CN103539303A - Electroplating wastewater treating and recycling process and system - Google Patents
Electroplating wastewater treating and recycling process and system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an electroplating wastewater treating and recycling process and system which are designed especially for solving the problems that the cost of the process for pretreating the electroplating wastewater is high, the sludge quantity is high, and the recovery rate of a film system is low in an existing chemical method. The electroplating wastewater recycling process comprises the following steps: adsorbing nickel-containing wastewater through resin to recover nickel salt; treating pickling waste liquid by electrodialysis to recover acid and then mixing with acid-alkali wastewater; transferring into an adjusting tank together with cyanide-containing wastewater subjected to alkaline second-stage cyanide breaking; enabling the water quality and volume to be uniform; transferring into a neutralizing tank; adding alkali to adjust pH (Potential of Hydrogen) to reach neutral value; then feeding into a film treating system in the combination of first-stage nanofiltration and second-stage reverse osmosis, wherein the water produced by reverse osmosis is recovered into an electroplating workshop, and the concentrated water produced by nanofiltration is recovered into the neutralizing tank; performing second-stage reverse osmosis on the concentrated water subjected to first-stage reverse osmosis; and transferring the concentrated water subjected to second-stage reverse osmosis into an efficient evaporator to evaporate. By adopting the process and system, the nickel and acid resources can be effectively recovered, the recovery rate of wastewater can be greatly raised, and the operation stability of the film system also can be greatly improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to electroplating wastewater processing field, be specifically related to a kind of electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming technique and system.
Background technology
Electroplating industry is highly versatile, uses wide, inter-trade, interdepartmental important processing industry and explained hereafter industry.Owing to having used the poisonous and harmful chemical such as a large amount of strong acid, highly basic, heavy metal solution, prussiate, electroplating industry has become one of current global three large contaminated industries.According to relevant statistics, the domestic electroplating enterprise of China has reached family more than 20,000 at present, and it reaches 400,000,000 tons to the waste water of environmental emission every year, accounts for 10% of domestic wastewater emission amount, accounts for 20% of industrial wastewater discharge total amount.The discharge of electroplating wastewater has caused the loss of water resources and a large amount of noble metals.
The common treatment process of Domestic Plating waste water has at present: chemical method, electrolytic process, ion exchange method and membrane separation process.Wherein membrane separation technique is advanced because of its technique, in recent years in the processing reuse of electroplating wastewater, is widely used.Ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane are carried out to multistage-combination utilization, can effectively improve the reclamation rate of electroplating wastewater.Generally before entering film system, need electroplating wastewater to carry out pre-treatment, the pre-treatment of existing technology to heavy metal wastewater thereby and spent pickle liquor, all to add flocculation sediment after a large amount of chemical agents, so not only can produce a large amount of chemical sludges, increase processing cost, also make the comprehensive wastewater salts contg that enters film system greatly improve simultaneously, affected to a great extent the organic efficiency of film system.
Summary of the invention
For the problems referred to above, the invention provides a kind of cost low, can effectively to the heavy metal in waste water and acid, reclaim, and improve electroplating waste-water reutilizing process and the system of the rate of recovery of film system.
For achieving the above object, electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming technique of the present invention, described technique comprises the steps:
Adopt distribution pipeline, electroplating wastewater be divided into nickel-containing waste water, spent pickle liquor and cyanide wastewater San Lei，Ge road waste water and carry out respectively different pre-treatment,
Wherein said nickel-containing waste water, through processing except nickel, reclaims and obtains nickelous sulfide, and the waste water after processing except nickel is entered to comprehensive adjustment pond;
Described spent pickle liquor is processed through recovered acid, and the waste water after electrodialysis process and acidic and alkaline waste water mixing are entered to comprehensive adjustment pond;
Described cyanide wastewater, through broken cyanide reaction treatment, enters comprehensive adjustment pond by the water outlet after broken cyanide;
Described waste water evenly enters neutralization tank after water quality and quantity in described comprehensive adjustment pond;
Waste water in neutralization tank is carried out to alkaline cleaning, regulate described waste water to neutral;
Described waste water enters film system through accurate filter and carries out film processing, and described film system is processed recovery product water and entered reuse workshop, and described dense water is through high-efficiency evaporator evaporation.
Further, the processing and to comprise except nickel of described nickel-containing waste water: by the nickel-containing waste water of collecting through activated charcoal filter, the macrobead suspended substance described in filtering in nickel-containing waste water; Described nickel-containing waste water, through resin absorption tower, is equipped with in described adsorption tower except nickel resin, and described nickel and sulfuric acid reaction except the absorption on nickel resin obtains single nickel salt liquid, reclaims described single nickel salt liquid; The water outlet of described resin absorption tower is entered to described comprehensive mixing pit.
Further, described except nickel resin be macropore weak-type resin D113 or resin CH-90.
Preferably, described sulfuric acid is that concentration is 2%-4%.
Further, described broken cyanide reaction is carried out in two-stage broken cyanide pond, and wherein in one-level cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, pH value is 10-11, and ORP is 300mv, and in secondary cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, pH value is 6.5-7.0, and ORP is 650mv.
Further, described film is processed and is comprised nanofiltration membrane treatment and the processing of two steps ro film, wherein
Described nanofiltration membrane treatment, holds back the macromole in described waste water and divalent ion by nanofiltration membrane, and the concentrated water drainage after described nanofiltration membrane treatment is entered to described neutralization tank, and the product water after described nanofiltration membrane treatment is entered to first-stage reverse osmosis film;
Described first-stage reverse osmosis film is processed, and described waste water is carried out to further concentration, and the concentrated water drainage after described first-stage reverse osmosis film processing is entered to two-pass reverse osmosis film, and the product water after described first-stage reverse osmosis film is processed reclaims;
Described two-pass reverse osmosis film is processed, and described waste water is carried out to further concentration, and the concentrated water drainage after described first-stage reverse osmosis film processing is entered to high-efficiency evaporator, and the product water after described two-pass reverse osmosis film is processed reclaims.
For achieving the above object, electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming system of the present invention, described system comprises
The shunt conduit that described electroplating wastewater is divided into nickel-containing waste water, spent pickle liquor and cyanide wastewater three class waste water, described shunt conduit is connected with the water inlet of cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit with nickel-containing waste water resource utilization unit, spent pickle liquor resource utilization unit respectively;
The water outlet of described nickel-containing waste water resource utilization unit, spent pickle liquor resource utilization unit and cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit is connected with the water inlet in combined reaction pond simultaneously;
The water outlet in described combined reaction pond and the water inlet of described neutralization tank are connected, and in described neutralization tank, are provided with out water pump, described in go out water pump and be connected with accurate filter;
The water outlet of described accurate filter is connected with the water inlet of film system;
The dense water output of described film system is connected with high-efficiency evaporator, and the product water output of described film system is connected with the water inlet pipe in workshop.
Further, described nickel-containing waste water resource utilization unit comprises the resin absorption tower that activated charcoal filter is connected with described activated charcoal filter, shown in be provided with macropore weak-type resin D113 or resin CH-90 in adsorption tower.
Further, described cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit comprises one-level cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit and secondary cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, wherein in one-level cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, pH value is 10-11, ORP is 300mv, in secondary cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, pH value is 6.5-7.0, and ORP is 650mv.
Further, described film system comprises first-stage reverse osmosis film and the two-pass reverse osmosis film that nanofiltration membrane is connected with described nanofiltration membrane.
Electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming technique of the present invention and system, for current electroplating wastewater complicated component, electroplating effluent recycling and using cost is high, sludge quantity is large, and the problem such as film system recoveries rate is low and designing, the present invention is by nickel-containing waste water resource utilization unit, spent pickle liquor resource utilization unit, cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit and film system, waste water is processed through classification, resource reclaims, and be coupled nanofiltration and reverse osmosis system have been realized reuse and the zero release of electroplating comprehensive waste water, by the resource utilization to nickel-containing waste water and spent pickle liquor, the use of chemical agent and the generation of chemical sludge have been reduced, effectively heavy metal out of electroplating wastewater and spent acid are carried out to resource reutilization, nickel and sour resource have not only been reclaimed, more reduced the waste water saltiness that enters film system, improved greatly the operation stability of the rate of recovery and the film system of electroplating wastewater, after the present invention processes, the reclamation rate of electroplating wastewater reaches more than 90%, improved significantly economic worth.Improved the rate of recovery of film system simultaneously.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the process flow sheet of electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming technique of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with Figure of description, the present invention will be further described.
As shown in Figure 1, electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming technique of the present invention, described technique comprises the steps:
Adopt distribution pipeline, electroplating wastewater be divided into nickel-containing waste water, spent pickle liquor and cyanide wastewater San Lei，Ge road waste water and carry out respectively different pre-treatment,
Wherein said nickel-containing waste water, through processing except nickel, reclaims and obtains nickelous sulfide, and the waste water after processing except nickel is entered to comprehensive adjustment pond;
Described spent pickle liquor is processed through recovered acid, and the waste water after electrodialysis process and acidic and alkaline waste water mixing are entered to comprehensive adjustment pond;
Described cyanide wastewater, through broken cyanide reaction, enters comprehensive adjustment pond by the water outlet after broken cyanide;
Described waste water evenly enters neutralization tank after water quality and quantity in described comprehensive adjustment pond;
Waste water in neutralization tank is carried out to alkaline cleaning, regulate described waste water to neutral;
Described waste water enters film system through accurate filter and carries out film processing, and described film system is processed recovery product water and entered reuse workshop, and described dense water is through high-efficiency evaporator evaporation.
Further, the processing and to comprise except nickel of described nickel-containing waste water: by the nickel-containing waste water of collecting through activated charcoal filter, the macrobead suspended substance described in filtering in nickel-containing waste water; Described nickel-containing waste water, through resin absorption tower, is equipped with in described adsorption tower except nickel resin, and described nickel and sulfuric acid reaction except the absorption on nickel resin obtains single nickel salt liquid, reclaims described single nickel salt liquid; The water outlet of described resin absorption tower is entered to described comprehensive mixing pit.
Further, described except nickel resin be macropore weak-type resin D113 or resin CH-90.
Preferably, described sulfuric acid is that concentration is 2%-4%.
Further, described broken cyanide reaction is carried out in two-stage broken cyanide pond, and wherein in one-level cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, pH value is 10-11, and ORP is 300mv, and in secondary cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, pH value is 6.5-7.0, and ORP is 650mv.
Further, described film is processed and is comprised nanofiltration membrane treatment and the processing of two steps ro film, wherein
Described nanofiltration membrane treatment, holds back the macromole in described waste water and divalent ion by nanofiltration membrane, and the concentrated water drainage after described nanofiltration membrane treatment is entered to described neutralization tank, and the product water after described nanofiltration membrane treatment is entered to first-stage reverse osmosis film;
Described first-stage reverse osmosis film is processed, and described waste water is carried out to further concentration, and the concentrated water drainage after described first-stage reverse osmosis film processing is entered to two-pass reverse osmosis film, and the product water after described first-stage reverse osmosis film is processed reclaims;
Described two-pass reverse osmosis film is processed, and described waste water is carried out to further concentration, and the concentrated water drainage after described first-stage reverse osmosis film processing is entered to high-efficiency evaporator, and the product water after described two-pass reverse osmosis film is processed reclaims.
Accordingly, in order to realize above-mentioned technique electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming system of the present invention, described system comprises
The shunt conduit that described electroplating wastewater is divided into nickel-containing waste water, spent pickle liquor and cyanide wastewater three class waste water, described shunt conduit is connected with the water inlet of cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit with nickel-containing waste water resource utilization unit, spent pickle liquor resource utilization unit respectively;
The water outlet of described nickel-containing waste water resource utilization unit, spent pickle liquor resource utilization unit and cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit is connected with the water inlet in combined reaction pond simultaneously;
The water outlet in described combined reaction pond and the water inlet of described neutralization tank are connected, and in described neutralization tank, are provided with out water pump, described in go out water pump and be connected with accurate filter;
The water outlet of described accurate filter is connected with the water inlet of film system;
The dense water output of described film system is connected with high-efficiency evaporator, and the product water output of described film system is connected with the water inlet pipe in workshop.
Further, described nickel-containing waste water resource utilization unit comprises the resin absorption tower that activated charcoal filter is connected with described activated charcoal filter, shown in be provided with macropore weak-type resin D113 or resin CH-90 in adsorption tower.
Further, described cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit comprises one-level cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit and secondary cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, wherein in one-level cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, pH value is 10-11, ORP is 300mv, in secondary cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, pH value is 6.5-7.0, and ORP is 650mv.
Further, described film system comprises first-stage reverse osmosis film and the two-pass reverse osmosis film that nanofiltration membrane is connected with described nanofiltration membrane.
Embodiment 1:
The waste water of this example Zhong Mou Electroplate Factory discharge is as follows: nickel-containing waste water: 100t/d, spent pickle liquor: 1t/d, acidic and alkaline waste water 50t/d, cyanide wastewater 80t/d.
The electroplating comprehensive waste water of this example is processed reuse method and is comprised the following steps:
1) nickel-containing waste water of 100t/d, after collecting, is promoted to activated charcoal filter to remove particle suspensions larger in former water, then to enter the resin absorption tower that is filled with 2m3D113 by pump, and flow velocity is 4BV/h, and absorption water outlet enters comprehensive adjustment pond.When the Ni2+>0.5mg/L of water outlet set(ting)value, with 2% the sulphuric acid soln of 2BV, to regenerate, the single nickel salt regenerated liquid obtaining is back to use plating shop, after regeneration, with 2BV clear water, rinses.
2) spent pickle liquor of 1t/d is after collecting, enter the electrodialysis unit that the ACM type anion-exchange membrane produced by day Bender Shan Caoda company limited and C66 10F type cationic exchange membrane form, under 500A/m2 current density, the concentration of spent acid Free Acid can be concentrated into 20% by 10%, and the metal ion massfraction of infiltration is less than 2%.Electrodialytic water outlet enters comprehensive adjustment pond after mixing with the acidic and alkaline waste water of 50t/d.
3) 80t/d cyanide wastewater is after collecting, by pump, beaten to two-stage broken cyanide pond, the pH that controls reaction in one-level broken cyanide pond is at 10-11, ORP is controlled at 300mv, reaction times is 15min, controls the pH of reaction at 6.5-7.0 in secondary broken cyanide pond, and ORP is controlled at 650mv, reaction times is 20min, and the water outlet of secondary broken cyanide enters comprehensive adjustment pond.
4) pretreated waste water, after the even water quality and quantity in comprehensive adjustment pond, enters neutralization tank, adds alkali and controls pH in pond at 6.0-7.0.
5) neutralization tank water outlet is beaten to nanofiltration membrane system by pump through accurate filter, nanofiltration membrane can effectively be held back macromole and most of divalent ion of waste water, to alleviate the processing pressure of follow-up reverse osmosis membrane, wherein the more than 70% product water of nanofiltration membrane enters reverse osmosis membrane and further processes, and the dense water of 30% left and right turns back to neutralization tank.
6) the product water of first step reverse osmosis membrane 80% is back to use plating shop as reuse water, and it is further concentrated that 20% dense water enters into second stage reverse osmosis.
7) the product water of second stage reverse osmosis membrane 70% is back to use plating shop as reuse water, and 30% dense water enters high-efficiency evaporator and carries out evaporation process.
Adopt after the method for treating electroplating integrated waste water operation described in this example, obtained good operating performance, effectively reduced the consumption of chemical agent and the energy, in the resource reclaiming, reduced the waste water saltiness that enters film system, make the rate of recovery of final waste water 94%, effectively raise the rate of recovery and the operation stability of film system.
Embodiment 2:
The waste water of this example Zhong Mou Electroplate Factory discharge is as follows: nickel-containing waste water: 200t/d, spent pickle liquor: 1.5t/d, acidic and alkaline waste water 80t/d, cyanide wastewater 100t/d.
The electroplating comprehensive waste water of this example is processed reuse method and is comprised the following steps:
1) nickel-containing waste water of 200t/d, after collecting, is promoted to activated charcoal filter to remove particle suspensions larger in former water, then to enter the resin absorption tower that is filled with 3m3CH-90 by pump, and flow velocity is 6BV/h, and absorption water outlet enters comprehensive adjustment pond.When the Ni2+>0.5mg/L of water outlet set(ting)value, with 4% the sulphuric acid soln of 2BV, to regenerate, the single nickel salt regenerated liquid obtaining is back to use plating shop, after regeneration, with 2BV clear water, rinses.
2) spent pickle liquor of 1.5t/d is after collecting, enter ACM type anion-exchange membrane and the C6610F type cationic exchange membrane group electrodialysis unit by day Bender Shan Caoda company limited, produced, under 1000A/m2 current density, the concentration of spent acid Free Acid can be concentrated into 16.5% by 5%, and the metal ion massfraction of infiltration is less than 2%.Electrodialytic water outlet enters comprehensive adjustment pond after mixing with the acidic and alkaline waste water of 80t/d.
3) 100t/d cyanide wastewater is after collecting, by pump, beaten to two-stage broken cyanide pond, the pH that controls reaction in one-level broken cyanide pond is at 10-11, ORP is controlled at 300mv, reaction times is 20min, controls the pH of reaction at 6.5-7.0 in secondary broken cyanide pond, and ORP is controlled at 650mv, reaction times is 30min, and the water outlet of secondary broken cyanide enters comprehensive adjustment pond.
4) pretreated waste water, after the even water quality and quantity in comprehensive adjustment pond, enters neutralization tank, adds alkali and controls pH in pond at 6.0-7.0.
5) neutralization tank water outlet is beaten to nanofiltration membrane system by pump through accurate filter, nanofiltration membrane can effectively be held back macromole and most of divalent ion of waste water, to alleviate the processing pressure of follow-up reverse osmosis membrane, wherein the more than 65% product water of nanofiltration membrane enters reverse osmosis membrane and further processes, and the dense water of 35% left and right turns back to neutralization tank.
6) the product water of first step reverse osmosis membrane 75% is back to use plating shop as reuse water, and it is further concentrated that 25% dense water enters into second stage reverse osmosis.
7) the product water of second stage reverse osmosis membrane 70% is back to use plating shop as reuse water, and 30% dense water enters high-efficiency evaporator and carries out evaporation process.
Adopt after the method for treating electroplating integrated waste water operation described in this example, obtained good operating performance, effectively reduced the consumption of chemical agent and the energy, reclaim resource time reduced the waste water saltiness that enters film system, make the rate of recovery of final waste water 92%, effectively raise the rate of recovery and the operation stability of film system.
Above; be only preferred embodiment of the present invention, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to this, is anyly familiar with those skilled in the art in the technical scope that the present invention discloses; the variation that can expect easily or replacement, within all should being encompassed in protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, protection scope of the present invention should be as the criterion with the protection domain that claim was defined.
Claims (10)
1. an electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming technique, is characterized in that, described technique comprises the steps:
Adopt distribution pipeline, electroplating wastewater be divided into nickel-containing waste water, spent pickle liquor and cyanide wastewater San Lei，Ge road waste water and carry out respectively different pre-treatment,
Wherein said nickel-containing waste water, through processing except nickel, reclaims and obtains nickelous sulfide, and the waste water after processing except nickel is entered to comprehensive adjustment pond;
Described spent pickle liquor is processed through recovered acid, and the waste water after electrodialysis process and acidic and alkaline waste water mixing are entered to comprehensive adjustment pond;
Described cyanide wastewater, through broken cyanide reaction treatment, enters comprehensive adjustment pond by the water outlet after broken cyanide;
Described waste water evenly enters neutralization tank after water quality and quantity in described comprehensive adjustment pond;
Waste water in neutralization tank is carried out to alkaline cleaning, regulate described waste water to neutral;
Described waste water enters film system through accurate filter and carries out film processing, and described film system is processed recovery product water and entered reuse workshop, and described dense water is through high-efficiency evaporator evaporation.
2. electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming technique according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the processing and to comprise except nickel of described nickel-containing waste water: by the nickel-containing waste water of collecting through activated charcoal filter, the macrobead suspended substance described in filtering in nickel-containing waste water; Described nickel-containing waste water, through resin absorption tower, is equipped with in described adsorption tower except nickel resin, and described nickel and sulfuric acid reaction except the absorption on nickel resin obtains single nickel salt liquid, reclaims described single nickel salt liquid; The water outlet of described resin absorption tower is entered to described comprehensive mixing pit.
3. electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming technique according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described except nickel resin be macropore weak-type resin D113 or resin CH-90.
4. electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming technique according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described sulfuric acid is that concentration is 2%-4%.
5. electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming technique according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described broken cyanide reaction is carried out in two-stage broken cyanide pond, wherein in one-level cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, pH value is 10-11, ORP is 300mv, in secondary cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, pH value is 6.5-7.0, and ORP is 650mv.
6. electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming technique according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described film is processed and comprised nanofiltration membrane treatment and the processing of two steps ro film, wherein
Described nanofiltration membrane treatment, holds back the macromole in described waste water and divalent ion by nanofiltration membrane, and the concentrated water drainage after described nanofiltration membrane treatment is entered to described neutralization tank, and the product water after described nanofiltration membrane treatment is entered to first-stage reverse osmosis film;
Described first-stage reverse osmosis film is processed, and described waste water is carried out to further concentration, and the concentrated water drainage after described first-stage reverse osmosis film processing is entered to two-pass reverse osmosis film, and the product water after described first-stage reverse osmosis film is processed reclaims;
Described two-pass reverse osmosis film is processed, and described waste water is carried out to further concentration, and the concentrated water drainage after described first-stage reverse osmosis film processing is entered to high-efficiency evaporator, and the product water after described two-pass reverse osmosis film is processed reclaims.
7. an electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming system, is characterized in that: described system comprises
The shunt conduit that described electroplating wastewater is divided into nickel-containing waste water, spent pickle liquor and cyanide wastewater three class waste water, described shunt conduit is connected with the water inlet of cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit with nickel-containing waste water resource utilization unit, spent pickle liquor resource utilization unit respectively;
The water outlet of described nickel-containing waste water resource utilization unit, spent pickle liquor resource utilization unit and cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit is connected with the water inlet in combined reaction pond simultaneously;
The water outlet in described combined reaction pond and the water inlet of described neutralization tank are connected, and in described neutralization tank, are provided with out water pump, described in go out water pump and be connected with accurate filter;
The water outlet of described accurate filter is connected with the water inlet of film system;
The dense water output of described film system is connected with high-efficiency evaporator, and the product water output of described film system is connected with the water inlet pipe in workshop.
8. electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming system according to claim 7, it is characterized in that: described nickel-containing waste water resource utilization unit comprises the resin absorption tower that activated charcoal filter is connected with described activated charcoal filter, shown in be provided with macropore weak-type resin D113 or resin CH-90 in adsorption tower.
9. electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming system according to claim 7, it is characterized in that: described cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit comprises one-level cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit and secondary cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, wherein in one-level cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, pH value is 10-11, ORP is 300mv, in secondary cyanide wastewater pretreatment unit, pH value is 6.5-7.0, and ORP is 650mv.
10. electroplating wastewater treatment reclaiming system according to claim 7, is characterized in that: described film system comprises first-stage reverse osmosis film and the two-pass reverse osmosis film that nanofiltration membrane is connected with described nanofiltration membrane.
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