CN103499518A - Method of simulating heavy gas diffusing among urban streets - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method of simulating heavy gas diffusing among urban streets. The method is characterized in that an air mass model based on cellular automata is constructed and used for simulating the heavy gas, macro spreading of the gas is equivalently treated as multiple air masses, and an air mass motion model is generated by the cellular automata; features of the air masses are expressed as Qi (Vi0, xi and yi), influence radius D is determined by a Gaussian model and used for distinguishing concentration gradient diffusion Sd and free diffusion Sf, boundary contact conditions are constructed to assume a simulated urban environment, and the model is used to simulate ammonia diffusion in the atmospheric stable state. The method includes the steps of determining the influence radius D, the air mass automata model, changes in air mass motion speed, and the boundary contact conditions, setting model construction parameters, and simulating. The method is applicable to simulating gas diffusion and distribution under no action of wind when the urban street layout is complex.
Description
Technical field
the present invention relates to heavy gas diffusion simulations,
particularly relate to heavily gas diffusion research in block, complicated city under windless condition.
Background technology
As everyone knows, the consideration of the risk status of gas leakage has several respects: the place ,Gai place surrounding environment of the density of gas, leakage and atmospheric conditions etc.For the density of gas, if be less than air, after leaking so, most of gas will rise up into high-altitude, and then reduce face over the ground and ring; If be greater than air, so heavily gas will arrange air, and the air part arranged is compressed, cause heavily the gas diffusion slower, larger to the ground impact.For the consideration in the place of revealing, be obviously that densely populated urban district is more dangerous.If the leak point surrounding environment is relatively airtight, be unfavorable for heavily gas diffusion.If fruit is more spacious, be conducive to diffusion.Consider that like this block between the buildings of city is more dangerous.For atmospheric conditions, wind-force, temperature and humidity etc. all can affect the diffusion of gas.If the ambient atmosphere condition is more stable, so heavily gas just is difficult for diffusion.In sum, can find out, reveal under heavy gas and the stable condition of atmospheric environment in the block, city, maximum to harm near the ground.
The author also reveals under diffusion and chain condition and explodes and studied many storage tanks for a long time.But these researchs are mainly application range of scatter rule and continuous model to be carried out, can't be applied to heavy gas and carry out diffusion simulations in this irregular discrete topological structure in block, city near the ground.
For the problems referred to above, consider successional diffusion cloud, be separated into air mass, air mass means the diffusion cloud by overlapping or fusion.The motion model of use cellular automaton (Cellular automata, AC) generation air mass has been proposed.In the process that generates motion model, considered some characteristics of air mass motion and the proximity of Particles Moving characteristic, and used for reference correlation parameter and the concept of Gauss model simultaneously.Supposed the simulation block, carry out ammonia near-earth diffusion simulations under the condition of atmospheric stability, its result is more close with the actual dispersion result, but this model also exists the shortcoming that can only simulate the diffusion of near-earth ammonia.
Summary of the invention
Utilize the diffusion of cellular automaton simulation air mass, the concentration gradient that main air mass motion driving force is air mass, i.e. the motion of air mass subtracts the fastest direction motion towards concentration gradient.The higher zone in concentration, concentration gradient is very large to direction and the rate of diffusion; After concentration drops to certain value, diffusion is free diffusing.This model only considers to use the CA air mass to replace traditional gas diffusion simulation method, for the long-term diffusion characteristic of gas and the response situation that may occur in environment, does not consider.
To the feature in the diffusion process of air mass, use Qi (Vi0, xi, yi) to mean, wherein Qi means the
iindividual air mass, Vi0 means
ithe movement velocity of individual air mass, the m/s of unit; Xi, yi means the position with respect to the air mass of dispersal center, the m of unit.
1 determines radius of influence D
For distinguishing diffusion and the free diffusing under the concentration gradient effect, at first determine radius of influence D.When the distance of two air mass is greater than D, think and mutually do not act between air mass, between two air mass, manifest free diffusing Sf; When the distance of two air mass is less than D, think and exist and interact between air mass, between two air mass, manifest concentration gradient diffusion Sd; Model is as shown in formula in Figure 14.
In formula, Si ~ j means the relative motion state of two air mass.
Determining of D can suppose under a certain concentration not exist between gas interaction according to Gauss model, and the distance parameter resolved in Gauss model is determined, solves beam wind to distance y, as shown in formula in Figure 15.
2 air mass automaton models
The substantive issue of the air mass diffusion model based on automat is to determine direction of motion and the speed of each air mass under the impact of other air mass, as shown in formula in Figure 16.
In formula: Vi0, xi0, yi0 mean
ithe state in a upper moment of individual air mass, Vi1, xi1, yi1 mean this state constantly.
When air mass during in Sf, its direction of motion and speed depend on direction of motion and the speed in a moment thereon substantially, and additional certain random variation, can be with reference to the Gauss model moderate crosswind to coefficient of diffusion δ y, it is illustrated in without the gas diffusion characteristic under wind effect, as shown in formula in Figure 17.
In formula, f (δ y) means that the variable quantity of air mass movement velocity is the function of crosswind to coefficient of diffusion δ y, and ε means the randomness of rate of propagation, x, and y is two orthogonal directions.
When air mass during in Sd, its direction of motion and speed depend on thereon direction of motion and a speed constantly, with this moment stack of other air mass to its effect on every side, as shown in formula in Figure 18.
Determining of the change amount of 3 air mass movement velocity variablees
Determine that other air mass in radius of influence D are to
ithe impact of individual air mass.Consider in the situation of concentration gradient the change of air mass movement velocity variable direction and big or small change.Due to each gaseous mass of hypothesis air mass identical and inner evenly, so mainly consider upper one speed constantly and the of other air mass
ithe distance of individual air mass and other air mass in the D scope.The change of direction determines by distance, the motion based on air mass change into the maximum direction of concentration gradient, the d stronger principle that more closely influences each other, definite process of this variable of direction as shown in Figure 1.
As shown in Figure 1, the radius of take centered by air mass O as
dscope in, 5 air mass A are arranged, B, C, D, O.Now determine the change direction of O speed within this moment.The principle that influences each other stronger and stronger according to d, get the dimensionless standard that A, B, C, D are large as the measurement effect apart from the inverse apart from d of O.Make in proportion A, B, C, the D inverse apart from d apart from O on A, B, C, the D extended line apart from the O of the sensing apart from d of O, as vector S A, SB, SC, the SD of direction, and ask vector F=SA*SB*SC*SD.To sum up can obtain the direction F=S1*S2* of the speed change amount after vector synthesizes ... * Sn,
nfor the radius of take centered by air mass O as
dscope in the number of air mass subtract 1.
The change that air mass movement velocity variable quantity is large is determined by statistics at present, uses for reference coefficient of diffusion δ y,
radjust coefficient for diffusion, formula shown in Figure 18 can be formula shown in Figure 19 like this.
4 border contact conditions
When running into barrier, air mass can trigger boundary condition.When air mass runs into barrier, due to the barrier surface, to air mass, motion has viscous effect, so the movement velocity of air mass can be affected, should carry out reduction, λ is the contact velocity reduction coefficient, λ > 1, can be with reference to the parabolic type velocity distribution curve of pipeline inner laminar flow fluid; Direction of motion becomes 180 ° and subtracts F and the barrier surface angle of cut, as shown in formula in Figure 20.
The accompanying drawing explanation
Definite process of Fig. 1 direction change amount.
Block, Fig. 2 city arranges.
Fig. 3 analog spread process, diffusion number of times=1.
Fig. 4 analog spread process, diffusion number of times=200.
Fig. 5 analog spread process, diffusion number of times=400.
Fig. 6 analog spread process, diffusion number of times=600.
Fig. 7 analog spread process, diffusion number of times=800.
Fig. 8 analog spread process, diffusion number of times=1000.
Fig. 9 analog spread process, diffusion number of times=1200.
Figure 10 analog spread process, diffusion number of times=1400.
Figure 11 analog spread process, diffusion number of times=1600.
Figure 12 analog spread process, diffusion number of times=1800.
Figure 13 analog spread process, diffusion number of times=2000.
Act on criterion between the air mass of Figure 14 about radius of influence D.
Figure 15 determines the model formation of radius of influence D.
The air mass diffusion model formula of Figure 16 based on automat.
Figure 17 is the air mass disperse state model formation during in Sf when air mass.
Figure 18 is the air mass disperse state model formation during in Sd when air mass.
Figure 19 determines the model formation of the change amount of air mass movement velocity variable quantity.
The model formation of Figure 20 border contact conditions.
Embodiment
The model outer contour is 110 * 110m, is the no reflection events open boundary.Source of leaks is located in regional center (0,0), supposes the tank car leakage that scene is the transportation liquid ammonia.Have on every side 11 rectangular parallelepipeds virtual buildings.Its concrete size as shown in Figure 2.Heavily after gas diffusion, establish the diffusion height of heavy gas in depth of building.The diffusion air mass spreads to surrounding from leak point, and the leakage speed of air mass is 10 of every calculating steps, carries out altogether 2000 calculating steps.
The concrete selection of parameter, the leakage speed of leakage point is 5kg/s, as each capacity of air mass is 1kg, being equivalent to each time of calculating step is 2s.The ejection distance of leakage point is 1m, and the whole gas of attaching most importance to that gasifies of rear liquefied ammonia, start diffusion, supposes to reveal continual and steady.Suppose that atmospheric condition is stable,
u=0.1m/s, do not consider the impact of blast on concentration gradient.Hypothesis is diffused as the near-earth diffusion simultaneously, and diffusion highly is no more than depth of building.
he=0.5m, coefficient of diffusion is determined δ y according to the coarse situation in atmospheric stability, intensity of sunshine and ground, δ z,
z=2m, think
c=0.1kg/m
3the time concentration gradient effect on the impact of the variable quantity of air mass movement velocity, can ignore, obtain
d=8.48m.The STOCHASTIC DIFFUSION scope of ε is 0.1m, 360 °.
rget 1.5, λ and get 1.2.The hypothesis building scenes of Fig. 2 is carried out to heavily gas diffusion simulations.
Simulation process is as shown in Fig. 3 ~ Figure 13.
As shown in Fig. 3 ~ Figure 13, diffusion number of times=1 o'clock, air mass is 10, once, distance diffusion point is quite near in diffusion.
Diffusion number of times=200 o'clock, air mass is 2000, scope is quite concentrated.In surrounding, 3 buildingss are arranged, the part air mass is hindered by buildings, below be extruded the formation high concentration region with right-hand air mass, thereby make this regional air mass accelerate diffusion, meet concentration gradient diffusion Sd.Top and left are not received obstruction substantially, and diffusion ratio is average, meets the heavily general Diffusion Law of gas, i.e. free diffusing Sf.
Diffusion number of times=400 o'clock, air mass is 4000.Number increase and the increase of diffusion time of air mass, the obstruction of at three direction air mass, having broken through buildings, spread out.At this moment the concentration at obstruction place is larger, is Sd; And after entering large space, air mass is moved according to general Diffusion Law, be Sf.Gas is walked around the phenomenon that buildings spread and has been occurred that the actual dispersion situation that this meets gas is Sf like this.
Diffusion number of times=600 o'clock, air mass is 6000.At this moment below and right-hand diffraction have spread clearly, and this is because stopping of the place ahead buildings causes.Air mass below with right-hand do not break through under together with the obstruction of buildings.It is more even that the left air mass is diffused in other three direction diffusion ratios of crossroad, and three directions will enter again the obstruction state of buildings, be Sf.
Diffusion number of times=800 o'clock, air mass is 8000.Left has broken through the obstruction of buildings to external diffusion, is Sf; The both direction up and down of crossroad and upper figure relatively change not quite, and this is that during the air mass same concentrations, the left side is broken through at first because the obstruction district of left side buildings is short, and the buildings of upper and lower two mouthfuls is long hinders the head of district, so that the air mass resistance enters greatly is slow.Air mass below with right-hand still do not break through under together with the obstruction of buildings because the place ahead building causes velocity attenuation much perpendicular to speed.
Diffusion number of times=1000 o'clock, air mass is 10000.The surrounding air mass starts to enter out-building thing crush zone.Top, left crossroad diffusion is still less.Still easily break through the relation of buildings due to the left air mass.
Diffusion number of times=1200 o'clock, air mass is 12000.The surrounding air mass enters out-building thing crush zone still seldom, and particularly the rate of propagation of left crossroad upper and lower is still very slow, because the concentration of place, crossroad air mass does not also reach certain degree.
Diffusion number of times=1400 o'clock, air mass is 14000.The surrounding air mass enters out-building thing crush zone, and has minute quantity to break through the out-building thing.Left crossroad air mass concentration has reached certain value.
The central area of the simulation of above-mentioned three kinds belongs to concentration gradient diffusion Sd basically, and the simulated domain periphery is free diffusing Sf.
Diffusion number of times=1600,1800,2000 o'clock.Substantially kept the regularity of distribution of air mass between peripheral buildings of 1400 o'clock, just the air mass concentration between buildings becomes large gradually.Air mass starts to have a small amount of appearance in the peripheral buildings outside, and this is the appearance for the second time of air mass diffraction.Can find out, the air mass concentration around the building exit of leftmost exports apparently higher than other, and this is because the diffusion point is directly led in this outlet, hinders less, and pressure zone is short, and the diffusion time after air mass is gone out is long.The border of model district outermost is the no reflection events open boundary, and air mass can continue to external diffusion.When proceeding diffusion simulations, the concentration of the air mass of whole simulated domain and distribution will reach a stability diagram, and this is that follow-up simulation is just constant, and simulation stops.The CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION of this stage simulated domain tends towards stability, i.e. the regional change of Sd and Sf very little (boundary line of Sd and Sf remains unchanged), and this is the condition that diffusion reaches balance and stability as seen.
It is discrete using this model to simulate the diffusion obtained, irregular, better with the tack of the buildings that hinders its diffusion.The diffusion process of this model is similar to the actual heavily diffusion process of gas under this many obstructions condition in block, city.And show the not available feature of some conventional models, as gas is walked around the phenomenon of buildings diffusion, dispersal direction is the descend phenomenon of maximum direction of concentration gradient, diffusion meets that buildings hinders and phenomenon that rate of propagation reduces etc.These are all the exclusive characteristics of this model, and the superiority of the relatively existing model of this model has been described.
Claims (9)
1. simulate the method that heavily gas spreads at town street for one kind,
it is characterized in that, constructed based on cellular automaton (Cellular automata)-air mass model, in order to carry out above-mentioned situation simulation, the macroscopic view of gas diffusion equivalence has been considered as to a plurality of air mass, used cellular automaton to generate the motion model of air mass; By the character representation of air mass, be Qi (Vi0, xi, yi), determine that with reference to Gauss model radius of influence D is in order to distinguish concentration gradient diffusion Sd and free diffusing Sf, and constructed the border contact conditions, and supposed the city environment of simulation, use this model to spread at atmospheric stability state Imitating ammonia;
it comprises the steps: determine radius of influence D, the air mass automaton model, the determining of the change amount of air mass movement velocity variable quantity, the border contact conditions, setting model is set up parameter, is simulated;
the present invention can be used for the gas diffusion profile of calm effect simulation under town street layout complex situations.
2.
motion model according to claim 1, is characterized in that, utilize the diffusion of cellular automaton simulation air mass, the concentration gradient that main air mass motion driving force is air mass, i.e. the motion of air mass subtracts the fastest direction motion towards concentration gradient; The higher zone in concentration, concentration gradient is very large to direction and the rate of diffusion; After concentration drops to certain value, diffusion is free diffusing.
3.
the diffusion of air mass according to claim 2, is characterized in that, to the feature in the diffusion process of air mass, use Qi (Vi0, xi, yi) to mean, wherein Qi means the
iindividual air mass, Vi0 means
ithe movement velocity of individual air mass, the m/s of unit; Xi and yi mean the position with respect to the air mass of dispersal center, the m of unit.
4.
definite radius of influence D according to claim 1, is characterized in that, for distinguishing diffusion and the free diffusing under the concentration gradient effect, at first determine radius of influence D, when the distance of two air mass is greater than D, thinks and mutually do not act between air mass, between two air mass, manifest free diffusing Sf; When the distance of two air mass is less than D, think and exist and interact between air mass, between two air mass, manifest concentration gradient diffusion Sd; Model is model as shown in figure 14;
Determining of D can suppose under a certain concentration not exist between gas interaction according to Gauss model, and the distance parameter resolved in Gauss model is determined, solves beam wind to distance y, as shown in figure 15 model.
5.
air mass automaton model according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the substantive issue of the air mass diffusion model based on automat is to determine direction of motion and the speed of each air mass under the impact of other air mass, as Figure 16 model;
When air mass during in Sf; its direction of motion and speed depend on direction of motion and the speed in a moment thereon substantially, and additional certain random variation, can be with reference to the Gauss model moderate crosswind to coefficient of diffusion δ y; it is illustrated in without the gas diffusion characteristic under wind effect, model as shown in figure 17;
When air mass during in Sd, its direction of motion and speed depend on thereon direction of motion and a speed constantly, with this moment stack of other air mass to its effect on every side, model as shown in figure 18.
6.
determining of the change amount of air mass movement velocity variable quantity according to claim 1, is characterized in that, determine that other air mass in radius of influence D are to
ithe impact of individual air mass, be mainly the change amount of judgement air mass movement velocity variable quantity, considers in the situation of concentration gradient the change of air mass movement velocity variable-quantity directional and big or small change.
7.
determining of the change amount of air mass movement velocity variable quantity according to claim 1, is characterized in that, due to each gaseous mass of hypothesis air mass identical and inner evenly, so mainly consider upper one speed constantly and the of other air mass
ithe distance of individual air mass and other air mass in the D scope.
8.
the change of the direction of air mass movement velocity variable quantity according to claim 6, is characterized in that, the change of direction is by determining apart from d, the motion based on air mass change into the maximum direction of concentration gradient, the d stronger principle that more closely influences each other, in the scope of the radius D centered by air mass O, have 5 air mass A, B, C, D, O; Now determine the change direction of O speed within this moment, the principle that influences each other stronger and stronger according to d, get the inverse of the corresponding d of A, B, C, D, the large dimensionless standard as the measurement effect, make in proportion the inverse of the corresponding d of A, B, C, D on the extended line of the sensing O of corresponding d at A, B, C, D, as vector S A, SB, SC, the SD of direction, and ask vector F=SA*SB*SC*SD; To sum up can obtain the direction F=S1*S2* of the speed change amount after vector synthesizes ... * Sn,
nfor the number of the air mass in the radius of take centered by the air mass O scope that is D subtracts 1, coefficient of diffusion δ y is used for reference in the change of air mass movement velocity variable quantity size, and model is the model shown in Figure 19.
9.
border according to claim 1 contact conditions, is characterized in that, when running into barrier, air mass can trigger boundary condition, when air mass runs into barrier, due to the barrier surface, to air mass, motion has viscous effect, so the movement velocity of air mass can be affected, should carry out reduction, λ is the contact velocity reduction coefficient, λ>1, can be with reference to the parabolic type velocity distribution curve of pipeline inner laminar flow fluid; Direction of motion becomes 180 ° and subtracts F and the barrier surface angle of cut, and model is the model shown in Figure 20.
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| CN104181091A (en) * | 2014-08-18 | 2014-12-03 | 浙江大学 | Method for simulating concrete chloridion diffusion and permeation action |
| CN108225981A (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2018-06-29 | 天津大学 | A kind of water curtain dilution ammonia concentration forecast of distribution model for considering water curtain drop absorption ammonia mass transfer |
| CN109030289A (en) * | 2018-05-18 | 2018-12-18 | 北京理工大学 | A kind of gas leakage range of scatter prediction technique |
| CN110223477A (en) * | 2019-05-31 | 2019-09-10 | 广州仪速安电子科技有限公司 | A kind of laboratory fire explosion method for early warning and its system |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN104181091A (en) * | 2014-08-18 | 2014-12-03 | 浙江大学 | Method for simulating concrete chloridion diffusion and permeation action |
| CN108225981A (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2018-06-29 | 天津大学 | A kind of water curtain dilution ammonia concentration forecast of distribution model for considering water curtain drop absorption ammonia mass transfer |
| CN109030289A (en) * | 2018-05-18 | 2018-12-18 | 北京理工大学 | A kind of gas leakage range of scatter prediction technique |
| US11080438B2 (en) | 2018-05-30 | 2021-08-03 | International Business Machines Corporation | Building-information management system with directional wind propagation and diffusion |
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Application publication date: 20140108 |