) has liquid inlet (15) with the bottom of condensation chamber (6) adjacent two sides, described jet chimney (28) is positioned at the top of vaporization chamber (17) and the gap of intermediate cavity (32), jet chimney (28) connects steam (vapor) outlet (10), two condensation chambers (6) in left and right sides and left and right of jet chimney (28) are connected, and junction is steam inlet (5), described condensing water conduit (29) is positioned at vaporization chamber (17) and the bottom of condensation chamber (6) adjacent two sides and the gap of intermediate cavity (32), condensing water conduit (29) one end is connected with liquid outlet (33), and the other end is connected with liquid inlet (15) by valve (8), described nuclear fission structure (14) is positioned at vaporization chamber (17) inner bottom plating center,
Described nuclear fission structure (14) is by controlling organization (18), grid spacer (19), control rod (20), control rod guide pipe (21), nuclear fuel rod (26) and augmentation of heat transfer plate (25) composition, grid spacer (19) uses Zr-4 alloy, there are nuclear fuel rod (26) component hole and the control rod guide pipe (21) of parcel mutually in inside, nuclear fuel rod (26) is positioned at grid spacer (19) bottom, it is highly the half of grid spacer (19), control rod guide pipe (21) and grid spacer (19) contour, control rod (20) is inserted on top, grid spacer (19) top is provided with controlling organization (18), control structure (18) is connected with control rod (20), the insertion position of controlling organization (18) regulable control rod (20), grid spacer (19) two side vertical walls corresponding with condensation chamber (6) are welded with the augmentation of heat transfer plate (25) vertically arranged, and the outer surface of augmentation of heat transfer plate (25) adopts planing extrusion forming process in length and breadth to manufacture crisscross groove structure,
Described condensation chamber (6) inside outer wall is processed with groove and welds the staggered condensation column (27) of rhombus, condensation chamber (6) outer exterior wall welding condenser fin (7).
2. a kind of nuclear energy heating system based on loop heat pipe heat dissipation according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described upper cover plate (3) end face is provided with control panel (2), in upper cover plate (3), sintering has thermo-sensitive resistor silk (1).
3. a kind of nuclear energy heating system based on loop heat pipe heat dissipation according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in described condensing water conduit (29), have capillary wick (9), the size of condensing water conduit (29) is less than the size of jet chimney (28), and lower surface and the condensing water conduit (29) of condensation chamber (6) are designed with the gradient tilted to intermediate cavity (32).
4. a kind of nuclear energy heating system based on loop heat pipe heat dissipation according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described vaporization chamber shell (13) is lead bismuth alloy material.
5. a kind of nuclear energy heating system based on loop heat pipe heat dissipation according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described vaporization chamber cover plate (11) lower wall surface is provided with steam-water separator (12).
6. a kind of nuclear energy heating system based on loop heat pipe heat dissipation according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: described nuclear fuel rod (26) haves three layers composition, center is uranium dioxide fuel core (22), centre is gap (23), outermost is zirconium cladding (24), zirconium cladding (24) two ends zirconium chock plug jam-pack, seals through boxing; Nuclear fuel rod (26) presses rectangular arranged in grid spacer (19), control rod guide pipe (21) is also by rectangular arranged in grid spacer (19), and control rod guide pipe (21) is arranged in the center of periphery four nuclear fuel rods (26).
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| CN201310560755.2A CN103574734B (en) | 2013-11-12 | 2013-11-12 | A kind of nuclear energy heating system based on loop heat pipe heat dissipation |
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| CN201310560755.2A CN103574734B (en) | 2013-11-12 | 2013-11-12 | A kind of nuclear energy heating system based on loop heat pipe heat dissipation |
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| CN103574734B true CN103574734B (en) | 2016-04-20 |
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| CN104990292B (en) * | 2015-06-17 | 2017-03-29 | 郭凯 | Heat supply well head waste-heat recoverer |
| CN109766598A (en) * | 2018-12-26 | 2019-05-17 | 西安交通大学 | Drop evaporation loss rate calculation method in a kind of drop formula radiation recuperator |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20100062313A (en) * | 2008-12-02 | 2010-06-10 | 김용환 | Chemical energy atomic reactor style public law and the rotor well law amalgamates and the suction style air conditioning system which is not the catalyst which uses the pressure of the gaseous nitrogen |
| CN203571844U (en) * | 2013-11-12 | 2014-04-30 | 江苏大学 | Nuclear energy heating system achieving heat radiating on the basis of loop heat pipe |
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Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20100062313A (en) * | 2008-12-02 | 2010-06-10 | 김용환 | Chemical energy atomic reactor style public law and the rotor well law amalgamates and the suction style air conditioning system which is not the catalyst which uses the pressure of the gaseous nitrogen |
| CN203571844U (en) * | 2013-11-12 | 2014-04-30 | 江苏大学 | Nuclear energy heating system achieving heat radiating on the basis of loop heat pipe |
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