CN103454294A - Method for quantitatively evaluating structures of various phases in hot-rolled TRIP steel - Google Patents
Method for quantitatively evaluating structures of various phases in hot-rolled TRIP steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103454294A CN103454294A CN201310359250XA CN201310359250A CN103454294A CN 103454294 A CN103454294 A CN 103454294A CN 201310359250X A CN201310359250X A CN 201310359250XA CN 201310359250 A CN201310359250 A CN 201310359250A CN 103454294 A CN103454294 A CN 103454294A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- phase
- ebsd
- bainite
- ferrite
- analysis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910000794 TRIP steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000001887 electron backscatter diffraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract 7
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011158 quantitative evaluation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241000723353 Chrysanthemum Species 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000007516 Chrysanthemum Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000012113 quantitative test Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000005056 cell body Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005308 flint glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002087 whitening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Landscapes
- Investigating And Analyzing Materials By Characteristic Methods (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for quantitatively evaluating the structure of each phase in hot-rolled TRIP steel, which utilizes an electron back-scattering diffraction device equipped on a scanning electron microscope to quantitatively measure the FCC phase (residual austenite) and the BCC phase (ferrite, bainite and martensite) of the hot-rolled TRIP steel, and distinguishes the residual austenite according to the obvious difference of the structures of the FCC phase and the BCC phase; and according to the quality difference of three similar structural phase chrysanthemum pool patterns of ferrite, bainite and martensite, the gray value difference in a chrysanthemum pool zone contrast BC (band contrast) diagram in EBSD processing software is utilized to quantitatively distinguish the three phases, so that the multiphase separation and quantitative analysis of the hot-rolled TRIP steel are realized.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs in steel and organize field of measuring technique, particularly a kind of employing EBSD (Electron Backscattered Diffraction) technology is distinguished heterogeneous structure ferrite in the TRIP steel, bainite, martensite, is reached retained austenite four mutually and quantitative analysis methods.
Background technology
TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) steel is transformation induced plasticity steel, by phase-change induced property effect, makes retained austenite in steel that the martensitic phase change occur under the plastic yield effect, thereby improves intensity and the toughness of steel.Generally contain ferrite, bainite, austenite structure in the TRIP steel, after deformation induced phase transformation occurs, also have martensitic stucture.Austenite belongs to face-centred cubic structure, according to the difference of structure, be easy to it is distinguished, and the structure of all the other three-phases such as ferrite is very similar, is difficult to directly the three be distinguished.
The heterogeneous classic method of distinguishing of TRIP steel has following two kinds: 1. metallographic decoration method, the method utilizes different tissues degree of staining difference to distinguish, can differentiate ferrite and bainite after this method is painted, but, for the TRIP steel that the M/A island is arranged, colouring can't directly distinguish retained austenite and martensite; 2. large low-angle boundary and inverse pole figure imaging method, the method is at first different with the FCC phase structure according to BCC, realize separating of BCC phase and FCC phase, in recycling ferrite and bainite, (in bainite structure, low-angle boundary is many for grain-oriented difference, in ferritic structure, high-angle boundary is many), realize that ferrite separates with bainite, recycle the content that software for calculation independently obtains the three, the same indistinguishable retained austenite of the method and martensite.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of EBSD of employing effectively to distinguish the method for heterogeneous structure in analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP and quantitative test thereof, mainly utilize the EBSD device on scanning electron microscope to be distinguished and quantitative test the ferrite in the TRIP steel, bainite, martensite and retained austenite.
Concrete technology step of the present invention is as follows:
1. the method for each phase constitution in a quantitative evaluation analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP, specifically carry out according to the following steps:
1) get analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP sample small sample to be measured, sample is block, and upper and lower surface is parallel, and the cross section that needs image data is refined;
2) sample refined is placed on Full-automatic polishing machine and carries out meticulous polishing, make surfacing to be measured unstressed, be placed in rapidly absolute ethyl alcohol and clean and dry up;
3) sample of polishing is put into to mordant and corroded, corrosion is under optical microscope, seeing crystal boundary; Wherein, described mordant is: 2～4% nitals;
4) described sample is carried out to the EBSD analysis, in selecting mutually, choose BCC phase and FCC phase;
5) step-length of selecting is less than 0.1 μ m;
6) after the EBSD data acquisition completes, open analysis software, collected EBSD data carried out to following analyzing and processing:
Utilize EBSD phase resolution techniques to be separated retained austenite, press the bimodal gray-scale value scope in BC gray scale histogram, bainite and ferrite are differentiated, then it is painted that the three-phase of having distinguished is carried out to colour, is martensite and do not mark the look zone;
7) according to the area ratio of three-phase cromogram, utilize the direct statistical computation of EBSD software, draw the content of this three-phase, then draw martensitic content by conversion, finally determine the ratio of four phases in analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP.
Further, the processing mode of described step 6) replaces with: first utilize EBSD phase resolution techniques to carry out independence to retained austenite in BC figure painted, press again the bimodal gray-scale value scope in BC gray scale histogram, bainite and ferrite being carried out to different colours painted, is martensite and do not mark the look zone.
Perhaps, the processing mode of described step 6) replaces with: first press the bimodal gray-scale value scope in BC gray scale histogram, bainite and ferrite are carried out to different colours painted, it is painted that recycling EBSD phase resolution techniques is carried out independence to retained austenite in BC figure, and do not mark the look zone, is martensite.
In utilizing EBSD research iron and steel organizational process, utilize the difference of phase structure residual austenite soma can be distinguished from the TRIP steel, and ferrite, bainite and martensite belongs to the analog structure phase, be difficult to direct separation, but because the otherness of three-phase distortion of lattice causes Kikuchi style quality difference, can carry out the resolution of quantification to this three-phase according to the Kikuchi band contrast figure BC value in the EBSD process software, use the gray-scale value (between 0-255) of BC gray scale frequency plot directly to distinguish ferrite and bainite, residue is martensite mutually, thereby reach heterogeneous resolution and the quantitative test of TRIP steel.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: the method is tested and can be realized that ferrite in analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP, bainite, martensite and retained austenite are distinguished and quantitative test by EBSD.The method quantitative result is comparatively accurate, and can better reflect the phase distributing position, obtains qualitative distribution and quantitative result simultaneously.
The accompanying drawing explanation
The micro-organization chart that Fig. 1 is analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP EBSD Experimental Area in embodiment 1;
Fig. 2 is the BC figure obtained after the analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP Data Processing in Experiment in embodiment 1;
Fig. 3 is retained austenite color-patch map in analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP BC figure in embodiment 1;
Fig. 4 is analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP BC gray scale frequency plot in embodiment 1;
Fig. 5 is ferrite, bainite, retained austenite in analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP BC figure in embodiment 1, martensite is painted and the quantitative distribution plan of four phases.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
1) adopt line to cut the sample of suitable size, with flint glass paper, six faces of sample are roughly ground, make upper and lower surface parallel, then the face to wanted image data is refined on full-automatic sample grinder;
2) sample is placed in to meticulous mechanical buffing on Full-automatic polishing machine, selecting granularity is 0.02 μ m left and right, polishing time is the 3min left and right, until do not observe obvious cut at 50～100 times of lower specimen surfaces of metaloscope, the polishing sample is cleaned rapidly in absolute ethyl alcohol, and uses the hair dryer hot blast drying;
3) polishing no marking sample is carried out to light corrosion fast, extent of corrosion is to seeing that crystal boundary is advisable under can optical microscope; Wherein mordant used is: 4% nital;
4) by NEC JSM-7001 type field emission scanning electron microscope, sample is carried out to microstructure observation, utilize the HKL Channel 5EBSD system be equipped with to carry out the EBSD data acquisition to the same area, when data are processed, selecting is BCC phase and FCC phase mutually; The microcell organization chart obtained as shown in Figure 1;
Set step-length 0.075 μ m while 5) gathering chooses the zone of 75 μ m * 75 μ m areas and carries out the EBSD experiment under 1000 times, the data that record is demarcated;
6) after the EBSD data acquisition completes, open analysis software, collected EBSD data carried out to following analyzing and processing:
1. distinguish the retained austenite phase: not punctuate and the mistake punctuate removed in experimental result are removed noise afterwards step by step, process data into again Kikuchi band contrast BC figure (as shown in Figure 2), in BC figure, utilize the body-centred structure of BCC phase and the centroid structure difference of FCC phase first the FCC in the TRIP steel to be given into mutually colored, with redness, mean, be about to retained austenite and directly distinguish, as shown in Figure 3;
2. define Bainite Phases of Some or ferritic phase: according to the height of bainite and the corresponding gray scale numerical value of ferrite Kikuchi style difference in quality, peak to BC gray scale frequency plot (as shown in Figure 4) is divided, gray scale numerical value 15～75 scopes are preserved into to independent data, define this scope and correspond to Bainite Phases of Some; Perhaps, gray scale numerical value 75～115 scopes are preserved into to independent data, define this scope and correspond to ferritic phase.
3. distinguish bainite, ferrite and martensite: by Bainite Phases of Some and remaining BCC phase (being ferrite), perhaps ferritic phase is given into colored with remaining BCC phase (being bainite), with yellow and green, mean respectively, and the zone of not painted (whitening look) is martensite, as shown in Figure 5;
4. quantitative test: according to heterogeneous color distribution (as shown in Figure 5), utilize HKL EBSD-Channel5 software quantitatively to calculate bainite, ferrite and the retained austenite of giving color, result shows that ferrite content is 56.70%, bainite content is 37.30%, residual austenite content is 3.83%, according to normalization, calculates that known martensite content is 2.17%.
Claims (3)
1. the method for each phase constitution in a quantitative evaluation analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP, is characterized in that, specifically carries out according to the following steps:
1) get analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP sample small sample to be measured, sample is block, and upper and lower surface is parallel, and the cross section that needs image data is refined;
2) sample refined is placed on Full-automatic polishing machine and carries out meticulous polishing, make surfacing to be measured unstressed, be placed in rapidly absolute ethyl alcohol and clean and dry up;
3) sample of polishing is put into to mordant and corroded, corrosion is under optical microscope, seeing crystal boundary; Wherein, described mordant is: 2～4% nitals;
4) described sample is carried out to the EBSD analysis, in selecting mutually, choose BCC phase and FCC phase;
5) step-length of selecting is less than 0.1 μ m;
6) after the EBSD data acquisition completes, open analysis software, collected EBSD data carried out to following analyzing and processing:
Utilize EBSD phase resolution techniques to be separated retained austenite, press the bimodal gray-scale value scope in BC gray scale histogram, bainite and ferrite are differentiated, then it is painted that the three-phase of having distinguished is carried out to colour, is martensite and do not mark the look zone;
7) according to the area ratio of three-phase cromogram, utilize the direct statistical computation of EBSD software, draw the content of this three-phase, then draw martensitic content by conversion, finally determine the ratio of four phases in analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP.
2. the method for each phase constitution in a kind of quantitative evaluation analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described step 6) replaces with following mode analyzing and processing: first utilize EBSD phase resolution techniques to carry out independence to retained austenite in BC figure painted, press again the bimodal gray-scale value scope in BC gray scale histogram, bainite and ferrite being carried out to different colours painted, is martensite and do not mark the look zone.
3. the method for each phase constitution in a kind of quantitative evaluation analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described step 6) replaces with following mode analyzing and processing: first press the bimodal gray-scale value scope in BC gray scale histogram, bainite and ferrite are carried out to different colours painted, it is painted that recycling EBSD phase resolution techniques is carried out independence to retained austenite in BC figure, and do not mark the look zone, is martensite.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310359250.XA CN103454294B (en) | 2013-08-16 | 2013-08-16 | Method for quantitatively evaluating structures of various phases in hot-rolled TRIP steel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310359250.XA CN103454294B (en) | 2013-08-16 | 2013-08-16 | Method for quantitatively evaluating structures of various phases in hot-rolled TRIP steel |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103454294A true CN103454294A (en) | 2013-12-18 |
| CN103454294B CN103454294B (en) | 2016-01-20 |
Family
ID=49736900
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310359250.XA Active CN103454294B (en) | 2013-08-16 | 2013-08-16 | Method for quantitatively evaluating structures of various phases in hot-rolled TRIP steel |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN103454294B (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103969277A (en) * | 2014-04-29 | 2014-08-06 | 江苏省沙钢钢铁研究院有限公司 | Characterization method for distinguishing multiphase iron scale in hot rolled silicon steel |
| CN104090033A (en) * | 2014-07-16 | 2014-10-08 | 大连理工大学 | Method for establishing FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) ultrasonic detection simulation model of coarse crystal material based on EBSD (Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction) spectrum |
| CN105806867A (en) * | 2016-05-25 | 2016-07-27 | 江苏省沙钢钢铁研究院有限公司 | Analysis method for quantitatively evaluating alloy element segregation in high-temperature alloy |
| CN105956312A (en) * | 2016-05-17 | 2016-09-21 | 洛阳Lyc轴承有限公司 | Method for distinguishing high-carbon-chromium bearing steel quenching structures |
| JP2018525604A (en) * | 2016-06-29 | 2018-09-06 | Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 | Separation visualization method of austenite phase, martensite phase and bainite-ferrite matrix in bainite steel and bainite steel slab for microstructure observation |
| CN110987991A (en) * | 2019-11-18 | 2020-04-10 | 上海航天精密机械研究所 | Method for counting ultra-fine ferrite phase in austenitic stainless steel welding seam |
| WO2022243576A1 (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2022-11-24 | Asociacion Centro Tecnologico Ceit | Method for the quantitative assessment of the area affected by the transformation of ferrite in dual-phase steels |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101382494A (en) * | 2008-08-26 | 2009-03-11 | 武汉钢铁(集团)公司 | Method for displaying and quantitatively determining retained austenite or island martensite- austenite in TRIP steel |
| JP2009264797A (en) * | 2008-04-22 | 2009-11-12 | Nippon Steel Corp | Method and apparatus for estimating deformation characteristics of polycrystalline material, program and recording medium |
| CN102353690A (en) * | 2011-07-11 | 2012-02-15 | 北京科技大学 | Method for discriminating bainite in hot rolled TRIP steel and calculating three phase ratio of hot rolled TRIP steel |
| CN102735703A (en) * | 2012-07-05 | 2012-10-17 | 首钢总公司 | Method for quantitatively evaluating retained austenite in steel by EBSD (electron back scattering diffraction) |
-
2013
- 2013-08-16 CN CN201310359250.XA patent/CN103454294B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009264797A (en) * | 2008-04-22 | 2009-11-12 | Nippon Steel Corp | Method and apparatus for estimating deformation characteristics of polycrystalline material, program and recording medium |
| CN101382494A (en) * | 2008-08-26 | 2009-03-11 | 武汉钢铁(集团)公司 | Method for displaying and quantitatively determining retained austenite or island martensite- austenite in TRIP steel |
| CN102353690A (en) * | 2011-07-11 | 2012-02-15 | 北京科技大学 | Method for discriminating bainite in hot rolled TRIP steel and calculating three phase ratio of hot rolled TRIP steel |
| CN102735703A (en) * | 2012-07-05 | 2012-10-17 | 首钢总公司 | Method for quantitatively evaluating retained austenite in steel by EBSD (electron back scattering diffraction) |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| JUN-YUN KANG等: "Phase Analysis of Steels by Grain-averaged EBSD Functions", 《ISIJ INTERNATIONAL》, vol. 51, no. 1, 31 January 2011 (2011-01-31) * |
| 鞠新华等: "双相钢中马氏体定量分析方法的探讨", 《电子显微学报》, vol. 32, no. 2, 30 April 2013 (2013-04-30), pages 115 - 121 * |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103969277A (en) * | 2014-04-29 | 2014-08-06 | 江苏省沙钢钢铁研究院有限公司 | Characterization method for distinguishing multiphase iron scale in hot rolled silicon steel |
| CN104090033A (en) * | 2014-07-16 | 2014-10-08 | 大连理工大学 | Method for establishing FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) ultrasonic detection simulation model of coarse crystal material based on EBSD (Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction) spectrum |
| CN104090033B (en) * | 2014-07-16 | 2016-06-15 | 大连理工大学 | Coarse grain material FDTD ultrasound detection Building of Simulation Model method based on EBSD collection of illustrative plates |
| CN105956312A (en) * | 2016-05-17 | 2016-09-21 | 洛阳Lyc轴承有限公司 | Method for distinguishing high-carbon-chromium bearing steel quenching structures |
| CN105956312B (en) * | 2016-05-17 | 2019-02-22 | 洛阳Lyc轴承有限公司 | A method of distinguishing high-carbon-chromium bearing steel quenching structure |
| CN105806867A (en) * | 2016-05-25 | 2016-07-27 | 江苏省沙钢钢铁研究院有限公司 | Analysis method for quantitatively evaluating alloy element segregation in high-temperature alloy |
| CN105806867B (en) * | 2016-05-25 | 2018-11-06 | 江苏省沙钢钢铁研究院有限公司 | Analysis method for quantitatively evaluating alloy element segregation in high-temperature alloy |
| JP2018525604A (en) * | 2016-06-29 | 2018-09-06 | Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 | Separation visualization method of austenite phase, martensite phase and bainite-ferrite matrix in bainite steel and bainite steel slab for microstructure observation |
| CN110987991A (en) * | 2019-11-18 | 2020-04-10 | 上海航天精密机械研究所 | Method for counting ultra-fine ferrite phase in austenitic stainless steel welding seam |
| WO2022243576A1 (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2022-11-24 | Asociacion Centro Tecnologico Ceit | Method for the quantitative assessment of the area affected by the transformation of ferrite in dual-phase steels |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN103454294B (en) | 2016-01-20 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN103454294B (en) | Method for quantitatively evaluating structures of various phases in hot-rolled TRIP steel | |
| CN103278517B (en) | A kind of method measuring orientation silicon steel grain orientation difference | |
| CN103969277A (en) | Characterization method for distinguishing multiphase iron scale in hot rolled silicon steel | |
| Kazakov et al. | Industrial application of thixomet image analyzer for quantitative description of steel and alloys microstructure | |
| CN102353690B (en) | Method for discriminating bainite in hot rolled TRIP steel and calculating three phase ratio of hot rolled TRIP steel | |
| CN103439352A (en) | Tissue quantitative analysis method for TRIP steel | |
| Zeng et al. | Studies of wall painting fragments from Kaiping Diaolou by SEM/EDX, micro Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy | |
| CN104236980A (en) | Retained austenite contained dual phase steel color metallography coloring agent and coloring display method | |
| CN109959670B (en) | Method for measuring martensite content in dual-phase steel by adopting electron back scattering diffraction technology | |
| Evans et al. | New method development in prehistoric stone tool research: evaluating use duration and data analysis protocols | |
| CN109993155A (en) | For the characteristic peak extracting method of low signal-to-noise ratio uv raman spectroscopy | |
| CN100596330C (en) | Intelligent identification method of metallurgical mine phase | |
| CN107202790A (en) | A kind of high-carbon steel wire rod tissue grain size ranking method | |
| CN106296691B (en) | Pavement disease recognition methods based on image analysis | |
| CN104700097A (en) | Mineral component identification method based on standard mineral color database | |
| CN104655465A (en) | Preparation method of metallographic specimen of silicon steel oxidized scale | |
| Cady | Petrographic microscope techniques | |
| CN103411990A (en) | Detection method for precipitated phases of nitride and oxide in steel-iron material | |
| CN103389316A (en) | Silicon steel texture measuring method | |
| CN103267498B (en) | Iron ore roughness automatic digital measures of quantization method | |
| Eickhorst et al. | Management-induced structural dynamics in paddy soils of south east China simulated in microcosms | |
| CN104133083A (en) | Method for quantitative detection of MC carbide in high-V high-speed steel | |
| CN102279199A (en) | Quantitative detection method for precipitated phases in grain-oriented silicon steel based on component classification | |
| CN107957420B (en) | Method for determining residual austenite of medium-carbon TRIP steel | |
| CN108645763A (en) | A method of to martensite island quantitatively characterizing in dual phase steel |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |