CN103447009A - Preparation and application of cysteine modified loofah adsorbent - Google Patents
Preparation and application of cysteine modified loofah adsorbent Download PDFInfo
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- CN103447009A CN103447009A CN2013104435633A CN201310443563A CN103447009A CN 103447009 A CN103447009 A CN 103447009A CN 2013104435633 A CN2013104435633 A CN 2013104435633A CN 201310443563 A CN201310443563 A CN 201310443563A CN 103447009 A CN103447009 A CN 103447009A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method and application technology of a cysteine modified loofah adsorbent. The preparation method and application technology of the cysteine modified loofah adsorbent are characterized in that a ripe fruit of a loofah is peeled and pitted, mud and impurities are washed by water, the loofah is dried and crushed, the crushed loofah is processed to be dry by a NaOH solution and an epichlorohydrin mixed solution to obtain an epoxy group loofah sponge, in an reactor, the following components are added, by weight, 3-10% of cysteine, 10-25% of the epoxy group loofah sponge, 3.5-12% of sodium carbonate and 55-82% of water, the sum of the percentages of all the components is 100%, all the components are stirred at the constant temperature of 50+/-3 DEG C, reflux reaction is conducted for 4-8h, after cooling, deionized water is used for washing and suction filteration until filter liquid is neutral, after a small amount of ethyl alcohol is used for washing, all components are placed in a vacuum dry box for drying at the temperature of 40+/-5 DEG C, and the cysteine modified loofah adsorbent is obtained. The cysteine modified loofah adsorbent has high absorption efficiency to heavy metal ions, the speed is high, the desorption performance is good, the mechanical performance is good, the regeneration capacity is strong, the cost is low, and environmental protection is achieved.
Description
Technical field
The preparation method who the present invention relates to a kind of biological adsorption agent reaches the applied technical field to heavy metal adsorption, and particularly a kind of cysteine modified loofah sponge absorbent preparation method reaches heavy metal ion adsorbed application technology.
Background technology
Heavy metal, particularly mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium etc. have remarkable toxicity, and they can not be degraded by microorganisms in water body, and can only occur that various forms transform mutually and dispersion, enrichment process.Heavy metal has very high toxicity and carcinogenicity to the organism lived, and enrichment in vivo, accumulation produce very high toxicity, but also can produce enlarge-effect by food chain.The toxicity produced due to heavy metal can not biodegradation, exists the heavy metal ion in water body, soil environment day by day to be subject to people's attention.Remove heavy metal and usually adopt chemical precipitation method, flocculence, ion-exchange and electrolysis etc., but all there are the shortcomings such as expense is high, efficiency is low in these methods.In recent years, utilize natural polymer subbundle (as cotton, fiber crops, palm bark, luffa, bagasse, peanut shell etc.) modification to synthesize various adsorbents, that this adsorbent has is inexpensive, be easy to get, the advantage such as renewable, biodegradable.
Vascular bundle in the ripening fruits that luffa is Curcurbitaceae annual herb plant sponge gourd is the withered old fruit of sponge gourd in other words.Sponge gourd is China's summer and autumn Common Vegetables, there is product most provinces and regions, the whole nation, for the cultivation product, luffa is the very abundant regenerated resources of the earth, there is light weight inexpensive, degradable, environmental friendliness, there is very strong mechanical performance with other natural polymer subbundle comparison luffa, the characteristics such as wear-resisting, the net that luffa is formed by the thread fiber interweaving of multilayer, body is light, matter is tough and tensile, can not fracture, simultaneously containing xylan, mannosan, galactan etc., and it has hydrophily, also with abundant dentate, be easy to carry out chemical modification, the application in adsorption of metal ions as adsorbent after domestic luffa modification.
Luffa is the application in adsorption of metal ions as adsorbent, discloses luffa application in adsorption of metal ions as adsorbent to many kinds of metal ions absorption property and luffa in the patent that application number is 200810034734.6, and wherein luffa is to Cu
2+and Zn
2+desorption rate all in 40% left and right, luffa is to Cu
2+adsorbance be respectively 0.16mmol/g, to Zn
2+adsorbance be about 0.39mmol/g, in the system that is 1 at pH, desorption rate is respectively 46%, 47%; Disclose alkalization modifying method and the application thereof of luffa in the patent that is 200810034735.0 at application number, its alkali treatment luffa is to Zn
2+adsorbance than Cu
2+height, and the adsorbance gap is larger, and through the Atomic absorption quantitative analysis, luffa is to Cu
2+adsorbance be about 7 ~ 8mg/g, to Zn
2+adsorbance be about 21 ~ 22mg/g; Disclose the preparation method of etherized luffa and the application in adsorption of metal ions thereof in the patent that is 200810034737.X at application number, its etherized luffa is to Fe
3+maximal absorptive capacity be 27.4mg/g.To Zn
2+maximal absorptive capacity be 36.3mg/g; Disclose mercapto-functionalized luffa preparation method and application in the patent that application number is 200910019165.2, the hydrosulphonyl functionalized loofah of acquisition is to Cd
2+adsorption capacity can be up to 226mg/g, high adsorption rate can reach 99.5%, to Fe
3+maximal absorptive capacity be 30.12mg/g, to Zn
2+maximal absorptive capacity be 41.81mg/g, to Cu
2+maximal absorptive capacity be 29.26mg/g, citric acid loofah sponge preparation method agent application is disclosed in the patent that application number is 201110276244.9, its citric acid loofah sponge is to Cd
2+adsorption capacity can be up to 189mg/g, high adsorption rate can reach 98.5%, to Pb
2+maximal absorptive capacity be 285mg/g, high adsorption rate can reach 99.2%, to the maximal absorptive capacity of methylene blue, is 316mg/g, high adsorption rate can reach 96.2%, has the carboxylic acid characteristic, can be directly to absorption and the wash-out of each metal ion species, organic dyestuff in water body.
Cysteine is a kind of common amino acid, there is effective detoxication and anti-aging effects, therefore there do not is the problem of contaminated environment, in addition the mercapto groups on cysteine side chain and carboxylic group be all can with the functional group of heavy metal combination, adopt the cysteine modification to prepare adsorbent report is also arranged, Li Qing etc., studied cysteine modified mesoporous material absorption Hg
2+, (Li Qing etc., the cysteine modified mesoporous material is to Hg
2+high selectivity separation and concentration performance study, analytical chemistry, 2013,41(1): 93 ~ 97); Yang Yaling etc., studied the cysteine using modified bagasse to Cd
2+absorption property, it is to Cd
2+maximum adsorption capacity be: 122.75mg/g, (Yang Yaling etc., epoxychloropropane and cysteine using modified bagasse are to Cd
2+absorption, Yunnan chemical, 2010,34(1), 11 ~ 14).Utilizing the cysteine modified loofah sponge to prepare adsorbent, have the character that sulfydryl and some heavy metal ion have very strong huge legendary turtle cooperation to use, have again the advantages such as renewable, degradable, the environmental protection of natural polymer be friendly, cheap, is important living resources.Utilize the cysteine modified loofah sponge to make adsorbent and have no report.
Summary of the invention
One of purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of cysteine modified loofah sponge absorbent preparation method, mainly make the cysteine modified loofah sponge adsorbent that obtains larger as the adsorption capacity of Heavy Metals in Waters adsorbent, by regulating the difference of pH value, can make heavy metal ion reach the purpose of separation.
Purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions.
A kind of cysteine modified loofah sponge absorbent preparation method is characterised in that the method has following processing step:
(1) luffa pretreatment: luffa derives from the sponge gourd fruit, by the peeling stoning, obtain, the luffa clear water that is cut into small pieces is cleaned, pulverized after drying, by 10 purpose sieve, the luffa of drying and crushing be take to the ratio of solid-to-liquid ratio as 1:5 ~ 10, with 2.0 ~ 3.0mol/LNaOH solution soaking at room temperature, 8 ~ 16 h, boil again 0.5 ~ 1.0 h, cooling, suction filtration, after under 50 ~ 55 ℃, dry, obtain the pretreatment luffa;
(2) epoxy radicals luffa preparation: above-mentioned pretreatment luffa is pressed to 50 ~ 100g/L solid-to-liquid ratio, press the mixed solution of 1:2 ~ 4 volume ratios with the NaOH solution of epoxychloropropane and 2.5 ~ 3.5mol/L, soaking at room temperature 12 ~ 20 h, boil again 10 ~ 20min, cooling rear extremely neutral with the deionized water washing, ethanol washing is again dried after suction filtration under 55 ~ 65 ℃, obtains the epoxy radicals luffa;
(3) cysteine modified loofah sponge preparation: in reactor, add cysteine by following composition mass percent: 3 ~ 10%, the epoxy radicals luffa: 10 ~ 25%, sodium carbonate: 3.5 ~ 12%; Water: 55 ~ 82%, each component sum is absolutely, in 50 ± 3 ℃ of constant temperature, stirring, back flow reaction 4 ~ 8 h, after cooling, with deionized water washing, suction filtration, till being neutrality to filtrate, with after a small amount of ethanol washing, be placed on drying in 40 ± 5 ℃ of vacuum drying chambers, obtain the cysteine modified loofah sponge, wherein the mass ratio of cysteine and sodium carbonate is between 1:1 ~ 1.5.
Another object of the present invention be to provide a kind of cysteine modified loofah sponge adsorbent in aqueous systems to heavy metal ion, as Cd
2+, Pb
2+, Hg
2+, Cu
2+absorption, characteristics are: deionized water for the cysteine modified loofah sponge adsorbent for preparing is soaked to 4 ~ 6h, by static method absorption.
The ring cysteine modified loofah sponge adsorbent prepared is soaked to 4 ~ 6h by deionized water, by dynamic method absorption.
Advantage of the present invention and effect are:
(1) the cysteine modified loofah sponge adsorbent that the present invention obtains has good physical and chemical stability and excellent mechanical strength, the adsorption capacity that compares heavy metal with modified peanut, bagasse is large, wear-resisting, Reusability often, can reach more than 10 times;
(2) absorption and the wash-out of the cysteine modified loofah sponge adsorbent that the present invention obtains to the Heavy Metals in Waters ion, adsorption efficiency is high, and speed is fast, and desorption performance is good, can in wider soda acid scope, use;
(3) good stability, be the natural green product, biodegradable;
(4) the synthetic condition of crossing range request is easily controlled, and energy consumption is low, simple to operate, in whole production process, without " three wastes " discharge, belongs to process for cleanly preparing, is easy to suitability for industrialized production.
The specific embodiment
Embodiment 1
(1) luffa pretreatment: luffa derives from the sponge gourd fruit, by the peeling stoning, obtain, the luffa clear water that is cut into small pieces is cleaned, pulverized after drying, by 10 purpose sieve, the luffa of drying and crushing be take to the ratio that solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:5, with 2.0mol/LNaOH solution soaking at room temperature 8 h, boil again 0.5h, cooling, suction filtration, after under 55 ℃, dry, obtain the pretreatment luffa;
(2) epoxy radicals luffa preparation: by above-mentioned pretreatment luffa 5g, mixed solution with the NaOH of 30mL epoxychloropropane and 90mL 2.5mol/L, soaking at room temperature 15 h, boil again 10min, cooling rear extremely neutral with the deionized water washing, ethanol washing is again dried after suction filtration under 55 ℃, obtains the epoxy radicals luffa;
(3) cysteine modified loofah sponge preparation: in reactor, add respectively cysteine: 2g, epoxy radicals luffa: 5g, sodium carbonate: 2.5g; Water: 40mL, each component sum is absolutely, in 50 ± 3 ℃ of constant temperature, stirring, back flow reaction 5h, after cooling, with deionized water washing, suction filtration, till being neutrality to filtrate, with after a small amount of ethanol washing, be placed on drying in 40 ± 5 ℃ of vacuum drying chambers, obtain the cysteine modified loofah sponge.
Embodiment 2
(1) luffa pretreatment: luffa derives from the sponge gourd fruit, by the peeling stoning, obtain, the luffa clear water that is cut into small pieces is cleaned, pulverized after drying, by 10 purpose sieve, the luffa of drying and crushing be take to the ratio that solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:8, with 2.5mol/LNaOH solution soaking at room temperature 10 h, boil again 1.0h, cooling, suction filtration, after under 55 ℃, dry, obtain the pretreatment luffa;
(2) epoxy radicals luffa preparation: by above-mentioned pretreatment luffa 10g, mixed solution with the NaOH of 40mL epoxychloropropane and 160mL 3.0mol/L, soaking at room temperature 20 h, boil again 15min, cooling rear extremely neutral with the deionized water washing, ethanol washing is again dried after suction filtration under 60 ℃, obtains the epoxy radicals luffa;
(3) cysteine modified loofah sponge preparation: in reactor, add respectively cysteine: 4g, epoxy radicals luffa: 12g, sodium carbonate: 5.0g; Water: 60mL, each component sum is absolutely, in 50 ± 3 ℃ of constant temperature, stirring, back flow reaction 8h, after cooling, with deionized water washing, suction filtration, till being neutrality to filtrate, with after a small amount of ethanol washing, be placed on drying in 40 ± 5 ℃ of vacuum drying chambers, obtain the cysteine modified loofah sponge.
Embodiment 3
(1) luffa pretreatment: luffa derives from the sponge gourd fruit, by the peeling stoning, obtain, the luffa clear water that is cut into small pieces is cleaned, pulverized after drying, by 10 purpose sieve, the luffa of drying and crushing be take to the ratio that solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:10, with 3.0mol/LNaOH solution soaking at room temperature 12h, boil again 0.8h, cooling, suction filtration, after under 55 ℃, dry, obtain the pretreatment luffa;
(2) epoxy radicals luffa preparation: by above-mentioned pretreatment luffa 20g, mixed solution with the NaOH of 70mL epoxychloropropane and 140mL 3.5mol/L, soaking at room temperature 15h, boil again 20min, cooling rear extremely neutral with the deionized water washing, ethanol washing is again dried after suction filtration under 65 ℃, obtains the epoxy radicals luffa;
(3) cysteine modified loofah sponge preparation: in reactor, add respectively cysteine: 4g, epoxy radicals luffa: 6g, sodium carbonate: 5.0g; Water: 40mL, each component sum is absolutely, in 50 ± 3 ℃ of constant temperature, stirring, back flow reaction 6h, after cooling, with deionized water washing, suction filtration, till being neutrality to filtrate, with after a small amount of ethanol washing, be placed on drying in 40 ± 5 ℃ of vacuum drying chambers, obtain the cysteine modified loofah sponge.
Embodiment 4
(1) luffa pretreatment: luffa derives from the sponge gourd fruit, by the peeling stoning, obtain, the luffa clear water that is cut into small pieces is cleaned, pulverized after drying, by 10 purpose sieve, the luffa of drying and crushing be take to the ratio that solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:8, with 2.5mol/LNaOH solution soaking at room temperature 10 h, boil again 1.0h, cooling, suction filtration, after under 55 ℃, dry, obtain the pretreatment luffa;
(2) epoxy radicals luffa preparation: by above-mentioned pretreatment luffa 10g, mixed solution with the NaOH of 40mL epoxychloropropane and 160mL 3.0mol/L, soaking at room temperature 20 h, boil again 15min, cooling rear extremely neutral with the deionized water washing, ethanol washing is again dried after suction filtration under 60 ℃, obtains the epoxy radicals luffa;
(3) cysteine modified loofah sponge preparation: in reactor, add respectively cysteine: 5g, epoxy radicals luffa: 10g, sodium carbonate: 5.0g; Water: 30mL, each component sum is absolutely, in 50 ± 3 ℃ of constant temperature, stirring, back flow reaction 4h, after cooling, with deionized water washing, suction filtration, till being neutrality to filtrate, with after a small amount of ethanol washing, be placed on drying in 40 ± 5 ℃ of vacuum drying chambers, obtain the cysteine modified loofah sponge.
Embodiment 5
(1) luffa pretreatment: luffa derives from the sponge gourd fruit, by the peeling stoning, obtain, the luffa clear water that is cut into small pieces is cleaned, pulverized after drying, by 10 purpose sieve, the luffa of drying and crushing be take to the ratio that solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:10, with 3.0mol/LNaOH solution soaking at room temperature 12h, boil again 0.8h, cooling, suction filtration, after under 55 ℃, dry, obtain the pretreatment luffa;
(2) epoxy radicals luffa preparation: by above-mentioned pretreatment luffa 20g, mixed solution with the NaOH of 70mL epoxychloropropane and 140mL 3.5mol/L, soaking at room temperature 15h, boil again 20min, cooling rear extremely neutral with the deionized water washing, ethanol washing is again dried after suction filtration under 65 ℃, obtains the epoxy radicals luffa;
(3) cysteine modified loofah sponge preparation: in reactor, add respectively cysteine: 4g, epoxy radicals luffa: 10g, sodium carbonate: 5.0g; Water: 81mL, each component sum is absolutely, in 50 ± 3 ℃ of constant temperature, stirring, back flow reaction 5h, after cooling, with deionized water washing, suction filtration, till being neutrality to filtrate, with after a small amount of ethanol washing, be placed on drying in 40 ± 5 ℃ of vacuum drying chambers, obtain the cysteine modified loofah sponge.
Embodiment 6
(1) luffa pretreatment: luffa derives from the sponge gourd fruit, by the peeling stoning, obtain, the luffa clear water that is cut into small pieces is cleaned, pulverized after drying, by 10 purpose sieve, the luffa of drying and crushing be take to the ratio that solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:5, with 2.0mol/LNaOH solution soaking at room temperature 8 h, boil again 0.5h, cooling, suction filtration, after under 55 ℃, dry, obtain the pretreatment luffa;
(2) epoxy radicals luffa preparation: by above-mentioned pretreatment luffa 5g, mixed solution with the NaOH of 30mL epoxychloropropane and 90mL 2.5mol/L, soaking at room temperature 15 h, boil again 10min, cooling rear extremely neutral with the deionized water washing, ethanol washing is again dried after suction filtration under 55 ℃, obtains the epoxy radicals luffa;
(3) cysteine modified loofah sponge preparation: in reactor, add respectively cysteine: 6g, epoxy radicals luffa: 27g, sodium carbonate: 7g; Water: 110mL, each component sum is absolutely, in 50 ± 3 ℃ of constant temperature, stirring, back flow reaction 8h, after cooling, with deionized water washing, suction filtration, till being neutrality to filtrate, with after a small amount of ethanol washing, be placed on drying in 40 ± 5 ℃ of vacuum drying chambers, obtain the cysteine modified loofah sponge.
Embodiment 7
Cysteine modified loofah sponge prepared by above embodiment, adopt chemical method to detect its sulfhydryl content identical.
Cysteine modified loofah sponge application process: the cysteine modified loofah sponge prepared is soaked to 4 h by deionized water, by a kind of be static adsorptive method, another kind is dynamic adsorption method, and adsorption of metal ions is applied.
Measure absorption property with static adsorptive method, get the metal ion solution 20mL of variable concentrations, the cysteine modified loofah sponge that adds under the same conditions equivalent, concussion absorption 0.5 h gets clear liquid, by the concentration of metal ion in the atomic absorption detecting clear liquid, according to metal ion solution change in concentration before and after absorption, calculate adsorption rate.
Measure absorption property by dynamic method, by a certain amount of cysteine modified loofah sponge with the wet method adsorption column of packing into, get the metal ion solution of variable concentrations, regulate the pH value with diluted acid and diluted alkaline, flow velocity with 2 mL/min passes through adsorption column, measure the amount of metal ion of adsorbing on filtered fluid and post, calculate thus adsorption rate.
Prepare as stated above the application of cysteine modified loofah sponge in adsorption of metal ions.Cysteine modified loofah sponge of the present invention the adsorption of metal ions field be applied as directly to water body in absorption and the wash-out of each metal ion species.Its method is:
(1) for containing K
+, Na
+, Ca
2+, Mg
2+, Ba
2+, Al
3+, Cu
2+, Zn
2+, Cd
2+, Fe
3+, Ag
+, Co
2+, Ni
2+, Pb
2+, Se
4+, Pt
4+, Pd
2+, Au
3+in one or more staying water system, adopt the cysteine modified loofah sponge to carry out water treatment with the method for Static Adsorption, get the cysteine modified loofah sponge and be immersed in staying water system, 0.5 h is adsorbed in concussion, its Adsorption law is as follows:
A. for alkali and alkaline earth metal ions if any K
+, Na
+, Ca
2+, Mg
2+, Ba
2+, Al
3+deng not adsorbing, do not affect the absorption property of cysteine modified loofah sponge while having alkali and alkaline earth metal ions in sample thus.
B. for precious metal ion, stronger absorption property is arranged, the strong and weak order of absorption is: Pt
4+au
3+?
?pd
2+ag
+.
C. heavy metal ion is also had to stronger absorption property, the strong and weak order of absorption is: Se
4+, Ag
+cu
2+fe
3+, Pb
2+zn
2+cd
2+co
2+, Ni
2+.
Adsorption capacity is relevant with the factors such as pH value of sulfhydryl content consumption, adsorption temp, solution system in the cysteine modified loofah sponge.
(2) for containing K
+, Na
+, Ca
2+, Mg
2+, Ba
2+, Al
3+, Cu
2+, Zn
2+, Cd
2+, Fe
3+, Ag
+, Co
2+, Ni
2+, Pb
2+, Se
4+, Pt
4+, Pd
2+, Au
3+in one or more staying water system, adopt the cysteine modified loofah sponge to carry out water treatment by the method for Dynamic Adsorption, the rule of its absorption is the same, and the pH value of adsorption capacity and sulfhydryl content consumption, adsorption temp, solution system in the cysteine modified loofah sponge, the factors such as flow velocity of solution are relevant.
The cysteine modified loofah sponge obtained is to Cd
2+adsorption capacity can be up to 286mg/g, to Pb
2+maximal absorptive capacity be 495mg/g, to Cu
2+maximal absorptive capacity be 180mg/g, Hg
2+maximal absorptive capacity be 482mg/g, high adsorption rate can reach 98.5%.
Claims (6)
1. a cysteine modified loofah sponge absorbent preparation method is characterised in that the method has following processing step:
(1) luffa pretreatment: luffa derives from the sponge gourd fruit, by the peeling stoning, obtain, the luffa clear water that is cut into small pieces is cleaned, pulverized after drying, by 10 purpose sieve, the luffa of drying and crushing be take to the ratio of solid-to-liquid ratio as 1:5 ~ 10, with 2.0 ~ 3.0mol/LNaOH solution soaking at room temperature, 8 ~ 16 h, boil again 0.5 ~ 1.0 h, cooling, suction filtration, after under 50 ~ 55 ℃, dry, obtain the pretreatment luffa;
(2) epoxy radicals luffa preparation: above-mentioned pretreatment luffa is pressed to 50 ~ 100g/L solid-to-liquid ratio, press the mixed solution of 1:2 ~ 4 volume ratios with the NaOH solution of epoxychloropropane and 2.5 ~ 3.5mol/L, soaking at room temperature 12 ~ 20 h, boil again 10 ~ 20min, cooling rear extremely neutral with the deionized water washing, ethanol washing is again dried after suction filtration under 55 ~ 65 ℃, obtains the epoxy radicals luffa;
(3) cysteine modified loofah sponge preparation: in reactor, add cysteine by following composition mass percent: 3 ~ 10%, the epoxy radicals luffa: 10 ~ 25%, sodium carbonate: 3.5 ~ 12%; Water: 55 ~ 82%, each component sum is absolutely, in 50 ± 3 ℃ of constant temperature, stirring, back flow reaction 4 ~ 8 h, after cooling, with deionized water washing, suction filtration, till being neutrality to filtrate, with after a small amount of ethanol washing, be placed on drying in 40 ± 5 ℃ of vacuum drying chambers, obtain the cysteine modified loofah sponge.
2. according to the cysteine modified loofah sponge absorbent preparation described in claim 1, it is characterized in that: pluck when luffa is sponge gourd fruit maturation, pericarp flavescence, inner drying up, remove crust and pulp.
3. according to the cysteine modified loofah sponge absorbent preparation described in claim 1, it is characterized in that: in step (2), the volume ratio of the NaOH solution of epoxychloropropane and 2.5 ~ 3.5mol/L is 1:2 ~ 4.
4. according to the cysteine modified loofah sponge absorbent preparation described in claim 1, it is characterized in that: in step (3), the mass ratio of cysteine and sodium carbonate is between 1:1 ~ 1.5.
5. according to the cysteine modified loofah sponge absorbent preparation described in claim 1, it is characterized in that: the cysteine described in step (3) is Cys or D-Cys.
6. according to the cysteine modified loofah sponge absorbent preparation described in claim 1, it is characterized in that: to Cd in water
2+, Pb
2+, Hg
2+, Cu
2+the application of absorption.
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